华北克拉通大同-怀安地区古元古代泥质麻粒岩的矿物学特征及变质作用剖析

以往研究认为华北克拉通中北部古元古代泥质麻粒岩主体属于一套中-低压高温麻粒岩。最近我们在大同-怀安地区发现该区泥质麻粒岩早期经历了高压-高温麻粒岩相变质作用,与伴生的石榴基性麻粒岩具有一致的变质条件,但由于后期中-低压高温(超高温)变质条件的叠加,早期高压矿物组合被强烈改造。本文以大同-怀安地区的高压-高温泥质麻粒岩为例,对其进行详细的矿物学特征和变质作用剖析。根据岩相学,如石榴石包裹体、矿物反应结构和矿物化学特征,将研究区泥质麻粒岩划分为四个变质阶段:进变质阶段(M_1)、压力峰期阶段(M_2)、温度峰期阶段(M_3)和冷却阶段(M_4)。M_1主要以石榴石核部包裹体为特征,含大量石英,少量黑云母、金红石和白云母等;M_2以幔部包裹体为特征,包裹体含量少,有石英、蓝晶石、钾长石、金红石、黑云母和锌尖晶石等,有时可见多硅白云母;M_3以基质矿物或石榴石边部包裹体为特征,如石榴石、夕线石、钾长石、石英和钛铁矿等,有或无锌尖晶石、金红石、黑云母等;M_4以石榴石边部的分解反应结构为特征,伴随熔体的结晶。综合矿物温压计、金红石Zr温度计和视剖面图方法获得进变质晚期阶段的条件为~10kbar/661~779℃,压力峰期变质条件为10~15kbar/810~860℃,温度峰期条件为6~10.5kbar/850~925℃,冷却阶段变质条件约为5~8kbar/645~761℃。同时,本文亦根据视剖面图方法模拟并解释了泥质麻粒岩(样品13GS47)中不同变质阶段的反应结构和变质反应,并对其中的石榴石成分环带进行了正演模拟。研究区与泥质麻粒岩伴生的其它岩石在不同程度上均记录了降压和降温的反应结构。最近研究证实部分石榴基性麻粒岩记录了进变质阶段,支持研究区的泥质麻粒岩和石榴基性麻粒岩可能经历了一致的变质历史,它们有可能是在压力峰期变质阶段(ca.1.97~1.90Ga)之前通过造山作用进入下地壳叠置在一起,并非在晚期(ca.1.85~1.80Ga)叠置在一起。     

Phase equilibria modelling and zircon age dating of pelitic granulites in Zhaojiayao,from the Jining Group of the Khondalite Belt,North China Craton

The Jining Group occurs as the eastern segment of the Khondalite Belt, North China Craton and is dominated by a series of granulite facies rocks involving ‘normal’ pelitic granulites recording peak temperatures of ~850 °C and ultrahigh‐temperature (UHT) pelitic granulites recording peak temperatures of 950–1100 °C. The P–T paths and ages of these two types of granulites are controversial. Three pelitic granulite samples in the Jining Group comprising two sillimanite–garnet gneiss samples (J1208 and J1210) and one spinel–garnet gneiss sample (J1303) were collected from Zhaojiayao, where ‘normal’ pelitic granulites occur, for determination of their metamorphic evolution and ages. Samples J1208 and J1210 are interpreted to record cooling paths from the T_max stages with P–T conditions respectively of ~870–890 °C/7–8 kbar and >840 °C/>7.5 kbar constrained from the stability fields of the observed mineral assemblages and the isopleths of plagioclase, garnet and biotite compositions in pseudosections. Sample J1303 is interpreted to record pre‐T_max decompression from the kyanite‐stability fields to the T_max stage of 950–1020 °C/8–9 kbar and a post‐T_max cooling path revealed mainly from the stability field of the observed mineral assemblage, the plagioclase zoning and the biotite composition isopleth in pseudosections. The post‐T_max cooling stage can be divided into suprasolidus and subsolidus stages. The suprasolidus cooling may not result in an equilibrium state at the solidus in a rock. Therefore, different minerals may record different P–T conditions along the cooling path; the inferred maximum temperature is commonly higher than the solidus as well as different solidi being recorded for different samples from the same outcrop but experiencing different degrees of melt loss. Plagioclase compositions, especially its zoning in plagioclase‐rich granulites, are predicted to be useful for recording the higher temperature conditions of a granulite's thermal history. The three samples studied seem to record the temperature range covering those of the ‘normal’ and UHT pelitic granulites in the Jining Group, suggesting that UHT conditions may be reached in ‘normal’ granulites without diagnostic UHT indicators. LA‐ICP‐MS zircon U–Pb data provide a continuous trend of concordant ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ages from 1.89 to 1.79 Ga for sample J1210, and from 1.94 to 1.80 Ga for sample J1303. These continuous and long age spectrums are interpreted to represent a slow cooling and exhumation process corresponding to the post‐T_max cooling P–T paths recorded by the pelitic granulites, which may have followed the exhumation of deeply buried rocks in a thickened crust region resulted from a collision event at c. 1.95 Ga as suggested by the pre‐T_max decompression P–T path.     

