Corrosion of Welded X100 Pipeline Steel in a Near-Neutral pH Solution

In this work, electrochemical corrosion behavior of a welded X100 pipeline steel was studied in a near-neutral pH solution by electrochemical scanning vibrating electrode technique combined with metallographic and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive x-ray analysis. Results demonstrated that a softening phenomenon occurs around the weld, and there is the high micro-hardness in base steel adjacent to weld. In particular, there is the highest micro-hardness in base steel containing acicular ferrite and bainite. Therefore, welding and the associated post-treatment on X100 steel alter dramatically the microstructure and mechanical property around weld, resulting in an enhanced micro-hardness in base steel. There are high and low local dissolution current densities at base steel and the welded zones, respectively. The difference between the maximum and minimum dissolution current densities decreases with time, and the distribution of dissolution current density tends to be uniform. Hydrogen-charging changes the local dissolution activity of the welded steel. Different from the hydrogen-free steel, there is the highest dissolution current density at heat-affected zone. It is reasonable to assume that the charged hydrogen would accumulate at heat-affected zone, and the synergism of hydrogen and local stress results in a high anodic dissolution rate.     

Synergistic Effects of Hydrogen and Stress on Corrosion of X100 Pipeline Steel in a Near-Neutral pH Solution

In this work, scanning vibrating electrode technique and local electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were used to investigate the effects of stress and hydrogen on electrochemical corrosion behavior of a X100 pipeline steel in a near-neutral pH solution. The stress distribution on the test specimen was calculated using the finite element method. Results demonstrated that the hydrogen-charging enhances the local anodic dissolution of the steel, contributing to the formation of a layer of corrosion product. However, there is little difference of the charge-transfer resistance between the regions with and without hydrogen-charging due to rapid diffusion of hydrogen atoms throughout the specimen with time. When the local stress concentration is not significant enough to approach the yielding strength of the steel, the steel is still in a relatively stable state, and there is a uniform distribution of dissolution rate over the whole surface of the steel specimen. Although the stress-enhanced activation is not sufficient to result in an apparent difference of current density of the steel, the activation of the steel would activate dislocations, which serve as effective traps to the charged hydrogen atoms. With the increase of hydrogen concentration, the hydrogen-enhanced anodic dissolution becomes dominant.     

Microbiologically Induced Corrosion of X80 Pipeline Steel in a Near-Neutral pH Soil Solution

MIC of X80 pipeline steel in a near-neutral pH soil solution in the presence and absence of sulfate-reducing bacteria(SRB) was monitored by electrochemical techniques and microbiological tests. The results show that soil solution is more close to the complex soil environment around pipeline. The activity of SRB leads to the shift of the phase response to low frequency, the decrease of electrolyte resistance and the alteration of dielectric constant of the film. Both the activity and metabolite of SRB influence the corrosion behavior of the steel. The steel surface undergoes localized attack in the SRB-inoculated soil solution, whereas only slight uniform corrosion occurs in the sterile soil solution.     

Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of X70 Pipeline Steel in a CO2-Containing Solution

The electrochemical corrosion and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behaviors of X70 pipeline steel in CO₂-containing solution were studied by electrochemical measurements, slow strain rate tensile tests, and surface characterization. The results found that the electrochemical corrosion of X70 steel in aerated, alkaline solution is an activation-controlled process, and a stable passivity cannot develop on steel. Corrosion rate of the steel increases with the CO₂ partial pressure. The enhanced anodic dissolution due to the additional cathodic reaction in the presence of CO₂, rather than the film-formation reaction, dominates the corrosion process. The mass-transfer step through FeCO₃ deposit is the rate-controlling step in corrosion of the steel. The susceptibility of steel to SCC and the fracture brittleness increase with the CO₂ partial pressure. The enhanced fracture brittleness is attributed to the evolution and penetration of hydrogen atoms into the steel, contributing to crack propagation. The formed deposit layer is not effective in reducing hydrogen permeation due to the loose, porous structure.     

