The Gendering of Philippine International Labor Migration*

This paper provides an institutional analysis of the use of gender as an organizing principle for labor migration flows. Through a case study of the marketing and recruitment strategies of Philippine government and private institutions, I examine how gendered representations contribute to divergent patterns of male and female labor migrants from the Philippines. Representations, or controlling images, are used by institutions to provide explanations or justification of a policy. Findings indicate that the global marketing of workers is organized around specific gendered assumptions of male versus female occupations. Recruitment strategies are also influenced by gendered representations of occupations, locations, and workers. The use of gender by government and private institutions as an organizing device provides a gendered context in which migrants and their households must subsequently operate.     

The Web-based Recruitment of Female Foreign Domestic Workers in Asia

In the last three decades, there has been an increased "feminisation" of international migration within the Asian region. In part, the increased mobility of women migrant workers within Asia has resulted from the increased bureaucratic regulation of labour migration. This commodification of the migratory process, however, has placed women in significantly more vulnerable positions vis-´-vis their male counterparts. Comparatively little research, however, has examined the critical role of private recruitment agencies, and especially the use of the Internet, within the migratory process. In this paper, I examine the Web-based recruitment strategies of private recruitment agencies in Asia. Based on a qualitative analysis of 25 recruitment-related Web sites, I suggest that the commercialisation of migration serves an important "socialisation" process that contributes to the vulnerability and exploitation of female foreign domestic workers.     

Using the World Wide Web in Undergraduate Geographic Education: Potentials and Pitfalls

Abstract

The World Wide Web is being increasingly utilized in geographic education. Conceptualizations of how the Web should be used in education tend to vary, reflecting a number of different goals. This article discusses the benefits of incorporating the Web into undergraduate geography courses and benefits it may confer on higher education. It highlights potential uses of the Web and discusses claims that Web-based education may lead to a paradigm shift in higher education. A number of questions about the efficacy of Web-based teaching, the desirability of an educational paradigm shift, its cost-effectiveness, and the role of corporations in sponsoring Web-based education are considered. Future prospects for Web-based geographic education are discussed.     

Hukou and non-hukou migrations in China: comparisons and contrasts

The household registration (hukou) system in China was studied using China's 1990 census 1% microdata and interprovincial migration studies. In doing this, the socioeconomic characteristics and geographical patterns of long-distance hukou and non-hukou migratory flows were compared before developing a framework of dual migration circuits. The framework uses a statistical model to evaluate migration rates in relation to both origin and destination variables. It was found that these two types of migrants shared some general demographic characteristics, but displayed substantial socioeconomic differences. The hukou migrants that tended to originate in urban areas had an extremely high share of college-educated people and were employed in higher skilled jobs, while non-hukou migrants were mostly from rural areas with much lower educational attainment. Hukou labor migrants tended to move through government and formal channels, while non-hukou migrants relied on their own, often informal, source of jobs. Furthermore, a difference as to the migration mechanisms between hukou and non-hukou migrants was noted. Non-hukou migration rate were tied positively to the migration stock, a process consistent with a networked migration hypothesis, while hukou migration rates were not. The rural labor migrants moved away from provinces of high population pressure to those with more favorable land/labor ratios, in line with neoclassical predictions. Hukou migration moved in the opposite direction, reflecting a different set of factors at work. The analysis indicates that the hukou system remained a relatively powerful institution in structuring migration in the 1980s.     

长三角区域经济发展中的劳动力迁移流动研究

劳动力的迁移流动及其区域效应是当今区域经济学关注的重点。通过对区域经济发展进程中的劳动力迁移流动态势及区域效应的分析,可以深入了解中国区域发展进程的经济社会演化态势,并对中国制定区域经济发展政策提供实证依据。利用第五次人口普查的数据分析可知,长三角区域经济发展进程中呈现了劳动力高强度集聚、长三角内迁移流动活跃、劳动力迁移强度与经济发展水平显著相关等劳动力迁移流动态势,与此同时,长三角劳动力迁移流动对长三角各地区的受教育程度、人才密度、城市化水平等方面将造成影响。在未来,经济社会演变对长三角劳动力的迁移流动将产生新的影响。     

