神经外科下呼吸道感染患者支气管肺泡灌洗液病原学分析

目的 了解神经外科并下呼吸道感染患者病原菌构成及药物敏感性.方法 2009年8月～ 2010年8月,对重症监护病房(ICU) 38例因颅脑损伤并下呼吸道感染患者进行纤维支气管镜支气管肺泡灌洗(bronchoalveolar lavage by bronchofibroscopy,BAL)检查,灌洗液送细菌培养及药敏试验.结果 38例患者BAL细菌培养均为阳性,阳性率100％,分离率居前三位的分别为铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼氏不动杆菌;药敏结果显示各类细菌对常用抗菌素严重耐药.结论 神经外科合并下呼吸道感染的病原菌以革兰氏阴性杆菌,病原菌耐药率高,根据本地区病原菌分布及耐药情况合理选用抗菌药物对临床疗效有重要价值.     

纤维支气管镜及支气管肺泡灌洗检查对免疫功能低下合并肺炎病原学诊断价值

目的探讨纤维支气管镜及支气管肺泡灌洗(BAL)对免疫功能低下合并肺炎病原学诊断的意义。方法回顾分析近年来医院免疫功能低下合并肺炎行纤维支气管镜检查的36例患者的临床资料,及纤维支气管镜检查和支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)病原学检查结果。结果经纤维支气管镜和(或)BAL检测61.1%的患者可确定感染病原体,同时进行外周血和BALF巨细胞病毒(CMV)定量PCR检测19例,阳性率分别为14.3%和42.9%(P<0.05),同时行BALF CMV定量PCR和外周血CMV IgM检测15例,阳性率分别为47.1%和5.9%(P<0.05);经各种方法诊断CMV肺炎共9例,其中8例经BALF中CMV定量PCR检测确定,经纤维支气管镜取分泌物或BALF培养总阳性率50.0%;同时行分泌物和BALF培养的患者中,分泌物和BALF真菌培养阳性率分别为14.3%和42.9%,细菌培养阳性率均为28.6%,1例患者BALF检测卡氏肺囊虫阳性。结论纤维支气管镜及支气管肺泡灌洗对免疫功能低下合并肺炎的病原学诊断有较高价值,有助于早期明确诊断和指导治疗。     

经纤支镜支气管肺泡灌洗术68例护理体会

经纤维支气管镜(简称纤支镜)行支气管肺泡灌洗术(BAL)由于直接作用于病变部位,对于肺部疾病的诊断与治疗,有着越来越重要的作用。于1997年1月～2001年12月对68例肺部疾病患者进行BAL,现将护理体会总结报告如下。 1 临床资料本组68例中男性36例,女性32例,年龄17岁～79岁,平均40.6岁。利用支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)进行诊断或鉴别诊断者52例,包括肺结核22例,慢性支气管炎并感染13例,小细胞肺癌6例,支气管肺癌11例,进行脓腔冲洗治疗急性肺脓肿16例。     

支气管肺泡灌洗检查及其应用

早在20多年前即开始进行支气管肺泡灌洗检查(BAL)研究呼吸道免疫和炎症状况,以后又应用于肺泡蛋白沉着症的治疗。随着纤维支气管镜的发展与广泛应用,BAL也有很大发展。BAL检查是常规进行纤维支气管镜时将其顶端楔入右中叶或其他肺叶的段支气管开口,注入温     

无痛纤支镜下小儿肺泡灌洗的术中护理

纤维支气管镜（下称纤支镜）在儿童呼吸道疾病的正确诊断和治疗方面起着非常重要的作用，通过纤支镜行支气管肺泡灌洗，能解决药物治疗和胸部理疗效果不佳的肺部大片感染和肺不张的临床难题。2006年2月至2008年2月，湖北省妇幼保健院儿内科共进行了58例无痛性纤支镜下肺泡灌洗术，术中顺利，效果满意，现报告如下。     