贺兰山高压泥质麻粒岩——华北克拉通西部陆块拼合的岩石学证据

贺兰山孔兹岩系作为华北克拉通西部孔兹岩带的重要组成部分,其成因问题一直存在争议。近来,在对贺兰山富铝岩系研究过程中,发现了具有"蓝晶石+条纹长石+石榴石"特征组合的高压泥质麻粒岩。通过岩相观测与相平衡定量模拟,确定其曾经历四个阶段的变质演化过程,即早期进变质阶段(M1)、变质峰期阶段(M2)、峰期后降压阶段(M3)和晚期退变阶段(M4)。早期进变质阶段,以石榴石中包裹黑云母和白云母为特征。变质峰期阶段,以出现"蓝晶石+条纹长石+石榴石"组合为特征,变质温、压条件为850～870℃、1.4～1.5GPa。峰期后降压阶段以峰期石榴石和蓝晶石转变为堇青石和夕线石为特征,温压条件大致为840～860℃、0.6～0.8GPa。晚期退变阶段以出现新生黑云母为标志,温、压条件为780～810℃、0.45～0.55GPa。PT轨迹具有顺时针演化样式,峰期后表现为先发生近等温降压(ITD)、后发生近等压冷却(IBC)的退变过程,反映陆-陆碰撞发生高压麻粒岩相变质作用,后又快速折返到正常地壳深度的变质动力学过程,进而从岩石学角度证明华北克拉通西部孔兹岩带是由北部的阴山陆块与南部的鄂尔多斯陆块发生碰撞所致。     

华北克拉通东北部新太古代晚期地壳生长:来自板石沟表壳岩年代学和Hf同位素的证据

对板石沟表壳岩中的斜长角闪岩和角闪片岩进行了锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学以及Hf同位素分析,以探讨华北克拉通东北部新太古代晚期的构造环境和地壳演化。板石沟表壳岩主要岩石类型包括斜长角闪岩、斜长片麻岩、角闪片岩和磁铁石英岩,LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年显示斜长角闪岩(BA-1)岩浆锆石形成于2548±11Ma,绿帘角闪片岩(BA-6)岩浆锆石形成于2548±23Ma,代表了表壳岩的形成时代,在绿帘角闪片岩中识别出3颗年龄为2754±80Ma~2710±92Ma的捕获锆石,表明板石沟地区可能存在新太古代早期岩浆事件。斜长角闪岩和角闪片岩的原岩为玄武质火山岩,微量元素特征指示其形成于岛弧环境。Hf同位素分析结果显示斜长角闪岩εHf(t)为正值(0.29~8.89),单阶段模式年龄(tDM1)分布在2877~2469Ma之间,绿帘角闪片岩多具正的εHf(t)值(-0.78~8.03),tDM1介于2871~2544Ma,表明岩浆主要来源于亏损地幔,伴随少量古老地壳物质的再造,部分tDM1与207Pb/206Pb年龄相近,并同时具有高εHf(t)值的锆石反映板石沟地区新太古代晚期(2550Ma)发生过地壳增生事件。结合其他地区表壳岩研究成果,认为华北克拉通可能存在新太古代吉-辽-冀弧陆碰撞造山带,板石沟地区属于该造山带的一部分。     

Petrology,phase equilibria modelling and zircon U–Pb geochronology of Paleoproterozoic mafic granulites from the Fuping Complex,North China Craton

The Fuping Complex is one of the important basement terranes within the central segment of the Trans‐North China Orogen (TNCO) where mafic granulites are exposed as boudins within tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) gneisses. Garnet in these granulites shows compositional zoning with homogeneous cores formed in the peak metamorphic stage, surrounded by thin rims with an increase in almandine and decrease in grossular contents suggesting retrograde decompression and cooling. Petrological and phase equilibria studies including pseudosection calculation using thermocalc define a clockwise P–T path. The peak mineral assemblages comprise garnet+clinopyroxene+amphibole+quartz+plagioclase+K‐feldspar+ilmenite±orthopyroxene±magnetite, with metamorphic P–T conditions estimated at 8.2–9.2 kbar, 870–882 °C (15FP‐02), 9.6–11.3 kbar, 855–870 °C (15FP‐03) and 9.7–10.5 kbar, 880–900 °C (15FP‐06) respectively. The pseudosections for the subsequent retrograde stages based on relatively higher H₂O contents from P/T–M(H₂O) diagrams define the retrograde P–T conditions of <6.1 kbar, <795 °C (15FP‐02), 5.6–5.8 kbar, <795 °C (15FP‐03), and <9 kbar, <865 °C (15FP‐06) respectively. Data from LA‐ICP‐MS zircon U–Pb dating show that the mafic dyke protoliths of the granulite were emplaced at c. 2327 Ma. The metamorphic zircon shows two groups of ages at 1.96–1.90 Ga (peak at 1.93–1.92 Ga) and 1.89–1.80 Ga (peak at 1.86–1.83 Ga), consistent with the two metamorphic events widely reported from different segments of the TNCO. The 1.93–1.92 Ga ages are considered to date the peak granulite facies metamorphism, whereas the 1.86–1.83 Ga ages are correlated with the retrograde event. Thus, the collisional assembly of the major crustal blocks in the North China Craton (NCC) might have occurred during 1.93–1.90 Ga, marking the final cratonization of the NCC.     