An explanation of labor migration and grain output growth: Findings of a case study in eastern Tibetan Plateau

Although there has been rapid rural-urban migration in rural China since the 1980s, the total grain production of China saw a continuous increase. As of today, the relationship between labor migration and grain output growth remains partial and contradictory. The main aim of this empirical study is to examine some specific measures adopted by peasants to deal with labor shortage and maintain grain output growth. Using tracking survey, participatory rural appraisal methods, and land plot investigation, we investigate 274 households and 1405 arable land plots in four villages in two stages in Jinchuan county, southwestern China. The results show that continuous emigration of labor from the four villages caused the abandonment of a small amount of land, decreased labor intensity, and reduced multiple cropping index, shifting from “corn-wheat” multiple cropping pattern to the “corn” cropping pattern, which means labor shortage in some households. At the same time, owing to surplus labor in the villages, the peasants utilize a series of means to offset the negative impacts of labor migration on grain output, such as cropland transfer, labor exchange in the busy seasons, and the substitution of capital and technology for labor. The econometric analysis also shows that labor migration boosts grain production. This study provides a reasonable explanation of grain output growth under rural-urban migration.     

青藏高原东部典型区的劳动力析出与粮食产量增长——2005和2010年的跟踪调查及其解释（英文）

Although there has been rapid rural-urban migration in rural China since the 1980 s, the total grain production of China saw a continuous increase. As of today, the relationship between labor migration and grain output growth remains partial and contradictory. The main aim of this empirical study is to examine some specific measures adopted by peasants to deal with labor shortage and maintain grain output growth. Using tracking survey, participatory rural appraisal methods, and land plot investigation, we investigate 274 households and 1405 arable land plots in four villages in two stages in Jinchuan county, southwestern China. The results show that continuous emigration of labor from the four villages caused the abandonment of a small amount of land, decreased labor intensity, and reduced multiple cropping index, shifting from "corn-wheat" multiple cropping pattern to the "corn" cropping pattern, which means labor shortage in some households. At the same time, owing to surplus labor in the villages, the peasants utilize a series of means to offset the negative impacts of labor migration on grain output, such as cropland transfer, labor exchange in the busy seasons, and the substitution of capital and technology for labor. The econometric analysis also shows that labor migration boosts grain production. This study provides a reasonable explanation of grain output growth under rural-urban migration.     

无锡城市制造业企业区位调整与苏南模式重组

苏南地域广阔,区域和城市发展路径多样。较多研究关注全球化背景下国家和省级开发区发展带来的苏南模式创新,但是城市化对苏南模式重组影响同样值得关注。基于企业数据的空间分析以及企业访谈和问卷调查资料,从制造业企业进入和退出的角度,考察无锡市南长区在从乡镇企业典型发育地区(郊区)转变为城区过程中的产业升级和空间格局调整过程。研究表明:南长区制造业经历了产权重组、结构重组和空间重组三个过程,呈现出中小高新技术企业为主、空间上高度集中等城市化特征。政府表现出明显的"企业化"倾向,与传统苏南模式中直接介入企业经营不同,地方政府通过规划调控以及开发区建设、税收等金融刺激政策和措施影响企业区位行为,从而推动城市产业结构的转型升级和空间再集聚。     

Migration planning: the case for Tunisia

The effect of various government policies on migration patterns in Tunisia in the absence of a specific policy on internal migration and spatial distribution is analyzed. A review of possible measures available for altering migration patterns is presented. The author concludes that long-term changes in population distribution can only be achieved by specific migration policies that seek to modify the urban bias in the aspirations of migrant populations or that try to alter fundamentally the structure of national settlement systems.     