X70管线钢在不同温度近中性pH溶液中的应力腐蚀破裂行为

采用慢应变速率实验(SSRT)研究了不同温度和电位下X70管线钢在近中性pH溶液中的应力腐蚀破裂(SCC)行为．结果表明，不同温度下，X70管线钢在近中性pH溶液中的开裂方式都是穿晶型的，具有准解理特征，并且随着外加阴极电位的降低，SCC敏感性增加，氢致开裂占主导．随温度的下降，溶液pH值略有降低，SCC敏感性增加。     

A Study on Stress Corrosion Cracking of X70 Pipeline Steel in Carbonate Solution by EIS

In this study, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) simultaneously with the slow strain rate testing were used to investigate the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of X70 pipeline steel in high pH bicarbonate solution at different applied potentials. Potentiostatic EIS tests were also conducted at certain times to determine the changes associated with the SCC. Circuit models for the cracking were proposed by the use of the potentiostatic EIS measurements at different applied potentials. Finally, the results of the potentiostatic EIS tests and the SSR tests showed the decline of the circuit element resistance by increasing the stress which was related to the cracking. It was also observed that the X70 pipeline steel was most susceptible to SCC at potential of ?650 mV versus SCE.     

温度对X70钢在高pH值溶液中腐蚀行为的影响

采用动电位极化、电化学阻抗谱技术、Mott-Schottky等测试方法,研究了温度对X70钢在高pH值溶液 (0.5 mol/L Na₂CO₃+0.5 mol/L NaHCO₃) 中钝化膜性能和电化学腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明：随着温度升高,X70管线钢的点蚀电位降低,维钝电流密度和钝化膜的极化电阻减小。在实验温度范围内,钝化膜为Fe₂O₃和Fe₃O₄的混合物,半导体类型为n型半导体,且不随温度升高而改变。但是随着温度的升高,钝化膜缺陷密度增加,膜厚度减小,腐蚀倾向增大。因此,温度升高会降低钝化膜的稳定性,导致其保护作用下降。     

Stress Corrosion Cracking of Welded API X70 Pipeline Steel in Simulated Underground Water

This paper investigates the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of welded API X70 pipeline steel in simulated underground water using the slow strain rate test, fractographic characterization by scanning electron microscopy, and potentiodynamic polarization techniques. SCC susceptibility of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) is demonstrated to be dependent on two factors: the effect of the microstructure in the HAZ on electrochemical reactions and the effect of the mechanical property on SCC occurrence. Electrochemical experiments indicate that the microstructures in the HAZ, especially the softened microstructure, can significantly facilitate the processes of hydrogen evolution when cathodic potential is positive to ?1050 mV_SCE. However, when the cathodic potential is below ?1050 mV_SCE, the cathode current densities of different microstructures are close to one another and greatly increase because of the decrease of the applied potentials. The SCC behavior is consistent with the electrochemical results. Under ?650 and ?850 mV_SCE, SCC is most likely to occur in the softened region, and under ?1200 mV_SCE, SCC occurs in both the softened and hardened regions.     

电化学充氢对X80管线钢在鹰潭土壤模拟溶液中应力腐蚀行为的影响

采用电化学技术、慢应变速率拉伸实验和扫描电镜(SEM)对电化学充氢后的X80管线钢在鹰潭土壤模拟溶液中的应力腐蚀行为进行了研究。结果表明：X80管线钢静态充氢后在鹰潭土壤模拟溶液中具有较高的应力腐蚀(SCC)敏感性,其断口模式为穿晶断裂;随着电化学充氢时间的延长,氢致塑性损失不断增加,拉伸断口由韧窝状韧性断口向脆性解理断口发展,SCC敏感性增大;电化学充氢促进了点蚀坑的萌生,点蚀坑和第二相夹杂是SCC裂纹萌生的重要原因。     

阴极极化下X80钢在鹰潭土壤模拟溶液中应力腐蚀行为研究

采用电化学阻抗和慢应变速率方法,结合扫描电子显微镜,研究了不同阴极极化电位下X80钢在鹰潭土壤模拟溶液中的应力腐蚀行为。结果表明：鹰潭土壤模拟溶液中,X80钢/溶液界面处电荷转移电阻随阴极极化程度增加先升后降。在自腐蚀电位条件下开裂机理为阳极溶解,当外加电位为-1000 mV (vs SCE),应力腐蚀敏感性最低,此电位为最佳保护电位;继续增大阴极极化程度,应力腐蚀敏感性增加,此时开裂机制为氢和应力协同作用下的氢致开裂。     