华北克拉通怀安杂岩中“MORB”型高压基性麻粒岩的成因及其构造意义

古元古代是华北克拉通重要的构造演化阶段,现已识别出多条碰撞造山带,但这些造山带的构造边界、演化时限以及地球动力学过程仍存在争议。本文报道了在怀安杂岩中新发现的一套高压基性麻粒岩-大理岩-富铝片麻岩表壳岩组合,原岩为一套基性火山岩-碳酸盐岩-砂/泥岩建造。高压基性麻粒岩记录了峰期高压麻粒岩相变质和麻粒岩相-角闪岩相退变质过程;地球化学研究表明其原岩为亚碱性拉斑玄武岩,具有平坦的稀土元素配分模式((La/Yb)_N=1. 35～1. 79),轻稀土相对亏损((La/Sm)_N=0. 83～1. 13),弱的正铕异常(δEu=1. 0～1. 22),无Nb、Ta负异常,与洋中脊玄武岩(MORB)地球化学特征类似;岩石组合和产状特征与晋冀蒙交界地区广泛分布的具有岛弧拉斑玄武岩性质的岩墙型高压基性麻粒岩明显不同。高压基性麻粒岩锆石εHf(t)为正值(+2. 6～+11. 5),单阶段模式年龄(t_(DM))介于2065～2250Ma之间,可能来源于尖晶石稳定域的浅层地幔源区。综合来看,这套含高压基性麻粒岩组合可能是古洋壳残片。SHRIMP U-Pb定年和Hf同位素研究表明,高压基性麻粒岩的原岩可能形成于2. 15～2. 2Ga,峰期高压麻粒岩相变质年龄为～1. 95Ga,1. 83～1. 82Ga代表麻粒岩相退变质作用和减压熔融时限。本文研究表明,该套表壳岩组合记录了古元古代俯冲-碰撞-折返等一系列造山构造演化过程,可为恢复古元古代造山带早期构造环境提供证据。     

华北克拉通孔兹岩带中段大青山-乌拉山变质杂岩立甲子基性麻粒岩年代学及地球化学研究

大青山-乌拉山变质杂岩立甲子基性麻粒岩主要由角闪二辉麻粒岩、含榴角闪二辉麻粒岩和黑云角闪二辉麻粒岩所组成,并以变形岩墙和不规则透镜体形式赋存于富铝片麻岩和花岗质片麻岩之中.立甲子基性麻粒岩中变质锆石含有单斜辉石(Cpx)+角闪石(Amp)+斜长石(Pl)+磷灰石(Ap)的包体矿物,与寄主岩石——基性麻粒岩矿物组合及其化学成分十分一致,相应的207 pb/206 Pb表面年龄变化于1933±39Ma ～ 1834±40Ma,加权平均年龄为1892±7Ma(MSWD =0.50,n=46),应代表立甲子基性麻粒岩原岩经历中低压麻粒岩相的变质时代.在变质过程中,以大离子亲石元素(K、Na、Sr、Rb)为代表的活动元素发生了显著的改变;而高场强元素(Nb、Zr、Ti)和稀土元素基本无变化,保持稳定.立甲子基性麻粒岩原岩属于拉斑玄武质岩石系列,其SiO2集中变化于45.58％ ～51.40％,Mg#值集中介于41 ～54之间;在球粒陨石标准化稀土配分图中,立甲子基性麻粒岩具有平坦型的稀土配分曲线特征((La/Yb)cN=1.30～1.51),Eu异常不明显(Eu/Eu*=0.93～1.04).与显生宙岛孤拉斑玄武岩类似,立甲子基性麻粒岩所有样品皆具有Nb、Zr、Ti负异常特征.综合分析认为,立甲子基性麻粒岩原岩形成于2450～1930Ma,并于～1900Ma经历中低压麻粒岩相变质作用的改造,其主量元素和微量元素组成具有岛弧拉斑玄武质岩石的地球化学特征,其原岩可能是板块汇聚动力学背景下,岛弧构造环境中形成的辉长岩或辉绿岩.     

