钾肥施用量对甘蔗产质量的影响

通过田间试验,研究甘蔗不同施钾水平对甘蔗产量和品质的影响。结果表明,随着施钾量的增加（1）甘蔗茎径、单茎重有明显下降趋势,有效茎数则有明显上升趋势,甘蔗的茎长、产量无明显趋势。（2）提高了蔗汁蔗糖分、总糖、改正锤度、重力纯度,改善了甘蔗品质。     

施氮水平对不同甘蔗品种产量和蔗糖分的影响

试验采用裂区设计,以6个甘蔗栽培品种(桂选B9、桂斐1号、新台糖22号、桂糖42号、桂糖46号和桂糖47号)为主区,以尿素施用量(150 kg/hm~2和600 kg/hm~2)为副区,于伸长期施入全部氮肥,测定施氮水平对甘蔗农艺性状及产量和糖分的影响。研究发现不同氮素水平对甘蔗萌芽出苗影响不大,而分蘖率随施氮量增加而提高;同一品种的株高和茎径在低氮和高氮处理间差异不明显,而除了桂糖42号,其他品种高氮处理有效茎数比低氮处理多;不同品种间的株高、茎径和有效茎数存在明显的差异;试验所有品种甘蔗产量随着尿素施用量在150 kg/hm~2到600 kg/hm~2升高而增加;桂糖42号的高氮处理蔗糖分高于低氮,其他品种甘蔗蔗糖分均是低氮处理高于高氮处理;氮肥施用增加对增加甘蔗分蘖率、有效茎数和甘蔗产量有明显的效应,但降低甘蔗蔗糖分;不同品种对氮肥的响应不同,与品种的特性有很大关系。因此,生产上应结合甘蔗品种特性,有针对性施用氮肥,促进甘蔗的高效节本栽培。     

甘蔗主要性状的遗传相关及通径分析

研究９个甘蔗品种的株高,茎径、单株茎数,锤度,公顷有效茎数５个性状间的遗传相头脑其对蔗茎产量和含糖量的效应,结果表明：与蔗茎产量相关最密切,直接效应和总贡献最大的是公顷有效茎数,其次是株高,茎径第三,单株有效茎最小,对公顷含糖量的相关和总贡献以公顷有效茎数最大,株高第二,锤度第三,茎径和单株有效茎数的贡献小,据此认为,广西甘蔗育种通过选择株高入手,注重锤度,兼顾茎径是选育高产高糖品种的有效途径之一     

"容大丰"膏肥甘蔗田间肥效试验

试验结果表明：甘蔗施用“容大丰”膏肥,可促进甘蔗生长,蔗茎长粗,从而增加蔗茎产量5．62％-9．17％,有助农业增收。同时还可改善蔗汁品质,提高甘蔗蔗糖分含量0．16％-0．85％（绝对值）,有利企业降低成本,提高经济效益。“容大丰”膏肥能使甘蔗增产增糖,是优质甘蔗糖料生产基地的理想肥料,在甘蔗生产上推广应用,施用量以300倍液（1～2次）为宜,可结合3-4月防治甘蔗螟虫、7-8月防治甘蔗绵蚜喷施。     

合理密植下强分蘖甘蔗品种性状及产量分析

甘蔗(Saccharum officinarum L.)是以收获茎秆为主的重要糖料作物,分蘖是增加有效茎进而提高甘蔗单产和产糖量的关键。本研究以强分蘖甘蔗品种‘B9’为试验材料,设置4个不同种植密度(P1:4000芽/667 m^2、P2:6000芽/667 m^2、P3:8000芽/667 m^2和P4:10 000芽/667 m^2),通过1年新植和1年宿根的田间小区试验,探讨种植密度对强分蘖甘蔗品种性状及产量形成的影响,并分析它们之间的相关关系。结果表明:增加种植密度,新植和宿根甘蔗分蘖盛期的总苗数呈上升趋势,但新植与宿根甘蔗总苗数的差异却在缩小,平均分别为25.55%、14.11%、-8.18%和-10.57%;宿根蔗株高显著大于新植蔗的株高,平均增幅分别为17.31%、10.54%、19.44%、14.88%,但茎径几乎不受种植密度的影响;新植蔗有效茎和产量随种植密度增加而增加(P2的除外),且多于宿根蔗的,但其产量却表现相反的结果,即宿根蔗总体表现增产;低密度(P1)和高密度(P4)间的锤度差异显著,并表现降低趋势。在试验条件下甘蔗产量形成过程中,种植密度与甘蔗分蘖盛期的总苗数、株高、有效茎和产量呈正相关,与茎径和田间锤度为负相关,且株高与有效茎对产量的贡献最为显著,但过多的有效茎明显不利于田间锤度提高。因此,这意味着合理密植对强分蘖甘蔗品种的产量和品质形成极其重要。     