不同组织X70钢在酸性土壤模拟溶液中的应力腐蚀敏感性

采用慢应变速率拉伸试验(SSRT)及断口观测研究了不同显微组织X70钢的应力腐蚀破裂(SCC)敏感性.结果表明:X70钢及其不同热处理后的劣化组织在鹰潭土壤模拟溶液中均具有明显的SCC敏感性;三种组织X70钢的SCC敏感性整体上表现为随外加电位的降低而增大,组织硬化和晶粒过大都能增加材料的SCC敏感性.     

Effect of Strength and Microstructure on Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior and Mechanism of X80 Pipeline Steel in High pH Carbonate/Bicarbonate Solution

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behaviors and mechanisms of X80 pipeline steels with different strength and microstructure in high pH carbonate/bicarbonate solution were investigated by slow strain rate testing and electrochemical test. The results showed that the cracking mode of low strength X80 steel composed of bulky polygonal ferrite and granular bainite in high pH solution was intergranular (IGSCC), and the SCC mechanism was anodic dissolution (AD). While the mixed cracking mode of high strength X80 steel consisted of fine acicular ferrite and granular bainite was intergranular (IGSCC) in the early stage, and transgranular (TGSCC) in the later stage. The decrease of pH value of crack tip was probably the key reason for the occurrence of TGSCC. The SCC mechanism may be a mixed mode of AD and hydrogen embrittlement (HE), and the HE mechanism may play a significant role in the deep crack propagation at the later stage. The cracking modes and SCC mechanisms of the two X80 steels were associated with its microstructure and strength.     

X70管线钢在硫酸盐还原菌作用下的应力腐蚀开裂行为

目的油气管输中X70钢的应力腐蚀开裂问题日趋严重,而且土壤环境中微生物腐蚀现象备受关注,因此拟通过实验室模拟土壤环境下X70管线钢的腐蚀,获得高强度管线钢在硫酸盐还原菌作用下的应力腐蚀开裂规律。方法采用自制的应力电化学测试装置,通过慢应变速率拉伸试验(SSRT)对材料的应力腐蚀敏感性进行分析,利用交流阻抗以及扫描电镜(SEM)对断口形貌以及生物膜的成分进行研究。结果当应变速率为5×10~(-7)s~(-1)时,无菌模拟溶液中试样的应力腐蚀敏感性远大于含SRB模拟溶液中试样的应力腐蚀敏感性,SRB的存在对X70管线钢应力腐蚀起到很大程度的促进作用。当应变速率为1×10~(-6)s~(-1)时,SRB对于X70管线钢应力腐蚀敏感性的影响较小,断裂主要由力学因素主导,SRB起辅助作用。结论 X70管线钢在沈阳土壤模拟溶液中具有一定的应力腐蚀敏感性。SRB对于X70管线钢在沈阳土壤模拟溶液中的应力腐蚀起到一定程度的促进作用。     

X80管线钢在近中性pH溶液中腐蚀行为研究

目的研究X80管线钢在近中性p H溶液中的腐蚀与应力腐蚀裂纹萌生行为。方法采用电化学实验和浸泡实验研究X80管线钢在近中性p H溶液中的腐蚀行为,采用慢应变速率拉伸实验研究X80管线钢在近中性p H溶液中,在自腐蚀电位和外加电位下的应力腐蚀裂纹萌生行为。结果 X80管线钢在近中性p H溶液中的极化曲线只有活化区,没有钝化区,其自腐蚀电位约为-750 m V,浸泡195天后,试样表面没有氧化膜出现,但是观察到点蚀坑。在自腐蚀电位下,X80管线钢试验表面有大量的应力腐蚀裂纹;在-500 m V阳极外加电位下,X80管线钢试验表面几乎没有观察到应力腐蚀裂纹;在-850 m V阴极外加电位下,X80管线钢试验表面的应力腐蚀裂纹很少,但是随着外加阴极电位负移到-1300 m V时,X80管线钢试验表面的应力腐蚀裂纹增多。结论 X80管线钢在近中性p H溶液中发生均匀腐蚀,但是夹杂物剥落能在X80管线钢表面形成点蚀坑。在近中性p H溶液中,在自腐蚀电位下,X80管线钢应力腐蚀裂纹萌生敏感性最强;外加阴极电位抑制应力腐蚀裂纹萌生,但是随着外加阴极电位的负移,应力腐蚀裂纹萌生敏感性增强;外加阳极电位下,由于均匀腐蚀的作用,应力腐蚀裂纹萌生敏感性较弱。     