怀安杂岩中含BIF岩石组合的形成时代及产出构造背景

华北克拉通北部的怀安杂岩中分布着一些呈团块状、透镜状或似层状产出的含BIF岩石组合.相对于华北克拉通绿岩带,研究区内的含BIF岩石组合具有规模小、岩性复杂多样以及后期叠加强烈的变质-变形改造等特点,其研究程度较低.在野外地质填图的基础上,通过岩石学、同位素年代学、地球化学研究表明:（1）天镇-怀安地区的含BIF岩石组合主要由条带状（含辉石/角闪）磁铁石英岩、变质基性火山岩（二辉麻粒岩/含辉石斜长角闪岩/高压麻粒岩）、石榴黑云斜长片麻岩和少量石榴石英岩条带或团块组成,这些岩石彼此呈夹层或互层状伴生产出;天镇-怀安地区BIF矿体规模小、与变质火山岩密切共生等特征表明其属于Algoma型.（2）条带状（含辉石/角闪）磁铁石英岩中残留的中-基性火成岩锆石年龄（2 489±19 Ma）可代表含BIF岩石组合的形成时代,并经历了1 800~1 850 Ma变质作用叠加改造.（3）含BIF岩石组合中火山岩地球化学特征显示Rb、Ba、U、Pb等元素富集和Nb、Ta等元素亏损,结合微量元素蛛网图和稀土配分模式对比认为其产出构造背景为弧后盆地,铁矿石PAAS标准化稀土配分图解具有明显Eu正异常,表明与海底热液活动密切相关.      

华北克拉通～2.7Ga的BIF:来自莱州-昌邑地区含铁建造的年代学证据

越来越多的研究资料显示~2.7Ga是华北克拉通陆壳生长的一个重要阶段,但缺少同时期的世界主要克拉通上广泛发育的BIF铁矿。胶北莱州-昌邑地区的BIF铁矿赋存在原划分的粉子山群小宋组含铁建造中,含铁建造的岩石组合主要为黑云斜长变粒岩、斜长角闪岩、含石榴黑云片岩夹角闪磁铁石英岩,磁铁浅粒岩。岩石地球化学分析显示,斜长角闪岩具有岛弧玄武岩的地球化学特点,变质酸性火山岩具有埃达克质岩的地球化学特点,故推测莱州-昌邑地区的含铁建造形成于与岛弧相关的构造环境,而与粉子山群形成的裂谷构造背景无关。锆石同位素年代学研究表明,含铁建造中变质酸性火山岩(埃达克质火山岩)的岩浆结晶年龄为2726±10Ma,在变质泥砂岩中获得了~2.73Ga和~2.9Ga两组碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄,并缺少新太古代晚期(~2.5Ga)的构造岩浆热事件信息;在斜长角闪岩中获得的变质锆石年龄为~1850Ma,并有2.68Ga的继承或捕获锆石年龄信息;因此推断莱州-昌邑地区的BIF铁建造有可能形成于新太古代早期(~2.7Ga),而在新太古代晚期(~2.5Ga)则处于相对稳定的构造背景。含铁建造被~2.17Ga的二长花岗岩侵入,并共同卷入胶北古元古代晚期(~1.85Ga)的变质变形作用改造。莱州-昌邑地区含铁建造的岩石组合和锆石年龄信息与胶北地块栖霞地区比较有所不同,这可能揭示出胶北地块在新太古代早期(~2.7Ga)构造环境差异和古板块构造演化的重要信息。     

喜马拉雅造山带核部的变质作用与部分熔融:亚东地区高压泥质麻粒岩的岩石学与年代学研究

喜马拉雅造山带核部的高喜马拉雅结晶岩系是印度大陆深俯冲到欧亚板块之下经历了高压变质作用的产物,记录了喜马拉雅造山带的形成与演化历史。本文对喜马拉雅造山带中段亚东地区高喜马拉雅结晶岩系中的泥质麻粒岩进行了岩石学和锆石U-Pb年代学研究,结果表明泥质麻粒岩经历了复杂的变质演化和部分熔融,可识别出三期变质矿物组合。早期进变质矿物组合为石榴石+斜长石+钾长石+黑云母+白云母+石英,峰期变质矿物组合为石榴石+斜长石+钾长石+黑云母+蓝晶石+石英,晚期退变质矿物组合为石榴石+斜长石+钾长石+夕线石+黑云母+白云母+石英。相平衡模拟表明,该泥质麻粒岩经历了高温、高压的峰期变质条件为800~835℃和12.8~14kbar,在进变质和峰期变质过程中经历了白云母和黑云母脱水熔融,所形成的熔体量至少为5%~8%。麻粒岩的晚期退变质条件为720~740℃和7.6~8.3kbar。这表明泥质麻粒岩经历了一条以高压麻粒岩相峰期变质和降温、降压退变质为特征的顺时针P-T轨迹。锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,麻粒岩相变质和深熔作用发生在28.5~17.0Ma。本研究表明高喜马拉雅结晶岩系的上部构造层位经历了高压麻粒岩相变质作用,而不是以前认为的以高温、低压变质作用为特征,并为喜马拉雅造山带构造演化的研究提供了新的见解。     

Application of Zr-in-rutile thermometry: a case study from ultrahigh-temperature granulites of the Khondalite belt, North China Craton