粉垄耕作对甘蔗光合生理特性及产量品质的影响

为了探明粉垄耕作下甘蔗光合生理特性与甘蔗高质高产的相关性,阐明粉垄条件下甘蔗光合生理特性的响应,以‘桂糖42号’为供试品种,设常规耕作（CK）和粉垄耕作（粉垄）共2个处理,采用田间随机区组设计,每个处理设3次重复。结果表明：甘蔗伸长期,粉垄甘蔗的叶绿素含量、苹果酸脱氢酶（NADP-MDH）活性、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶（PEPC）活性、核酮糖1,5-二磷酸羧化酶（RuBPC）活性分别比常规耕作甘蔗提高5.4%、18.6%、23.5%和30.9%,差异均达显著。此外,粉垄甘蔗的净光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（Cond）、蒸腾速率（T_r）在伸长期和成熟期也显著大于对照。粉垄耕作下甘蔗单茎重、茎长、茎径、有效茎与理论产量等农艺性状均达到显著差异,单茎重提高32.7%,茎长增加13.1%,茎径增加17.6%,有效茎数量提高5.3%,理论产量增加20741 kg/hm ²;纯度、锤度、蔗汁糖分和甘蔗糖分等工艺品质也均达显著差异,分别提高5.2%、9.0%、14.5%和13.4%。粉垄耕作能提高甘蔗伸长期光合作用相关的酶活性、叶绿素含量和净光合速率等生理指标,提高了光合作用,促进甘蔗生长,提高甘蔗产量与品质。     

有机无机肥料配施对甘蔗生长和土壤肥力的影响

2001-2002年间在哈里亚纳农业大学卡纳尔地区糖业研究站进行春植蔗试验，试验处理包括对照、施NP肥、施NPK肥、施NPKZn肥、施N肥 厩肥12．5吨／公顷、施N肥 亚硫酸法滤泥12．5吨／公顷和施N肥 田菁绿肥回田、施NP肥 厩肥、施NP肥 亚硫酸法滤泥、施NP肥 田菁绿肥回田、施NPK肥 厩肥、施NPK肥 亚硫酸法滤泥和施NPK肥 田菁绿肥回田，其中N，P，K和Zn肥的每公顷施用量分别为150公斤N，50公斤P2O5，50公斤K2O和25公斤ZnSO4研究结果表明，施用NPK肥比施用NP肥提高甘蔗产量，增加甘蔗有效茎数、单茎重、株高、茎径、含糖分(％)和商品蔗糖含量(％)；施用NPKZn肥的效果与施用NPK肥相同；N肥与有机肥配施对这几个甘蔗参数的影响效果与施用NP肥相同；在施用NP肥的基础上增施有机肥会提高甘蔗有效茎数、单茎重、株高和茎径等产量构成因素，效果与施用NPK肥相同；NPK肥与有机肥配施的这些甘蔗参素值最大。总之，在甘蔗生产上采用NP肥或NPK肥与有机肥配施是比较好的措施。在施用NP肥的基础上增施K肥会提高土壤中的有效K含量。有机肥与N，NP或NPK肥等无机肥配施会增加土壤中的有机碳含量。NP肥或NPK肥与有机肥配施会提高土壤中的有效P、K含量。因此，有机无机肥料的配合施用有助于提高土壤肥力。     