外加电位对X70管线钢在近中性PH溶液中的应力腐蚀破损的影响

采用慢应变速率试验（SSRT）研究了不同电位下X70管线钢在近中性pH溶液中的应力腐蚀破裂（SCC）行为,同时研究了溶液中通往不同含量CO2对SCC的影响。结果表明,X70管线钢在近中性pH溶液中的开裂方式是穿晶型的,具有准解理特征,并且随着外加阴极电位的降低,SCC敏感性增加,随CO2含量的增加,pH值降低,SCC敏感性增加,均表现为氢致开裂占主导。     

Effect of Dynamic Change in Strain Rate on Mechanical and Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of a Mild Steel

The current work analyzes the effect of the dynamic change in strain rate during tensile loading of a mild steel on its mechanical and stress corrosion behavior in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. The sample experiences high strain rate (10^?2 s^?1) up to 10, 15 and 20% of total deformation and then very low strain rate of 10^?6 s^?1 till fracture without any unloading in between. The behavioral characteristics of the steel under these circumstances are found to be different from that exhibited during complete loading till fracture both at high and slow strain rates separately. Total strain increases with the increase in the strain at which change in strain rate happens, and this is attributed to the generation of large number of dislocations at higher strain rate and subsequently release of dislocation at low strain rate during change over due to more time available for dynamic recovery. This observation is common for both in air and corrosive environment. One unique observation in this study is the higher total strain and lower strength observed during dynamic change in strain rate in the corrosive environment compared to that in air, which is attributed to the hydrogen-induced plasticity mechanism.     

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依据NACE标准研究了X80级管线钢的抗硫化物应力腐蚀开裂（SSCC）和氢致开裂（HIC）行为。研究表明该X80级管线钢具有较好的抗SSCC和HIC性能,其中临界名义应力Sc达到：1 265 MPa;裂纹敏感率、裂纹长度率和裂纹厚度率均为0;酸性环境下氢的扩散以及应力集中的交互作用导致材料的韧性损失,从而促使裂纹的形成和扩展,最终导致材料断裂。以均匀细小的针状铁素体为主的显微组织具有优良的抗SSCC＆HIC性能。     

外加电位对X80钢在南雄土壤模拟溶液中应力腐蚀行为的影响

采用动电位极化技术、慢应变速率拉伸(SSRT)试验和SEM形貌分析等方法,研究了外加电位对X80钢在南雄土壤模拟溶液中的应力腐蚀破裂(SCC)行为的影响。结果表明,在不同外加电位下,X80钢在土壤模拟溶液中呈现出不同的SCC敏感性。在-550mV(SCE,下同)阳极电位下,X80钢的阳极溶解抑制了其SCC的发生;在自腐蚀电位Ecorr(约-720mV)下,X80钢SCC行为呈现出受阳极溶解和氢脆混合控制的机制;在-850mV阴极电位下,阴极保护抑制了X80钢SCC的发生;而在-1 000mV和-1 150mV阴极电位下,氢脆在X80钢SCC过程中占重要作用。     

X70管线钢点蚀行为研究

对X70管线钢的凹坑进行了SEM观察,并对控轧控冷工艺以及层流冷却水进行了分析研究。实验结果表明,X70管线钢凹坑是由于点蚀腐蚀所引起,而点蚀产生的原因是由于层流冷却水中的氯离子浓度偏高。另外,对X70管线钢的点蚀形成机理进行了讨论。