Zr-in-rutile thermometry was applied to ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) granulites from three localities, Dongpo, Tuguishan, and Dajing/Tuguiwula of the Khondalite belt, North China Craton. Zr concentrations of analyzed rutiles were detected by LA-ICP-MS and EMP, which display a mutative composition zoning, a large inter-grain variation, a bimodal distribution at around 1,500 and 6,000?ppm, and no relationship with the textural setting (matrix vs. inclusion). These characteristics were likely caused by post-peak diffusional resetting associated with slow cooling rates and the presence of a CO₂-rich fluid. The grains with lower Zr concentrations (~500 to ~3,000?ppm) and temperature estimates (~650 to ~850°C) occur close to or in contact with zircon, which was easily affected by post-peak processes (for example: diffusion, dissolution/reprecipitation). The lowest temperatures (~650 to ~700°C) we obtained represent the closure temperature of Zr-in-rutile. Rutiles with higher Zr concentrations (~3,000 to ~8,000?ppm) and calculated temperatures (~850 to ~1,000°C) were least affected by late resetting, giving near-peak metamorphic temperatures. These temperature results higher than 900°C, even in excess of 1,000°C from the three localities, reconfirm the presence of UHT metamorphism. Our results also suggest that Zr-in-rutile thermometry is valid for ultrahigh-temperature estimates. In addition, there are positive correlations between concentrations of Zr and Hf, Nb and Ta of the investigated rutiles, but the correlations weaken as the concentrations increase, especially for Nb and Ta, implying fractionation of Nb and Ta.     

Composition and geochronology of the deep-seated xenoliths from the southeastern margin of the North China Craton

A variety of deep-seated xenoliths occur within the Mesozoic Jiagou dioritic porphyry in the southeastern margin of the North China Craton (NCC). In this study we present a combined petrologic, geochronological, Hf isotope and geochemical study on the different types of xenoliths and use these data to better constrain the composition and age of the deep crust beneath the area. Most of the xenoliths are mafic meta-igneous rocks, among which garnet-bearing lithologies are common. The xenoliths can be classified into three broad petrographic groups: spinel-bearing garnet clinopyroxenite/phlogopite clinopyroxenite/spinel pyroxenite (Group 1), garnet amphibolite or hornblendite/garnet granulite/mafic gneiss lacking pyroxene (Group 2), and garnet-bearing felsic (intermediate-acid) gneiss (Group 3). Among these, the mafic–ultramafic rocks constitute the dominant category. The protoliths of the studied xenoliths range from basalt through andesite to dacite. Geochemical and Hf-isotope data indicate that most xenoliths belonging to Groups 2 and 3 resemble magmatic rocks formed at convergent continental margin arc setting. A few of them (mostly belonging to Group 1) represent mantle-derived products. Multiple metasomatic imprints, with contribution from subduction-related or mantle-derived fluids or melts have been recognized from the multistage mineral assemblages and ages.SHRIMP zircon U–Pb dating, Hf isotope and geochemical data offer evidence for subduction-related adakite-like and arc-related rocks in the southeastern margin of the NCC at ca. 2.5 Ga and 2.1 Ga, and confirm the occurrence of high-pressure granulite-facies metamorphism at ca. 1.8 Ga. These data suggest an episodic growth of Precambrian lower crust beneath this region in response to two stages of subduction–accretion and one vertical accretion of mantle-derived basaltic magma at the base of the lower crust. Additionally, a previously unknown late mantle-derived basaltic magmatism at 393 ± 7 Ma has also been recognized. The data presented in this paper demonstrate that the deep crust beneath the southeastern margin of the NCC is composed of hybrid protoliths derived from Paleozoic, Paleoproterozoic and late Neoarchean sources.     

怀安麻粒岩锆石U-Pb年代学及Hf同位素：华北北缘下地壳增生再造过程研究

怀安杂岩体位于华北克拉通中北部,出露太古代-元古代的角闪岩相-麻粒岩相高级变质岩,记录了华北克拉通复杂的地壳形成和演化史.本文对其中的镁铁质麻粒岩和长英质麻粒岩进行了岩石学及锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素组成研究,并在此基础上对其形成过程及所反映的华北北缘古老下地壳的增生再造过程进行讨论.镁铁质麻粒岩主要矿物组合为Cpx+ Pl+ Qz±Opx±Hb±Grt,粒状变晶结构,局部发育石榴子石的“白眼圈”现象,表明经历了高压麻粒岩相及后期近等温减压退变质作用过程.选择其中矿物组成为Cpx、Pl和少量Qz的单斜辉石麻粒岩进行锆石定年获得2461±20Ma的原岩形成年龄.这些岩浆锆石的εHf(t)为+2.1 ～ +9.7,最高值接近当时的亏损地幔值,其Hf亏损地幔模式年龄(tDM)集中在2.6～2.7Ga之间,最小为2412Ma和2461 Ma,接近原岩形成年龄.长英质麻粒岩主要组成矿物为Pl+ Kfs+ Cpx+ Qz+ Opx,粒状变晶结构.锆石测年获得2458±46Ma的原岩形成年龄.这些锆石εHf(t)范围为+2.9～ +5.3,锆石Hf两阶段模式年龄(t.ust)集中在2.8 ～2.7Ga之间.怀安麻粒岩的这些特征显示怀安地区在～2.5Ga发生亏损地幔的部分熔融,为单斜辉石麻粒岩提供了原岩物质,同时可能引起了先存(≥2.7Ga)地壳的重熔,即存在地壳再造,进一步为长英质麻粒岩提供了原岩物质.单斜辉石麻粒岩和长英质麻粒岩原岩都形成于～2.5Ga.     

