频率域线源近区(过渡区)测深理论初步研究

对频率域无限长线源近区(过渡区)测深的理论基础进行了探索性研究。通过计算均匀半空间、层状介质等多个模型的线源响应,进而定义并计算全区视电阻率。结果发现,利用水平电场、垂直磁场分别计算的全区视电阻率均能较好地反映地下电性结构的变化。把水平磁场与水平电场联合通过二分搜索算法计算的全区视电阻率也能较好地反映地下电性结构的变化。在近区通过单分量定义的全区视电阻率与一维MT曲线吻合得很好,因此可以用成熟的MT反演技术来进行线源近区电磁资料的反演,从而把有源的问题转化到无源的问题。这初步表明频率域线源近区(过渡区)测深是可行的,但还有一些问题需要解决。     

电导率随深度分层线性变化的大地电磁响应

本文在电导率随深度分层线性变化的地球模型上,研究了大地电磁的正演问题.由Airy微分方程导出了电场和磁场水平分量的解、地面阻抗的递推表达式和视电阻率的计算公式;并证明了分层线性模型与均匀层状模型一样,也存在高阻薄层的H等值性和低阻薄层的S等值性;总结了电导率随深度的变化率α,对大地电磁测深曲线的影响规律.     

大回线源瞬变电磁全域视电阻率定义

为了进一步满足精细探测的需要,给出了一种大回线源瞬变电磁全域视电阻率数值计算方法,利用该方法可以快速求取大回线源非中心点处多分量的全域视电阻率.利用贝塞尔函数展开法计算大回线源非中心点垂直分量与水平分量的电磁响应,通过分析非中心点处的多分量电磁响应特征,得到基于磁感应强度的大回线源全域(时间上不分早晚,距离上不分远近)视电阻率计算方法.与现有全区视电阻率方法不同在于:对非中心点处多分量视电阻率进行定义,利用磁感应强度定义不存在假极值现象,无需迭代,计算速度快,精度高.     

CSAMT单分量数据解释方法

可控源音频大地电磁法(CSAMT)一直沿用大地电磁法(MT)的办法,通过计算电场分量与磁场分量的比值,求取卡尼亚视电阻率.而CSAMT场源已知,电场分量和磁场分量都与地下电阻率存在一定的关系,可以单独采用CSAMT电场分量或者磁场分量提取地下介质的视电阻率.本文通过分析电场分量与磁场分量的数据特性,提出利用CSAMT电场单分量数据进行视电阻率的计算,用改进的广义逆矩阵反演方法,使初始模型中的地电层数等于频道个数,克服了以往反演计算中层数较少的问题;实现全场区电场分量视电阻率曲线的拟合反演.同时对单分量视相位计算方法进行分析,结合山西大同地区积水采空区探测及数据解释结果,论证本文提出的单分量解释方法的有效性.     

均匀大地上空的时间域电磁响应

为了脉冲式航空电磁法的应用,本文介绍了均匀大地上空的时间域电磁响应。用傅里叶变换由频率域公式导出了时间域的响应公式。然后以国产脉冲式航电系统的参数计算了二次场的水平分量和垂直分量。根据时间域的计算结果,本文给出了一些解释的图件,可以用来解决两个主要问题。其一是解释在不同飞行高度测得的时间域航空电磁法资料,从而提供大地电阻率;其二是如果给出了大地电阻率,则可计算时间域的航空电磁响应,因此可以校正由飞行高度改变引起的假异常。     

电性源瞬变电磁B场全程视电阻率计算

在传统电性源瞬变电磁资料解释中,常常采用Bz/T求取视电阻率值,由此带来Bz/T计算全程视电阻率多解性.而Bz随电阻率变化是单值函数,由Bz计算全程视电阻率具有减少多解性的优势.为了研究接地源瞬变电磁B场全程视电阻率,文中首先研究了接地源瞬变电磁法Bz和Bz/T响应值随电阻率的变化特性,然后设计不同的地电模型,采用二分搜索算法对B场全程视电阻率进行计算,结果表明全程视电阻率对电性目标体分辨率高,分层能力强,能较好地反映地电断面的信息;另外,全程视电阻率仅与地层的电性结构有关,与收发距无关,便于野外进行接地源瞬变电磁近源测量.在实际应用中,通过把观测的二次感应电压转换成磁场微分数据,再对磁场微分数据进行积分,求取B场数据,并进而求取视电阻率,取得了较好的应用效果.     

