经导管动脉栓塞术治疗腹部外科术后迟发性出血

【摘要】 目的 评价经导管动脉栓塞术（TAE）治疗腹部外科术后迟发性出血的临床应用价值。方法 回顾性分析2010年5月至2019年6月采用TAE诊断治疗的腹部外科术后迟发性出血患者23例。术中动脉造影明确出血责任动脉,对动脉主干出血予以弹簧圈栓塞动脉远段和近段,对动脉末梢出血予以明胶海绵颗粒或明胶海绵颗粒联合弹簧圈栓塞。术后随访至患者治愈出院或院内死亡。结果 23例患者中造影表现阳性22例,阴性1例,阳性率为95.7%。阳性患者中动脉假性动脉瘤形成8例,动脉破裂伴对比剂外溢14例。所有阳性患者均接受进一步TAE治疗,术后治愈17例,死亡3例,复发2例,临床有效率为86.4%。术后1例死于肝衰竭,2例死于多脏器衰竭,2例复发患者再次TAE治疗后治愈出院,所有患者均未发生胃肠坏死和胃肠穿孔等栓塞并发症。结论 动脉造影结合TAE诊断腹部外科术后迟发性出血阳性率高,治疗效果确切,可作为首选方法。     

覆膜支架和密网支架在复杂内脏动脉瘤的治疗应用(附12例病例分析)

目的评价覆膜支架和密网支架在复杂内脏动脉瘤治疗中的安全性和疗效。方法回顾分析12例内脏动脉瘤患者(脾动脉瘤6例,腹腔干动脉瘤3例,肠系膜上动脉动脉瘤2例,肠系膜下动脉瘤1例)临床及影像学资料,其中6例脾动脉动脉瘤患者行覆膜支架置入治疗,余6例行密网支架重叠置入,所有患者术后均给予抗凝治疗。术后1个月、6个月、1年、2年行CTA检查观察动脉瘤闭塞情况及支架和载瘤动脉通畅情况。结果 12例患者支架均成功置入,6例脾动脉瘤患者覆膜支架置入后造影显示支架管腔通畅,动脉瘤未再显影;其余6例内脏动脉瘤患者密网支架重叠置入后造影显示动脉瘤显影浅淡或基本不显影,穿支动脉未累及。术后近期随访(1个月),1例出现轻度腹痛,给予对症处理后症状消失,所有患者均未见动脉瘤破裂,支架内急性血栓形成等严重并发症。远期随访6例覆膜支架置入患者动脉瘤均未再显影,无内漏及支架内狭窄;6例密网支架置入者动脉瘤较前均缩小或消失,其中1例CTA显示支架轻度狭窄,狭窄<25%同时合并部分穿支动脉闭塞,但无明显临床症状,余患者支架、穿支动脉均通畅。结论覆膜支架和密网支架置入是治疗复杂内脏动脉瘤的安全、有效方法。     

应用覆膜支架介入救治颈动脉破裂并假性动脉瘤

目的 探讨应用覆膜支架介入治疗颈动脉破裂并假性动脉瘤。方法4例肿瘤所致颈动脉破裂并假性动脉瘤形成的患者,均出现颈部或口腔危及生命的出血,采用Seldinger方法,选用自膨式聚四氟乙烯覆膜支架治疗。结果4例成功施行血管内介入治疗,其中颈总动脉中段1例,颈动脉球2例,颈总动脉远段1例。共置入覆膜支架6枚。术后假性动脉瘤腔被隔绝,颈动脉通畅,患者的临床症状明显改善,无神经功能障碍。1例患者11d后支架下缘颈总动脉与原瘤腔相通,再次置入覆膜支架,2个月的随访无再出血。1例患者经钢圈栓塞、放置覆膜支架及裸支架瘤腔隔绝,但术后6周先前的支架下缘出现假性动脉瘤,经置入覆膜支架后出血停止。结论自膨式聚四氟乙烯覆膜支架治疗颈动脉破裂并假性动脉瘤是患者安全、有效的方法,特别是在救治伴有出血的颈部假性动脉瘤,支架的长期效果有待于进一步随访观察。     