The building of an Archean microcontinent: Evidence from the North China Craton

Continents on the early earth are considered to have been built through the accretion of microterranes, oceanic arcs and plateaus. The North China Craton (NCC), envisaged in recent models as a collage of several microblocks which were amalgamated along multiple zones of ocean closure during the late Neoarchean, provide a typical case to investigate the origin and amalgamation of microcontinents through convergent margin processes. Here we report a suite of magmatic rocks developed at the periphery of one of these microblocks, the Jiaoliao Block, that forms part of the composite Eastern Block of the NCC. We integrate our new data with those from various parts of this microblock to elucidate the mechanism of continent building in the Archean. We present petrological, geochemical and zircon U–Pb geochronological and Lu-Hf isotopic data from the magmatic suite that belongs to the Yishui Complex. Geochemically, the felsic units of the suite straddle from monzonite through granodiorite to granite with dominantly metaluminous affinity, magnesian composition and arc-related features. The metagranites, TTG gneisses and charnockites are characterized by negative Nb-Ta anomalies and positive K and Pb anomalies. The diorites and gabbros display negative anomalies of Th-U, Nb-Ta and Zr-Hf and positive anomalies at Ba, Pb and Sm with negative Eu anomalies and minor positive Ce anomalies, attesting to arc-related features. In the tectonic discrimination diagrams, the rocks plot in the volcanic arc field, indicating arc-related origin in subduction setting.Zircon grains from all the rocks display core–rim texture with the cores showing magmatic crystallization and the narrow structureless rims corresponding to metamorphic overgrowth. The magmatic zircons from the metagranites show upper intercept ages or ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb weighted mean ages of 2505 ± 29 Ma and 2569 ± 20 Ma to 2513 ± 27 Ma, those from the TTG gneisses show 2535 ± 17 Ma to 2546 ± 39 Ma, from charnockites display 2543 ± 20 Ma–2555 ± 15 Ma, and diorite and gabbro show 2587 ± 15 Ma and 2516 ± 13 Ma respectively. The zircon rim ages of 2472 ± 23 Ma, 2457 ± 35 Ma, 2545 ± 30 Ma and 2511 ± 35 Ma suggest the timing of metamorphism (ca. 2.55–2.45 Ga). Magmatic zircons with slightly older ages of ca. 2.73 Ga, 2.64 Ga also occur suggesting multiple magmatic pulses. The Lu-Hf isotopic data show positive εHf(t) values ranging from 0.2 to 5.7 for metagranites, with Hf model ages of 2602–2815 Ma (T_DM) and 2658–3002 Ma (T_DM^C), whereas for TTG gneisses, the positive εHf(t) values are up to 6.5 and display dominant Mesoarchean Hf model ages with limited early Neoarchean Hf model ages. Charnockite samples show positive εHf(t) values 2.3–5.7 and display the Hf model ages ranging from 2601 Ma to 2772 Ma (T_DM) and 2658 Ma to 2904 Ma (T_DM^C). Diorite and gabbro also show positive εHf(t) (2.3–6.9) and yield Hf model ages of 2625–2788 Ma (T_DM) and 2647 Ma to 2903 Ma (T_DM^C). The Hf isotopic data indicate that the magmas were derived from Neoarchean-Mesoarchean juvenile sources.Integrating our data with those from the entire Jiaoliao microblock reveals vestiges of Hadean crust involved in building the Eoarchean nucleus of this microblock. Vigorous convergent margin processes ranging from Mesoarchean to late Neoarchean with multiple pules of arc magmatism associated with subduction tectonics led to further growth of continental crust, culminating in paired high temperature and high pressure metamorphism during late Neoarchean – early Paleoproterozoic transition.     