应用飞机大面积喷施抗旱型甘蔗増糖增产剂的效果研究

研究应用飞机大规模喷施抗旱型增糖增产剂的实际效果,为在生产上提高甘蔗的抗旱性,实现增产增糖提供依据。本研究在2008/2009和2009/2010两个年度于广西蔗区甘蔗生长后期应用飞机大面积喷施抗旱型甘蔗增糖增产剂共2 400 hm2,以后分别调查其对甘蔗品质及产量构成因素的影响。结果表明:喷施抗旱型甘蔗增糖增产剂后甘蔗绿叶数和叶绿素都有所增加,并提高了蔗汁锤度和重力纯度、甘蔗纤维分和蔗糖分,降低了蔗汁还原糖分,其中以2009～2010年度喷施50 d时表现最为明显,新植和宿根蔗平均甘蔗蔗糖分比对照提高2.23%(绝对值,下同),新植蔗增糖效果优于宿根蔗;不同时期总平均甘蔗蔗糖分比对照提高1.33%。甘蔗株高、茎径、单茎重有一定的提高,平均甘蔗产量比对照增加14.3%,以宿根蔗增产效果优于新植蔗。应用抗旱型甘蔗增糖增产剂可以防止甘蔗叶片早衰,实现增糖增产,节本增效。     

旱地甘蔗生理特性研究

1998年进行旱地秋植甘蔗的田间试验,研究了15个早熟、中迟熟甘蔗品种的生理特性,结果表明,中迟熟甘蔗品种B0128的甘蔗产量超过其它品种,收获时蔗汁的蔗糖分最高,而且九月份的叶面积指数,叶片叶绿素a、b含量和脯氨酸含量也最高。六、九月份的叶面积指数,一月中旬的叶绿素a、b含量和蔗汁蔗糖分都与甘蔗产量极显著正相关。脯氨酸含量与甘蔗产量之间也有正的关系。因此,在选育耐旱甘蔗品种时就应该考虑这些生理特性。     

带黑穗病菌蔗种的种植对蔗茎产量和蔗糖分的影响

甘蔗黑穗病是甘蔗种植过程中危害较为严重的病害之一,影响甘蔗的蔗茎产量和蔗糖分质量。为对黑穗病爆发比较严重的蔗区提供一种合理的种植模式,分别在2012年农历立春前及立夏前种植带黑穗病菌的甘蔗种茎,以种植未感染黑穗病菌的健康甘蔗种茎作为对照,观察这2期甘蔗生长过程的黑穗病发病情况,以及对甘蔗有效茎、株高、茎径和锤度的影响。结果表明:在不同的气候环境下,种植携带黑穗病菌的蔗种黑穗病发病差异显著;携带黑穗病菌的蔗种宜冬春早种,利用冬春季节阴冷潮湿的天气,延迟黑穗病菌的萌发,减少对有效茎的侵害,进而减少对产量的影响。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

芸薹属多倍体与二倍体作物 花柱及角果的发育差异

通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。     

云南咖啡主要病虫害及防治调查研究

对云南保山、德宏、普洱等地咖啡病虫害开展调查研究,结果表明：咖啡锈病(Hemileia vastatrix Berk et Br.)、炭疽病(Colletotrichum coffeanum Noack)、褐斑病(Cercospora coffeicola Berk. et Cooke)、幼苗立枯病(Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn.)、旋皮天牛(Acalolepta cervina Hope)、灭字虎天牛(Xylo     

Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N₂ fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N₂ and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the N_min-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N₂ fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.     

Combined nitrogen and sulphur fertilisation and its effect on wheat quality and protein composition measured by SE-FPLC and proteomics

Soil sulphur deficiency, which is increasingly prevalent in Western Europe, lowers wheat yields, and also affects the gluten quality of the flour. Differences in S availability may change the proportion of S-poor to S-rich gliadins and glutenin subunits. This may cause unpredictable and unwanted variations in wheat quality. The combined effects of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) fertilisers and split application of S and N on wheat gluten quality and composition were investigated. The results revealed effects of S fertilisation on dough quality. At high N fertilisation levels significant responses to S fertilisation were found which emphasised the need for precision application of S in intensive wheat production systems. Protein fractionation by SE-FPLC showed that quality differences were associated with changing proportions of high M_r polymeric proteins. Changes in protein composition of salt soluble proteins were also confirmed by proteomics. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and one of the serpin protein spots increased at high N, combined with the lower S level. The enzymes also increased in samples with increased S fertilisation combined with low N, but was not changed at higher N levels. Furthermore, at high N the serpin protein spot, and also a 27 K protein and one unidentified protein spot decreased with increasing S.