血管内治疗鼻咽癌放疗后颈内动脉假性动脉瘤破裂出血

目的探讨鼻咽癌放疗后颈内动脉假性动脉瘤破裂出血的血管内治疗方式、疗效及安全性。方法 回顾性分析福建医科大学附属协和医院收治的21例鼻咽癌放疗后颈内动脉假性动脉瘤破裂出血患者的临床资料,其中8例行覆膜支架植入,6例行支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞,7例直接行载瘤动脉闭塞治疗。分析手术策略、治疗结果以及临床与影像学随访结果。结果 21例患者均成功接受血管内治疗。术后即刻止血效果均良好,瘤颈残留2例,瘤体残留1例。术后出血复发5例,其中4例再次行载瘤动脉闭塞后出血停止,1例为覆膜支架植入后发生内漏,予球囊扩张后血止,但1个月后不明原因死亡;1例覆膜支架植入术后出现昏迷,CT示蛛网膜下腔出血、脑肿胀,治疗后未好转自动出院;3例在随访中发现颈内动脉闭塞;2例术后未随访。随访的19例患者中mRS评分0分9例,1分6例,2分2例,5分1例,6分1例。结论 针对鼻咽癌放疗后颈内动脉假性动脉瘤破裂出血,血管内治疗效果确切,安全性较高。覆膜支架短期疗效好,但也存在着动脉瘤复发、内漏等问题,载瘤动脉闭塞可能远期疗效更可靠。     

覆膜食管支架置入治疗食管恶性狭窄的临床应用

目的评价覆膜食管支架置入术治疗食管恶性狭窄的临床效果并探讨手术并发症的相关因素和对策。方法102例食管恶性狭窄患者在X线监视下经口置入覆膜食管支架。支架使用国产和进口2种类别、规格多样。92例于支架置入前(后)完成了放射治疗。随访。结果手术成功率100%,共置入覆膜食管支架110枚。术后患者临床症状消失或显著好转。并发症包括:胸骨后疼痛36例(35.3%),再狭窄7例(6.9%),食管返流6例(5.9%),支架移位6例(5.9%),食管出血4例(3.9%),支架端瘘1例(1%),支架腔嵌塞1例(1%)及支架脱落并部分丝线断裂1例(1%)。中位生存期10.6个月。结论覆膜食管支架置入治疗食管恶性狭窄是一种非常有效且简便易行的方法,但并不十分安全。     

介入治疗在腹部外科术后消化道大出血中的应用价值

目的确定介入治疗在腹部外科术后消化道大出血中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析11例腹部外科手术后急性消化道大出血并经内科保守治疗无效而介入治疗的病例,总结其DSA结果及介入治疗价值。结果11例腹部外科术后消化道出血患者中DSA发现胃左动脉出血1例,胃十二指肠动脉假性动脉瘤4例,肝动脉假性动脉瘤2例,脾动脉假性动脉瘤1例,肠系膜下动脉分支血管感染性假性动脉瘤1例,肠系膜上动脉小分支血管出血2例。结论介入治疗是治疗腹部外科术后消化道大出血的有效方法。     

Willis覆膜支架在颈内动脉海绵窦瘘中的应用

目的 评价应用Willis覆膜支架治疗颈内动脉海绵窦瘘(CCF)的价值.方法 2014年1月至2015年7月本院采用Willis覆膜支架治疗CCF 7例,分析患者的临床资料和疗效.结果 7例患者共置入Willis覆膜支架7枚.均一次成功置入支架,术后即刻血管造影显示病变完全消失,责任动脉通畅.7例随访6例临床症状逐渐好转,无手术相关并发症,术后半年行全脑血管造影复查5例,结果显示病变消失,责任动脉均保持通畅.结论 Willis覆膜支架治疗CCF成功率高,疗效好,并发症少,可作为可脱球囊栓塞失败患者的替代治疗方法.但仍需更长期的随访和大样本多中心研究.     

创伤性动脉损伤的血管内介入治疗

目的 探讨创伤性动脉损伤介入治疗的临床疗效和安全性.资料与方法 38例创伤性动脉损伤患者,包括骨盆骨折24例,颅底颌面部骨折12例,颈胸部外伤2例.所有患者经保守治疗无效和/或难以耐受外科手术,在外伤后1～24 h内行急诊动脉造影,根据动脉损伤部位,选用明胶海绵颗粒和细条、不锈钢圈、可脱球囊及支架进行治疗.结果 除1例患者因休克时间长在造影过程中心跳呼吸骤停未行介入治疗外,其余37例均在2 h内完成介入治疗,成功率为97%(37/38),出血患者栓塞后活动性出血停止,失血性休克得到控制.2例盆腔出血伴左髂股动脉急性闭塞的患者同时行支架置入后血管开通,肢体得以保存;1例刀刺伤致椎动脉断裂、假性动脉瘤形成的患者行球囊封堵及弹簧钢圈栓塞后治愈;1例无名动脉假性动脉瘤置入覆膜支架一枚后假性动脉瘤被隔绝;1例出现弥漫性血管内凝血(DIC)并死亡.结论 血管内介入治疗是创伤性动脉损伤的安全、有效、简便的急救措施.     