华北克拉通怀安杂岩中早前寒武纪两期变质表壳岩的重新厘定:岩石学及锆石U-Pb年代学证据

华北克拉通怀安杂岩中早前寒武纪变质表壳岩具有变质程度深（麻粒岩相）、连续性差、变形及构造置换强烈等特征,地层划分及形成时代一直存在较大争议.通过详细的地质调查、岩石学及年代学研究,新厘定出新太古代桑干岩群铁英岩岩组、石榴黑云片麻岩岩组以及古元古代集宁岩群黄土窑岩组石榴高压基性麻粒岩-大理岩岩段和含石墨矽线石榴片麻岩-变粒岩-大理岩岩段4套变质表壳岩单元,并建立了相应的岩石学识别标志.新太古代变质表壳岩一般呈透镜体或带状体产出于新太古代变质深成岩中,且锆石年龄存在~2.5 Ga和~1.8 Ga两个峰值.铁英岩岩组原岩为一套基性火山岩夹磁铁石英岩建造,产出阿尔戈马型BIF铁矿,形成年龄为2 489±19 Ma;石榴黑云片麻岩岩组主体岩石为条带状石榴黑云斜长片麻岩,原岩为杂砂岩建造,物源来自新太古代TTG岩石.古元古代石榴高压基性麻粒岩-大理岩岩段原岩为一套基性火山岩夹大理岩建造,形成年龄早于~2.03 Ga;含石墨矽线石榴片麻岩-变粒岩-大理岩岩段野外呈带状构造岩片体产出,连续性较好,为一套"有层无序"的孔兹岩组合,碎屑锆石年龄介于2.30~1.99 Ga,与区域上孔兹岩年龄结构一致,形成时代为古元古代晚期（1.99~1.95 Ga）.新太古代和古元古代变质表壳岩均卷入古元古代末期的造山过程（1.95~1.80 Ga）,遭受麻粒岩相变质与变形作用.区内孔兹岩可能是造山过程卷入的构造岩片.本研究进一步明确了晋冀蒙交界地区存在与孔兹岩不同的新太古代陆源碎屑岩和古元古代洋壳残片,这对重新认识本区早前寒武纪地质演化具有重要意义.      

Mesozoic magmatism and metallogenesis associated with the destruction of the North China Craton: Evidence from U–Pb geochronology and stable isotope geochemistry of the Mujicun porphyry Cu–Mo deposit

The North China Craton (NCC) provides a classic example of lithospheric destruction and refertilization. The timing and duration of magmatism and related metallogenesis associated with the destruction process are pivotal to understanding the geodynamic controls. In this study, we present zircon U–Pb and Hf data, Re–Os ages, and He, Ar, Pb and S isotope data from the Mujicun porphyry Cu–Mo deposit in the northern Taihang Mountains within the Central Orogenic Belt of the NCC. We constrain the timing of magmatism as 144.1 ± 1.2 Ma from zircon U–Pb data on the diorite porphyry that hosts Cu–Mo mineralization. Another U–Pb age of 139.7 ± 1.4 Ma was obtained from an epidote skarn that is located in the contact zone between the porphyry and its wall rocks. These data and five Re–Os molybdenite ages that range from 142.7 ± 2.0 Ma to 138.5 ± 1.9 Ma suggest that magmatism and mineralization occurred in about five million year duration from ~ 143 Ma to ~ 138 Ma. The He, Ar, Pb and, Hf data suggest that magmatism involved recycled Neoarchean lower crustal components, with input of heat and volatiles from an upwelling mantle. The Mujicun porphyry and associated mineralization provide a typical example for magmatism and metallogeny associated with lithospheric thinning in the NCC.     

Recent advances in the study of the Mesoproterozoic geochronology in the North China Craton

The Mesoproterozoic successions in the North China Craton (NCC) and the Qinling–Qilian–Kunlun Orogens have been revised using the new and highly reliable age data. Many Proterozoic strata in the Qinling–Qilian–Kunlun Orogens, such as the Qinling, Jinshuikou and Beidahe groups that have been ascribed to be Paleoproterozoic are actually of Mesoproterozoic Era. The most significant advances are recent geochronological studies on the Mesoproterozoic stratigraphy and magmatic events in the NCC. The boundary age between the Dahongyu Formation and the overlying Gaoyuzhuang Formation is well constrained to be ∼1600 Ma, corresponding to the boundary age between Statherian and Calymmian. The boundary between the Tieling Formation and the overlying Xiamaling Formation is best positioned at ∼1400 Ma, which is coeval with the boundary between Calymmian and Ectasian, and is about 400 Myrs older than the conventional value of 1000 Ma originally defined by the All China Commission of Stratigraphy. Hence the Jixianian System, including the Gaoyuzhuang, Yangzhuang, Wumishan, Hongshuizhuang and Tieling formations in ascending order, is comparable with the Calymmian System in the International Stratigraphic Chart. The lower boundary of the Changchengian System, the first system of the Mesoproterozoic in China Regional Stratigraphic Chart, also needs revision from the conventional 1800 Ma to ∼1650 Ma well constrained by the zircon U–Pb ages 1673 ± 10 Ma (LA-MC-ICP-MS) and 1669 ± 20 Ma (SHRIMP) of a granite-porphyry dike that was overlain unconformably by the basal conglomerate of the Changzhougou Formation, the first formation of the Changchengian System. Therefore, the earliest Mesoproterozoic sequence in the NCC represented by the Changchengian and Jixianian Systems in the Yanliao Aulacogen is identical to that of the Vindhyan Supergroup in Central Indian and the Riphean Series in Russia. On the other hand, a series of 1.8–1.6 Ga anorogenic magmatic records were well-preserved around the NCC, which marked the initial rifting of the Columbia Supercontinent in the NCC. The magmatic events can thus be subdivided into three phases with peaks at ca 1.77 Ga, ca 1.70 Ga and ca 1.63 Ga, respectively. In addition to 1.8–1.6 Ga magmatic events, some minor volcanic eruptions at ca 1.56 Ga and 1.44 Ga, and wide-spread bi-modal magmatic intrusions at 1.35–1.32 Ga have been recognized in the northern NCC, marking the continued rifting of the Columbia Supercontinent since ∼1.8 Ga.     

