兰州九州重塑黄土抗拉特性研究

通过室内三轴快剪、无侧限抗压和无侧限贯入抗拉试验,对兰州九州开发区重塑黄土的抗拉特性进行对比性试验研究。结果表明：抗拉强度随含水量呈二次多项式递减关系;抗拉破坏时的贯入深度随含水量的增长呈现先减小后增大趋势,随干密度的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势;抗拉强度远小于无侧限抗压强度,且无侧限抗压与抗拉强度呈线性递增关系;无侧限抗压和抗拉强度与黏聚力和内摩擦角正切值的乘积均呈指数递增关系。     

兰州九州重塑黄土抗拉特性研究

通过室内三轴快剪、无侧限抗压和无侧限贯入抗拉试验,对兰州九州开发区重塑黄土的抗拉特性进行对比性试验研究。结果表明：抗拉强度随含水量呈二次多项式递减关系;抗拉破坏时的贯入深度随含水量的增长呈现先减小后增大趋势,随干密度的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势;抗拉强度远小于无侧限抗压强度,且无侧限抗压与抗拉强度呈线性递增关系;无侧限抗压和抗拉强度与黏聚力和内摩擦角正切值的乘积均呈指数递增关系。     

深层地震勘探的地震波传传播理论研究前景

深层地震勘探为地震波传播理论研究提出了新的挑战和机遇。深层地震勘探的主要难点是上覆层的影响甚大,使后续的处理有隔靴挠痒之感,必须应用波场延拓消除上覆层影响。深层波速的高速性和横向不均匀性决定了大角散射和弹性波处理方法的重要性。本文具体评述了深层地震勘探的主要方法对策,深入探讨了波场延拓的李群方法和弹性反演的某些问题,目的在于为深化深层地震提供新的研究手段和方法。     

波动方程地震偏移成像方法的现状与进展

综述了波动方程地震偏移成像方法研究的现状,指出了各种算法的问题和解决方案;给出了相空间小波分析步进算法偏移成像以及保幅保结构李群算法偏移成像的最新进展;对波动方程偏移成像发展趋势进行展望。     

Scaling snowdrift development rate

For successful snowdrift modelling, measured drift shapes should be geometrically similar to full-scale shapes and develop at rates that scale in a known manner. Consensus exists on most modelling methods and the similitude requirements needed to meet these objectives. A notable exception is the manner to scale drift development rates. A rationale is presented for rate scaling based on an independent model and prototype mass transport measurements. This approach is validated by comparing the rate of drift development for a model Wyoming snow fence with corresponding field data. This method yields excellent agreement, whereas the alternatives differ substantially.     

地震活动的随机标度和非线性标度律

把地震作为一个复杂系统,研究了地震活动的随机性质．当不考虑震级范围时,全球地震活动、人震的余震和区域震群均有以幂次律为特征的长尾现象．地震的强度由震级确定,具有一特定震级的地震可形成一个地震活动系列,很多这样的地震活动系列就形成具有各种震级的地震的集合．不同地震系列间的统计特征由随机标度来表征,随机标度表明了由地震震级分类的不同地震系列间统计时刻的标度关系．为了统一地方、区域和全球地震活动性的统计特性,引入了非线性标度率．     

地震活动的随机标度和非线性标度律

把地震作为一个复杂系统,研究了地震活动的随机性质．当不考虑震级范围时,全球地震活动、人震的余震和区域震群均有以幂次律为特征的长尾现象．地震的强度由震级确定,具有一特定震级的地震可形成一个地震活动系列,很多这样的地震活动系列就形成具有各种震级的地震的集合．不同地震系列间的统计特征由随机标度来表征,随机标度表明了由地震震级分类的不同地震系列间统计时刻的标度关系．为了统一地方、区域和全球地震活动性的统计特性,引入了非线性标度率．     

Gradient-based similarity in the atmospheric boundary layer

The “flux-based” and “gradient-based” similarity in the stable boundary layer and also in the interfacial part of the convective boundary layer is discussed. The stable case is examined on the basis of data collected during the CASES-99 experiment. Its interfacial counterpart is considered in both the quasi-steady (mid-day) and non-steady states, utilizing the results of large-eddy simulations. In the stable regime, the “gradient-based” approach is not unique and can be based on various master length scales. Three local master length scales are considered: the local Monin-Obukhov scale, the buoyancy scale, and the Ellison scale. In the convective “quasi-steady” (mid-day) case, the “mixed layer” scaling is shown to be valid in the mixed layer and invalid in the interfacial layer. The temperature variance profile in non-steady conditions can be expressed in terms of the convective temperature scale in the mixed layer. The analogous prediction for velocity variances is not valid under non-steady conditions.     