基于交联线圈的随钻方位电阻率仪的地层电阻率成像仿真

本文针对具有交联接收天线的随钻方位电阻率仪器在穿过不同地层模型时,对地层模型电阻率成像进行仿真.交联接收天线由极化方向正交的两个线圈组成.交联接收天线在仪器旋转一周内的电压响应可以分离出反映地层背景电阻率信息的响应分量和反映地层电阻率在不同方位上相对变化的响应分量.两种分量进行线性迭加后可以实现对地层电阻率的全方位成像.本文通过对具有交联接收线圈的随钻方位电阻率仪器在两层以及两层以上的复杂地层模型中的电阻率成像仿真,提供了实际仪器在地质导向应用的参考模板,对于现场解释具有重要指导作用.     

用有限差分法计算各向异性介质中多分量感应测井的响应

感应测井电阻率是砂泥岩储层中定量评价含油气性的主要参数之一,然而由于储层电各向异性的存在,传统的感应测井仪得到的电阻率主要响应地层的水平电阻率,比地层的垂直电阻率小,由此计算的含水饱和度偏高．多分量感应测井则可以通过不同方向的发射和接收,测量多个分量,弥补上述缺陷,为储层的含油气性评价提供准确信息．本文用交错网格有限差分法导出了主轴各向异性介质中Maxwell方程的离散化关系式,计算了三维各向异性介质中多分量感应测井的电磁响应．利用三层模型的数值模拟,分析了不同磁场分量对各向异性介质的响应特性,用多层模型和倾斜各向异性地层的响应计算检验了所编制的交错网格有限差分法程序．     

基于多分量感应测井的地层水平电阻率快速提取方法及应用

获取地层水平电阻率R_h和识别低电阻率对比度薄互层对裂缝性油气藏、页岩油气藏勘探开发至关重要,本文基于层状各向异性介质多分量感应测井响应解析解,研究了不同井斜条件下的磁场交叉分量H_(xz)、H_(zx)响应特征,通过组合交叉分量,定义了一种能指示地层层理方向电阻率大小的函数P_(ha),再建立P_(ha)与地层R_h的对应刻度图版,用于快速提取水平电阻率和识别低电阻率对比度薄互层,并通过测井实例对此进行验证.计算结果表明:本方法所得水平视电阻率曲线R_(ha)对地层界面提取准确,地层较厚时R_(ha)和R_h非常接近.在大斜度井/水平井中,对于高电阻率对比度薄互层(薄互层邻层间电阻率对比度高),R_(ha)曲线识别能力强,倾角越大其水平电阻率提取越准确;对于低电阻率对比度薄互层(薄互层邻层间电阻率对比度低),R_(ha)曲线在井斜较小时可反映其宏观水平电阻率,而在大斜度井、水平井中对地层界面及各层水平电阻率提取准确.     

大定源装置下瞬变电磁法视电阻率定义

对于应用较广的大回线源瞬变电磁装置,虽然得到了非中心点电磁响应式,但由于响应的复杂性,一直没有推导出不同场点视电阻率定义式,通常借用中心回线方式的视电阻率公式进行解释,必然会在观测区的边缘处出现异常.为提高瞬变电磁法的解释精度,将非中心点垂直分量转化为人们熟悉的电阻率参数,本文提出并建立了大定源装置情况下视电阻率定义....     