华北克拉通孔兹岩带东端孤山剖面石榴石基性麻粒岩的变质作用及年代学研究

大同孤山石榴石基性麻粒岩出露在华北克拉通孔兹岩带与中部带的构造接触部位,以大小不等的透镜体形式产于孔兹岩带内的夕线石榴片麻岩和紫苏二长片麻岩中.根据岩相学观察、矿物化学研究、P-T视剖面图和传统温压计计算结果,揭示孤山石榴石基性麻粒岩经历了4个阶段的变质演化:早期进变质阶段(M1)的主要矿物组合为石榴石核心及其内部包体矿物单斜辉石+角闪石+斜长石+石英+钛铁矿±金红石.反环带斜长石富钠核部记录了早期压力可达11k bar;峰期变质阶段(M2)的矿物组合是石榴石斑晶和基质中的单斜辉石+斜方辉石+斜长石+钛铁矿+石英,记录的温压条件为850～900℃、9～10kbar;峰期后降压阶段(M3)的标志是石榴石外围发育的后成合晶和冠状环,主要有单斜辉石+斜长石、斜方辉石+斜长石和角闪石+斜长石组合,其形成温压条件为760 ～820℃、5～8kbar;晚期低角闪岩相角闪石的生长表明岩石又经历了降温冷却的过程(M4),温度降至690℃以下.石榴石基性麻粒岩记录了含有近等温降压(ITD)阶段的顺时针变质作用P-T轨迹,揭示了阴山地块与鄂尔多斯地块之间俯冲碰撞加厚下地壳的折返过程.石榴石基性麻粒岩的变质锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年得到了两组变质年龄数据,分别为1945±25Ma和1828±36Ma,它们与阴山地块、鄂尔多斯地块碰撞形成孔兹岩带的时代及华北克拉通东、西陆块碰撞形成中部带的时代一致.结合该地区其他研究结果推断,石榴石基性麻粒岩在～ 1.95Ga鄂尔多斯地块与阴山地块碰撞过程中俯冲进入下地壳底部,经历早期的高压麻粒岩阶段,随后缓慢地抬升到下地壳上部;之后在～1.85Ga东、西部陆块碰撞过程中,石榴石基性麻粒岩折返到中上地壳.     

Modern-style Subduction Processes in the Archean: Evidence from the Shangyi Complex in North China Craton

Abstract: Three fragments of the Archean oceanic crust have been found between the Archean granulite belt and the Paleo-Proterozoic Hongqiyingzi group in North China craton, which spread along the Shangyi-Chicheng ancient fault. This paper presents integrated field, petrology, geochemistry and geochronology evidence of the ancient oceanic fragments. The magma crystallizing age of the tonalite in the Shangyi complex is 2512±19?Ma and the geochemical characteristics suggest that the Nb-enriched basalts may be related to crustal contamination and formed in the intra-oceanic arc of the supra subduction zone setting.     

华北克拉通南缘张士英岩体大陆动力学背景:来自地球化学、锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素的证据

张士英岩体位于华北克拉通南缘,岩体主要由石英正长岩组成。石英正长岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为122.8±1.5Ma。其Si O2含量为66.04%~67.80%,Na2O+K2O=9.03%~10.97%,K2O=4.40%~6.37%,K2O/Na2O1属于钾质长英质岩石。A/CNK=1.26~1.58,A/NK=1.63~1.79属于过铝质岩石系列。石英正长岩的Mg#变化范围在12.9~39.4。富集LREE亏损HREE,轻重稀土分异明显,(La/Yb)N=15.48~21.12,Eu呈弱的负异常(δEu=0.54~0.99)。富集Rb、K、Th、U等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素。张士英石英正长岩岩浆锆石εHf(t)集中在-17.6~-13.9,Hf两阶段模式年龄tDM2集中在1.7~1.9Ga。石英正长岩的岩浆Zr饱和温度高(936~998℃)。地球化学及同位素显示张士英石英正长岩源区主要为古老的壳源物质,并有少量年轻组分加入,这种年轻组分是幔源物质。岩体形成于拉张性构造环境下,拉张性的环境导致了幔源物质的上涌,底侵下地壳使其发生部分熔融。形成时代正好位于华北克拉通破坏峰期,张士英石英正长岩正是这一地质事件的响应。