水电开发移民非农就业研究——以向家坝电站绥江县为例

针对水电开发中移民农业安置的困境,以及社会发展趋势,从农村劳动力转移理论和模型出发,着重对农村剩余劳动力＂开流断源＂的模型进行介绍,以向家坝电站绥江县为案例分析该库区非农就业的必然性和艰巨性。基于＂开流断源＂的模型对非农就业的几个方面进行思考,提出：（1）从人的生产与消费两面性,以及剩余劳动力的角度而言,移民安置需要考虑库区人口规模的控制,以及趋向于增加就业的人口结构调整;（2）特定区域背景和不同移民人群对于非农就业的预期目标不同,区域发展规划和劳务输出设计需要相应地做出反映;（3）政府的移民工作需要将教育和培训方面的服务纳入重点,以提高个体预期目标部门的非农就业概率;（4）从教育、培训、基础设施建设和社会保障制度等方面,政府可以为农村劳动力向非农化转移提供支持,并在移民安置中得到具体体现。     

劳动力视角下 跨国公司地方嵌入与区域发展战略耦合机制——以富士康郑州投资为例

全球生产网络（GPNs）非常重视跨国公司地方嵌入与区域发展的战略耦合模式及影响机制,然而以往研究相对聚焦于资本密集型或技术密集型企业,着重探讨产业联系、技术外溢、社会网络等要素的影响,而对以富士康为代表的劳动密集型跨国企业并未给予足够关注。本研究以郑州富士康为案例,融合劳工地理学和新经济地理学的理论视角,基于2017—2021年对郑州富士康的追踪调研,研究发现：① 在全球网络动力与本土地域动力相互联动的作用下,地方区位优势和企业空间粘性虽然发生了显著变化,并初步呈现出互惠式耦合特征,但郑州富士康地方嵌入与区域发展的战略耦合模式仍以依附式为主。② 劳动力视角下跨国公司地方嵌入与区域发展的战略耦合形成机制主要受制于公司属性特征与员工雇佣方式（包括企业性质、用工模式、工资福利等）、区域人口红利与劳动力供应格局、政府中介政策与劳动力行为选择等因素。③ 促进劳动密集型跨国公司地方嵌入与区域发展的战略耦合,维持劳动力市场弹性和激励跨国公司扩大投资并促进生产网络区域化应作为国家和地方政府战略制定和政策实施的两个基本维度。研究成果不仅可以有效弥补跨国公司地方嵌入与区域发展战略耦合对劳动力作用的忽视,而且通过典型案例可以为劳动密集型跨国公司与区域发展的战略耦合关系提供实证经验支持。     

论中部农区农户打工区位选择影响因素——以河南省三个样本村为例

对农户打工区位的研究是认识农民工流动空间规律的基础。通过对河南省南阳市三个不同类型样本村的实证研究,发现打工者不同的个人特征、家庭特征和社区特征对其打工地的选择具有重要影响。其中,个人特征中的性别对打工空间、年龄对打工距离及打工空间具有显著影响;家庭特征中的家庭类型对打工距离、家庭代数和家庭上学子女数量对打工距离和打工空间具有显著影响;社区特征中的村经济发展水平、村地形对打工空间具有显著影响,农户关系网络对打工地的选择具有关键作用。农户对打工地的选择是在能够预期取得一定收入的前提下,综合考虑个人、家庭和社区因素的结果,地理环境因素对打工地的选择具有重要影响。     

20 世纪90 年代中国乡镇企业变革及其地方效应

以1993 年和2000 年对中国七个不同乡镇的近百家乡镇企业和近4000 名企业职工两次 实地调研的数据为基础, 运用实证研究的方法, 探讨了20 世纪90 年代中国乡镇企业改制过 程中乡镇财政收入、乡镇企业职工工资和福利以及农村劳动力转移的变化。结果表明： 乡镇 企业改制对我国农村地区的社会经济造成了较为深刻的影响, 由于乡镇工业发展缓慢和集体工业的改制, 私营经济成为农村经济的主体, 其与乡镇政府的直接经济联系有所减弱, 乡镇企业税收对财政的支撑作用有所减弱; 乡镇企业职工工资有不同程度的增长, 但增长幅度不大, 乡镇企业职工的福利没有得到显著改善, 土地的社会保障功能仍然十分突出; 私营企业 通过提高劳动效率、加大劳动强度和增加劳动时间来增加企业效益, 这也导致90 年代后期乡镇企业对劳动力吸引能力的减弱。乡镇企业劳动力市场基本还局限在镇区范围, 只有当镇区劳动力资源短缺时, 跨区域的劳动力市场才会发育。     

近年来我国普通劳动者工资变化及其对农地利用的影响

利用农村固定观察点数据、《全国农产品成本收益资料汇编》、全国农业统计数据等,对近年来我国普通劳动者工资的变化特征及其对我国农地利用的影响进行了分析。结果表明：近年来我国普通劳动者工资的增长速度和幅度明显要快于农产品和农业生产资料价格的增长速度。我国东部发达地区的部分省份,其复种指数已经出现了明显的下降趋势,物质和服务投...     