剪切波速度测量及其在工程中的应用

本文叙述了剪切（Ｓ）波速度测量方法和它在工程地基勘察中的作用,给出了Ｓ波速度与标贯击数（Ｎ值）,无侧限抗压强度（ｑ＿ｕ）等与地基承载力有关参数的经验关系,及其在地基勘察和工程地震研究中的应用。     

Estimation of unconfined aquifer parameters by genetic algorithms

Abstract

Unconfined aquifer parameters, viz. transmissivity, storage coefficient, specific yield and delay index from a pumping test are estimated using the genetic algorithm optimization (GA) technique. The parameter estimation problem is formulated as a least-squares optimization, in which the parameters are optimized by minimizing the deviations between the field-observed and the model-predicted time–drawdown data. Boulton's convolution integral for the determination of drawdown is coupled with the GA optimization technique. The bias induced by three different objective functions: (a) the sum of squares of absolute deviations between the observed and computed drawdown; (b) the sum of squares of normalized deviations with respect to the observed drawdown; and (c) the sum of squares of normalized deviations with respect to the computed drawdown, is statistically analysed. It is observed that, when the time–drawdown data contain no errors, the objective functions do not induce any bias in the parameter estimates and the true parameters are uniquely identified. However, in the presence of noise, these objective functions induce bias in the parameter estimates. For the case considered, defining the objective function as the sum of the squares of absolute deviations between the observed and simulated drawdowns resulted in the best possible estimates. A comparison of the GA technique with the curve-matching procedure and a conventional optimization technique, such as the sequential unconstrained minimization technique (SUMT), is made in estimating the aquifer parameters from a reported field pumping test in an unconfined aquifer. For the case considered, the GA technique performed better than the other two techniques in parameter estimation, with the sum-of-squares errors obtained from the GA about one fourth of those obtained by the curve matching procedure, and about half of those obtained by SUMT.

Citation Rajesh, M., Kashyap, D. & Hari Prasad, K. S. (2010) Estimation of unconfined aquifer parameters by genetic algorithms. Hydrol. Sci. J. 55(3), 403–413.     

Differences Between Mode I and Mode II Crack Propagation

Although mode I and mode II crack propagation show many similarities, in particular when analysed by linear elastic fracture mechanics, they differ significantly in the micro-structural behaviour. These differences, which are clearly noticeable in the fracture surface morphology, lead to fundamental differences in the macroscopic behaviour. Thus, mode II crack expansion under remote loading, appears to obey micro-structural scaling laws, implying that the dimensions of the process region stay essentially constant during crack expansion, rather than increasing with crack length. Therefore, expanding mode II cracks can almost reach the Rayleigh velocity, and actually also intersonic velocities. An expanding mode I crack, on the other hand, seems to obey continuum scaling laws, implying that the dimensions of the process region increase in proportion to crack length, leading to self-similar crack expansion at a velocity significantly below the Rayleigh speed and dependent on the remote load.     

不同配比水泥黄土强度的试验研究

以临夏地区黄土为研究对象,通过对水泥黄土无侧限抗压强度和抗剪强度的试验研究,分析了水泥掺量和养护龄期对水泥黄土无侧限抗压强度及抗剪强度的影响。实验结果表明:水泥黄土的强度随水泥掺入量的增加而增大;随养护龄期的增加而增大;黄土抗剪强度随水泥掺量的增加而增大。     

Demarcation and Scaling of Long-term Seismogenesis

A space-time envelope of minor seismicity related to major shallow earthquakes is identified from observations of the long-term Precursory Scale Increase () phenomenon, which quantifies the three-stage faulting model of seismogenesis. The envelope, which includes the source area of the major earthquake, is here demarcated for 47 earthquakes from four regions, with tectonic regimes ranging from subduction to continental collision and continental transform. The earthquakes range in magnitude from 5.8 to 8.2, and include the 24 most recent mainshocks of magnitude 6.4 and larger in the San Andreas system of California, the Hellenic Arc region of Greece, and the New Zealand region, together with the six most recent mainshocks of magnitude 7.4 and larger in the Pacific Arc region of Japan. Also included are the destructive earthquakes that occurred at Kobe, Japan (1995, magnitude 7.2), Izmit, Turkey (1999, magnitude 7.4), and W.Tottori, Japan (2000, magnitude 7.3). The space (A _P ) in the space-time envelope is optimised with respect to the scale increase, while the time (T _P ) is the interval between the onset of the scale increase and the occurrence of the earthquake. A strong correlation is found between the envelope A _P T _P and the magnitude of the earthquake; hence the conclusion that the set of precursory earthquakes contained in the envelope is intrinsic to the seismogenic process. Yet A _P and T _P are correlated only weakly with each other, suggesting that A _P is affected by differences in statical conditions, such as geological structure and lithology, and T _P by differences in dynamical conditions, such as plate velocity. Among other scaling relations, predictive regressions are found between, on the one hand, the magnitude level of the precursory seismicity, and on the other hand, both T _P and the major earthquake magnitude. Hence the method, as here applied to retrospective analysis, is potentially adaptable to long-range forecasting of the place, time and magnitude of major earthquakes.     

芦山7.0级地震砌体结构的震害特征

四川芦山7.0级强烈地震影响区域内有大量的砌体结构房屋,既有未采取任何抗震构造措施的非约束砌体结构,也有设置了圈梁和构造柱的约束砌体结构.文中首先简要讨论了本次地震强震动特性,表明其高频成分丰富,反应谱中低频部分衰减较快,是刚性结构和柔性结构地震破坏表现差别较大的原因之一;继而论文重点以现场震害调查资料为基础,总结了不同烈度区、不同类型砌体结构的震害特征;高烈度区不同类型砌体结构的震害程度和破坏比对比表明,约束砌体结构的抗震性能明显优于非约束砌体结构.