无菌吸痰与纤维支气管肺泡灌洗采样方法应用效果的比较

目的比较无菌吸痰与纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗采样方法在机械通气下呼吸道感染患儿病原学诊断中的差异。方法选取医院2015年12月-2017年11月收治的机械通气并发下呼吸道感染患儿90例为研究对象,分别采用无菌吸痰管和纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗采集患儿下呼吸道感染部位分泌物标本。比较两种方法标本合格率、阳性检出率及病原菌分布状况。结果无菌吸痰管吸痰标本合格率70.00%低于纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗合格率98.89%,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=28.590,P<0.001);采用无菌吸痰管吸痰者病原菌阳性检出率为52.38%(33/63)低于纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗83.15%(74/89),差异有统计学意义(χ~2=16.753,P<0.001);无菌吸痰管吸痰检出病原菌41株,纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗检出93株,病原菌均以革兰阴性菌为主,分别占63.42%、69.89%,主要为肺炎克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞菌。同一患儿两种检查方法检出细菌完全一致者32例,另有15例均为阴性,两种检查方法的一致率为52.22%(47/90)。结论纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗在机械通气下呼吸道感染病原学诊断价值方面优于无菌吸痰管吸痰,其准确率高、误诊率小、污染率低等优势,更利于提高感染预防控制效果、降低抗菌药物不合理使用率、减少耐药菌株产生,尤其适用于急危重患儿。     

支气管肺泡灌洗液及纤支镜刷片在肺癌诊断的应用

目的探讨支气管肺泡灌洗液(BAL)和纤维支气管镜刷片在肺癌诊断的作用。方法对天津市海河医院27例疑为肺癌并进行了纤维支气管镜检查患者的细胞病理学特征进行分析和评价。结果 27例患者中,组织学确诊肺癌11例(40.74%),其中包括鳞状低胞癌8例(72.73%),腺癌2例(18.18%),小细胞肺癌1例(9.09%);纤维支气管镜刷片的敏感性为45.45%,特异性为87.50%;灌洗液敏感性为36.36%,特异性为93.75%。两者准确率相同,70.37%。结论在肺癌的诊断中支气管肺泡灌洗液BAL及纤维支气管镜刷片细胞病理学检查,但缺少良好的敏感性具有相对较高的特异性。     

纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗治疗右肺中叶不张91例疗效观察

[目的]探讨经纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗术的效果和安全性。[方法]对91例右肺中叶不张患者采用支气管肺泡灌洗术,并将其支气管内分泌物作病原学和病理学检查,同时支气管内局部使用抗生素和激素治疗,观察其疗效。[结果]91例右肺中叶不张患者,84例肺不张复张,明确了病因,临床疗效好;7例病程超过3个月,不张肺未复张。均未发生并发症及不良反应。[结论]纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗术具有有效、安全、简便等优点,可适用于支气管内疾病的诊断和治疗。     

支气管肺泡灌洗术在肺部疾病中的应用(附46例报告)

支气管肺泡灌洗术(BAL)是近年来纤维支气管镜(FB)检查基础上进一步发展起来的新技术,在国内有开始此项检查,我院近年用BAL液测定细胞成分分析与非细胞成分测定,在肺部疾病的诊治上有一定的价值,现介绍如下: 资料分析一、一般情况:本组46例,男38例,女8例;年龄在19～69岁。临床(包括病理诊断)为     

经纤维支气管镜灌注治疗食管癌手术后严重肺部感染的疗效分析

目的　探讨纤维支气管镜吸痰和支气管肺泡灌注治疗食管癌手术后严重肺部感染的临床应用价值。方法　将食管癌手术后肺部感染6 8例患者随机分为经纤维支气管镜灌注治疗(A)组,单纯常规治疗(B)组。A组患者在床旁应用便携式纤维支气管镜进行吸痰、支气管肺泡灌洗术并取痰细菌培养,B组单纯常规治疗。结果　A组治疗有效率高,治愈时间短。与对照组比较,结果有显著性差异(P <0 .0 5 )。没有明显并发症发生。结论　应用纤维支气管镜治疗合并重症肺部感染的食管癌手术后患者,是一种安全而有效的方法,具有推广和应用价值。     