正交水平磁偶源的电磁场分布规律

正交水平磁偶源是模拟天然场源的较好人工源,可以方便地实现可控源高频大地电磁张量测量.正交水平磁偶源的电磁场分布规律是野外工作布置的理论基础,为此计算了均匀大地模型正交水平磁偶源的电磁场.计算结果表明:电磁场水平分量在各个象限都有一相对低值带,对应的标量视电阻率形成了畸变带,但张量视电阻率畸变带消失;张量视电阻率曲线形态显示出近区的低阻、过渡区的高阻隆起和远区趋于真值的规律.通过野外试验验证理论计算结果,在无法准确确定地下介质电阻率参数的情况下,以天然电磁场计算的电阻率为参照对比研究了正交水平磁偶源电磁场的分布规律.试验结果表明:正交水平磁偶源与电偶源的电磁场同样的存在近区、过渡区和远区;在远区,正交水平磁偶源与测点的相对位置对张量测量结果几乎没有影响,即在远区可以在任何方位测量;正交水平磁偶源的布置要考虑收发距的影响,保证测量在远区进行.     

An apparent-resistivity concept for low-frequency electromagnetic sounding techniques

Apparent resistivity is a useful concept for initial quickscan interpretation and quality checks in the field, because it represents the resistivity properties of the subsurface better than the raw data. For frequency‐domain soundings several apparent‐resistivity definitions exist. One definition uses an asymptote for the field of a magnetic dipole in a homogeneous half‐space and is useful only for low induction numbers. Another definition uses only the amplitude information of the total magnetic field, although this results in a non‐unique apparent resistivity. To overcome this non‐uniqueness, a complex derivation using two different source–receiver configurations and several magnetic field values for different frequencies or different offsets is derived in another definition. Using the latter theory, in practice, this means that a wide range of measurements have to be carried out, while commercial systems are not able to measure this wide range. In this paper, an apparent‐resistivity concept is applied beyond the low‐induction zone, for which the use of different source–receiver configurations is not needed. This apparent‐resistivity concept was formerly used to interpret the electromagnetic transients that are associated with the turn‐off of the transmitter current. The concept uses both amplitude and phase information and can be applied for a wide range of frequencies and offsets, resulting in a unique apparent resistivity for each individual (offset, frequency) combination. It is based on the projection of the electromagnetic field data on to the curve of the field of a magnetic dipole on a homogeneous half‐space and implemented using a non‐linear optimization scheme. This results in a fast and efficient estimation of apparent resistivity versus frequency or offset for electromagnetic sounding, and also gives a new perspective on electromagnetic profiling. Numerical results and two case studies are presented. In each case study the results are found to be comparable with those from other existing exploration systems, such as EM31 and EM34. They are obtained with a slight increase of effort in the field but contain more information, especially about the vertical resistivity distribution of the subsurface.     

多辐射场源地空瞬变电磁法多分量全域视电阻率定义

本文针对多辐射场源地空瞬变电磁法理论,建立了相应的多分量全域视电阻率定义方法.分析了利用磁场强度进行多辐射场源地空系统全域视电阻率定义的优点,针对磁场强度的各个分量,提出了各自的全域视电阻率算法,实现了多分量、全时域、全空域视电阻率计算,并分析了偏移距对全域视电阻率的影响.通过调整源的相对位置及电流方向等参数,多辐射源瞬变电磁地空系统不仅可以加强不同分量信号强度,削弱随机干扰,还可更好地分辨地下异常体的位置.通过对所设计模型的处理,证实了多辐射场源地空系统多分量全域视电阻率算法的有效性,也验证了多辐射场源地空系统的优势.     