“人口回流”视角下的中部地区乡村振兴——对湖北“毛嘴模式”的实证

采用质性研究方法,以中部地区湖北的“毛嘴模式”为例,围绕武汉汉正街与仙桃毛嘴镇的城乡联系问题,研究人口回流及返乡创业所带动的地方发展,解析其对乡村振兴的重要作用。研究发现：①劳动力回流受家庭需求、家乡发展环境等多重因素影响;资本回流的主要影响因素是雇佣“本地化”劳动力,也涉及城市更新及其“外部性”效应的间接影响;②技能型劳动力回流以及企业家在城-乡间的高频流动,有利于发挥流动人口的“桥梁”作用;③回流人口主要从事与之前就业相关的行业,倾向于在镇区或市区购买商品房,促进了乡村经济转型,同时利于社会资本的培育,重塑了乡村社会空间。     

A Scoring Guide for Assessing Issues-based Geographic Inquiry on the World Wide Web

Abstract

Inquiry-based learning has a long tradition in geography education, and many faculty members are using inquiry to tap the constructivist potential of the World Wide Web. This paper reports on the development of a scoring guide that assesses the degree to which teaching materials support issues-based geographic inquiry. The scoring guide was tested in a content analysis of geographers⁷ Web-based teaching materials. The results of the preliminary analysis suggest that relatively few geography teaching materials on the Web bear the characteristics of inquiry. Additional research is needed to determine whether teaching materials on the Web are facilitating a shift toward constructivist practice in the discipline.     

Spatial mobility and reasons for migration of Japanese women

This paper discloses, istly, the spatial mobility of Japanese women and its change mainly between 1970 and 1980, through comparison with the men's mobility, in respect of distance of movement, age patterns, and labor force status, using population census data. Secondly, the chief reasons for the migration of women by types of migratory flows are examined using the data derived from the survey on reasons for migration conducted in 1981 by the Land Agency of the Government of Japan. Results show that the spatial mobility of Japanese women is smaller than that of men in long distance movements but is almost the same in short distance moves, and that the age pattern of spatial mobility of the women is nearly the same between both distances of movement. Also, it is disclosed that the mobility of women not in the labor force is higher for the whole country but lower in metropolitan areas than that for men. The prime reason for the migration of women is employment, the as same as that for men for the whole nation, but this varies between the types of migratory flows.     

The turnaround in Australia: some first observations from the 1991 census

"The aim of this paper is to utilise recently released census results to examine patterns of population change in non-metropolitan Australia during the 1986-91 period, focusing particularly upon the net migration component of that change. The paper presents an overview of recent trends in population change in non-metropolitan areas and then moves to an analysis of net migration patterns in non-metropolitan local government areas during the late 1980s using a Life Table Survival Ratio technique to estimate net migration. It appears that the trends observed in the early 1980s have continued into the late 1980s and early 1990s, and that overall the 'turnaround' is slowing down and becoming more diversified, more complex, and much less predictable in the 1990s."     

Economic Opportunities and Internal Migration: A Case Study of Guangdong Province,China*

Economic opportunities are considered a primary determinant of human migration, but their explanatory power in Communist China has been limited because of strong government intervention in controlling migration and in planned population transfers. Since the late 1970s, however, economic reform has brought about changes in China's regional economies and generated new push and pull forces for migration, and the relaxation of migration restrictions has created greater opportunities for nongovernment-induced migration. Using data primarily from the 1990 census, I review the spatial patterns of migration and the characteristics of the new migrants. A case study of Guangdong Province reveals that its attractiveness to migrants from other provinces and its intra-provincial migration patterns are attributable to differentials in per capita output and foreign investment. The findings support the argument that China has entered a new era of migration in which present and expected economic opportunities are important explanations for the volume and directions of population movement.