肺泡灌洗术治疗儿童大叶性肺炎的疗效观察

目的：观察纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗术对儿童大叶性肺炎治疗的临床效果。方法收集第四军医大学附属唐都医院2015年1至12月121例儿童大叶性肺炎的临床资料,分析应用纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗术在临床疗效上的差异。结果①病程≤7天的79例患儿,37例行纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗术,1周后复查,治愈30例（占81．08％）,42例对照组中治愈23例（占54．76％）;病程＞7天的42例患儿,22例行纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗术,1周后复查,治愈17例（占77．27％）,20例对照组中治愈11例（占55．00％）;②121例患儿静脉血中肺炎支原体（MP）阳性10例（8．26％）,而59例行纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗术患儿的肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中MP阳性者为47例（79．66％）;③病程在1周内的患儿接受纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗术,其住院时间、热程均较对照组缩短（t值分别是2．394和2．101,均P＜0．05）,肺部病变治愈率明显优于对照组（χ2＝6．171,P＜0．05）;而病程超过1周的患儿差异并无统计学意义。结论在大叶性肺炎患儿中,早期进行纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗术治疗,可以有效缩短热程及住院天数,提高治愈率。检测BALF可提高MP的阳性检出率。     

BAL fluid cytology in the assessment of infectious lung disease

The need for rapid laboratory results has marked the application of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid cytology as a valuable tool in the assessment of infectious lung conditions. The techniques of BAL fluid processing presented here can be performed in a microbiological laboratory. The diagnostic value of BAL fluid cytology for the prediction of ventilator-associated pneumonia is discussed.     

Reliability of bronchoalveolar lavage in the routine clinical assessment of patients with sarcoidosis. A retrospective analysis

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to evaluate the reliability of bronchoalveolar lavage in the routine clinical assessment of patients with sarcoidosis. METHODS: Study design: retrospective analysis. Setting: 2 Divisions of Respiratory Medicine, both in the context of a public general hospital (Ospedale Morelli, Sondalo, Italy and Ospedale Civile, Piacenza, Italy). Patients: 89 patients with definitely diagnosed diffuse infiltrative lung disease, who underwent bronchoalveolar lavage as part of their initial diagnostic work-up in the period 1991-2001. Fifty-one of them had biopsy-proven sarcoidosis. Diagnostic procedures were: transbronchial lung biopsy (n=26), bronchial biopsy (n=11), skin biopsy (n=6), surgical lung biopsy (n=4), superficial lymph node biopsy (n=3), mediastinal lymph node biopsy (n=1). In 38 patients various interstitial lung diseases were diagnosed, according to established criteria. Measures: we compared the percentage of BAL lymphocytes and CD4/CD8 ratio in the 2 groups. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of BAL parameters were calculated with a cut-off value of 28% for BAL lymphocytes and 3.5 for CD4/CD8 ratio. RESULTS: The percentage of lymphocytes was similar in the 2 groups (p=0.19); CD4/CD8 ratio was 5.7+/-4.9 in sarcoidosis and 2.0+/-3.3 in the other patients (p=0.0001). BAL CD4/CD8 ratio in sarcoidosis had sensitivity 58%, specificity 86%, positive predictive value 85%, negative predictive value 61%. CONCLUSIONS: BAL has a low sensitivity in patients with sarcoidosis; CD4/CD8 ratio >or=3.5 strongly suggests sarcoidosis but is not specific enough if considered alone.     