VERTICAL FREQUENCY EFFECT SOUNDING IN INDUCED POLARIZATION AND GALVANIC RESISTIVITY METHODS *

It has been shown that for a polarizable layer as a transmission medium there is an indirect proportionality between the frequency effect (fe) in induced polarization (IP) and the wave number of the electrical induced field. Making use of this relationship for a two layered earth a polarization transform function has been obtained. Since the mathematical expression for the polarization transform function is the same as that of the resistivity transform function, it is possible to make direct interpretation for IP frequency effect field curves. Thus, AA or QQ type resistivity sequences can be interpreted from induced polarization response of a horizontally stratified earth without resistivity extrema. A depth factor has been defined in order to obtain the true depth using the apparent depth. In this way, some electromagnetic effects between horizontal layers with different polarizabilities can partly be eliminated.     

水平分层大地的交流视电阻率

本文给出了水平分层大地视电阻率的一种改进的定义,在这种改进了的视电阻率的远区曲线中,假极值效应有所压低,曲线的起伏度变得比原来的大,视电阻率的值也较接近于地层的真实电阻率.这些特性对于作出正确的判断都是有利的.     

FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC SOUNDING USING A VERTICAL MAGNETIC DIPOLE*

A horizontal transmitter loop (vertical magnetic dipole) is used for frequency electromagnetic (FEM) soundings. The frequency ranges from approximately 6 Hz to about 4000 Hz. The vertical and radial magnetic field components are measured for 20 frequencies per decade several hundred meters from the transmitter loop. A very small bandwidth is selected for amplification using a reference signal. An Apple computer is used for data acquisition. A computer program for Marquardt inversion optimizes the parameters for the n-layer case: the resistivities and thicknesses of individual beds and a correction factor for the primary magnetic field. Interpretation of each component individually yields practically the same parameters. Examples from the field are given with interpretation; comparison with dc resistivity measurements is provided. The ratio of vertical/radial magnetic field components vs. frequency can be transformed simply into apparent resistivity vs. apparent depth. This can be done in the field to obtain an estimation of the depth of the layer boundaries. FEM results are compared with Schlumberger d.c. sounding obtained at the same site.     

CSAMT全区电阻率法数值模拟及应用探讨

常规的可控源电磁法理论在计算视电阻率公式上,多半采用其电磁场的渐近特征,难以直接反映全区视电阻率的值,及直观地显现地下介质的地质构造.文中采用水平偶极子激发的电磁场,提出了电场的全区精确表达式,直接计算出大地电阻率.利用汉克尔数值滤波算法和逆样条插值算法对水平层状电磁场进行正演计算,并与计算的卡尼亚视电阻率的对比和野外试验结果表明：该方法的结果在远区等价卡尼亚电阻率,在近区和过渡带则明显地改善了卡尼亚电阻率的非波场区场畸变,从而能更好地接近基底的真电阻率,更形象地反映了地下介质的垂向电性变化.     

A NUMERICAL METHOD OF CALCULATING THE KERNEL FUNCTION FROM SCHLUMBERGER APPARENT RESISTIVITY DATA*

A method to calculate the resistivity transform of Schlumberger VES curves has been developed. It consists in approximating the field apparent resistivity data by utilizing a linear combination of simple functions, which must satisfy the following requirements: (i) they must be suitable for fitting the resistivity data; (ii) once the fitting function has been obtained they allow the kernel to be determined in an analytic way. The fitting operation is carried out by the least mean squares method, which also accomplishes a useful smoothing of the field curve (and therefore a partial noise filtering). It gives the possibility of assigning different weights to the apparent resistivity values to be approximated according to their different reliability. For several examples (theoretical resistivity curves in order to estimate the precision of the method and with field data to verify the practicality) yield good results with short execution time independent of shape the apparent resistivity curve.     

水平电偶源频率测深中全区视电阻率定义的新方法

从电磁场的统一性出发，分析了水平电偶源频率测深中等效电阻率的算法原理和具体定义．分析表明，等效电阻率可明显地改善波区视电阻率在非波区场的畸变，较为形象、直观地反映出地电断面的电性变化．数值计算、三维模型计算和实际数据处理表明，等效电阻率具有良好的特性和应用前景．