经纤维支气管镜吸痰联合肺泡灌洗在重症肺部感染治疗中的临床作用

目的分析经纤维支气管镜吸痰联合肺泡灌洗治疗重症肺部感染的临床疗效。方法 2005-2010年治疗的重症肺部感染患者380例,均行纤维支气管镜吸痰及泡灌洗治疗,并与之前行常规内科疗法的重症肺部感染患者的临床资料进行比较,比较两组治疗前后的痰细菌清除率、有效率及住院时间。结果吸痰联合肺泡灌洗观察组总有效率为97.6%,对照组为90.6%;痰细菌培养致病菌清除率观察组达96.7%,对照组为57.1%;观察组平均住院天数(13.4±3.4)d,对照组为(21.6±4.6)d,两组差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论应用纤维支气管镜吸痰联合肺泡灌洗治疗重症肺部感染能够显著提高疗效,减少住院时间,具有临床应用价值。     

A patient with Legionella pneumophila serogroup-3 pneumonia, detected by PCR

A 59-year-old man was hospitalised because of dyspnoea, productive cough, fever, chills and malaise. Severe community-acquired pneumonia was diagnosed. Legionella urinary antigen testing, which can only detect serogroup 1, and the first culture ofa bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid sample were negative for Legionella. However, L. pneumophila DNA was detected by PCR in the BAL washing sample. Eventually, L. pneumophila serogroup 3 was isolated from this specimen by repeated culture. Although, in The Netherlands, legionellosis is caused by L. pneumophila serogroup 1 in more than 90% of all cases, this case demonstrates that a negative result of urinary antigen testing does not necessarily exclude this diagnosis. It is therefore advocated to expand the diagnostics to a Legionella PCR on respiratory material of patients with clinical signs of Legionella pneumonia in whom the urinary antigen test is negative.     

支气管镜肺泡灌洗治疗呼吸机相关性肺炎的疗效分析

目的：探讨支气管镜肺泡灌洗对呼吸机相关性肺炎的临床疗效。方法：收集本院53例ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎患者临床资料,将其分为研究组和对照组。其中对照组24例行综合治疗,研究组29例行综合治疗＋肺泡灌洗治疗。回顾分析两组患者的临床症状、住院时间以及治愈率等指标。结果：研究组患者的发热时间、咳嗽咳痰时间、住院时间,治愈率及死亡率均优于对照组,比较差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：支气管镜肺泡灌洗术治疗呼吸机相关性肺炎有较为显著的临床治疗效果。     

Amoeba-resisting bacteria and ventilator-associated pneumonia

To evaluate the role of amoeba-associated bacteria as agents of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), we tested the water from an intensive care unit (ICU) every week for 6 months for such bacteria isolates; serum samples and bronchoalveolar lavage samples (BAL) were also obtained from 30 ICU patients. BAL samples were examined for amoeba-associated bacteria DNA by suicide-polymerase chain reaction, and serum samples were tested against ICU amoeba-associated bacteria. A total of 310 amoeba-associated bacteria from 10 species were isolated. Twelve of 30 serum samples seroconverted to one amoeba-associated bacterium isolated in the ICU, mainly Legionella anisa and Bosea massiliensis, the most common isolates from water (p=0.021). Amoeba-associated bacteria DNA was detected in BAL samples from two patients whose samples later seroconverted. Seroconversion was significantly associated with VAP and systemic inflammatory response syndrome, especially in patients for whom no etiologic agent was found by usual microbiologic investigations. Amoeba-associated bacteria might be a cause of VAP in ICUs, especially when microbiologic investigations are negative.     

Diagnostic characteristics of routine surveillance cultures of endotracheal aspirate samples in cases of late-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia due to Acinetobacter baumannii.

Of 20 consecutive episodes of ventilator-associated pneumonia due to Acinetobacter baumannii, 18 were preceded by tracheobronchial colonization with strains ofA. baumannii that had the same antibiotic susceptibility pattern. When the results of routine surveillance cultures of endotracheal aspirate samples were compared with the results of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cultures performed for patients who developed late-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia, the sensitivity of the surveillance cultures was 90%, and the negative predictive value was 96%. The positive predictive value of surveillance cultures for identifying causative pathogens in cases of pneumonia due to A. baumannii was good.