直视下置入三分支主动脉弓覆膜支架在治疗Stanford A型主动脉夹层中的应用

目的:总结直视下置入三分支主动脉弓覆膜支架在治疗Stanford A型主动脉夹层中的临床经验.方法:在对16例Stanford A型主动脉夹层患者进行急诊外科手术治疗时有13例术中直视下行三分支主动脉弓覆膜支架置入,并对治疗过程进行总结分析.结果:13例行三分支主动脉弓覆膜支架置入的患者,全部治愈出院,出院3月后复查256排螺旋CT,近心端假腔闭合,远端12例血栓形成,1例残余3 cm长假腔.结论:直视下置入三分支主动脉弓覆膜支架在治疗Stanford A型主动脉夹层时,可简化手术操作,减少出血风险,术后并发症少,有良好的治疗效果.     

平肾主动脉-髂动脉闭塞性病变腔内治疗

目的 探讨腔内治疗平肾主动脉-髂动脉闭塞性病变的效果.方法 回顾性分析2013年1月至2015年6月采用腔内微创治疗和血运重建的21例平肾主动脉-髂动脉闭塞性病变患者,所有患者均在置管溶栓后接受腔内血管重建,术后3、6、9、12个月随访,每年复查主动脉CTA.结果 21例均置管溶栓24 h,完全采用裸支架倒Y型腔内重建11例(植入主动脉裸支架和外周自膨裸支架41枚),覆膜支架对吻成形2例(植入Gore Viabahn支架4枚),Gore Excluder覆膜支架腔内重建8例,技术成功率为100％.围手术期无死亡患者及严重并发症发生,所有患者术后下肢缺血症状均得到缓解.术后随访6～24个月,未见支架移位及内漏发生,裸支架治疗组1例术后8个月髂动脉支架内血栓闭塞,予以药物保守治疗;Gore Excluder覆膜支架组1例术后18个月一侧髂支远端狭窄,予以裸支架成形后通畅;其余移植物随访期通畅.结论 腔内微创治疗平肾主动脉-髂动脉闭塞近、中期效果好,但需个体化选择治疗方案,以提高手术成功率,降低并发症发生率.     

The use of coronary stent in hepatic artery stenosis after orthotopic liver transplantation

PURPOSE: This retrospective study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of coronary stent placement in hepatic artery stenosis after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of 430 consecutive adult orthotopic liver transplant recipients between November 2003 and September 2005, 17 had hepatic artery stenosis (HAS). Fourteen of them underwent coronary stent placement in the HAS. The technical results, complications, hepatic artery patency and clinical outcome were reviewed. RESULTS: Technical and immediate success was 100%. After a mean follow-up of 159.4 days (range, 9-375 days), all patients obtained patent hepatic arteries except 2 patients occurred hepatic artery restenoses at 26 and 45 days after stent placement, respectively. Kaplan-Meier curve of patency showed cumulated stent patency at 3, 6, and 12 months of 78%, 58% and 45%, respectively. During the follow-up, 8 patients survived, 5 died of septic multiple-organ failure, 1 received retransplantation because of refractory biliary infection. Hepatic artery dissection induced by a guiding catheter occurred in one patient and was successfully treated with a coronary stent. CONCLUSION: Hepatic artery stenosis after OLT can be successfully treated with coronary stent placement with low complication rate and an acceptable 1-year hepatic artery patency rate.     

Endovascular Stent-Graft Applications in Iatrogenic Vascular Injuries

Purpose: To report the results of covered stent applications in iatrogenic vascular injuries. Methods: We report 17 patients (11 men, 6 women; age range 20–59 years, mean age 40 years) who underwent repair of different iatrogenic vascular lesions by means of endovascular covered stents. The patient population consisted of 8 femoral arteriovenous fistulae, 4 common femoral artery pseudoaneurysms, 1 subclavian artery pseudoaneurysm, 1 abdominal aortic aneurysm, 1 iliac artery perforation, 2 porto-biliary fistulae that developed during TIPS procedure. Balloon-expandable stent-grafts were used in all patients except one. Control studies were performed with angiography. Results: Technical success was achieved in all 17 patients. The mean clinical follow-up period for all 17 patients was 8 months. There were no signs of stent migration or leaks in the control studies. Only one patient developed a hemodynamically insignificant stenosis at the proximal end of the stent. There have been no stent deformations or related complications during the follow-up period. Conclusion: Our short-term results suggest that endovascular treatment is a low-risk procedure and appears less invasive than surgery for the treatment of different types of iatrogenic vascular injuries. Intermediate and long-term results are not available.     

Stent Graft Placement for Postsurgical Hemorrhage from the Hepatic Artery: Clinical Outcome and CT Findings

PurposeTo evaluate the clinical results and imaging follow-up findings of stent grafts placed for hemorrhage from hepatic arteries following surgery.Materials and MethodsThe investigation included 17 patients (14 men and 3 women) who underwent endovascular stent graft placement for hepatic arterial hemorrhage following surgery. Bleeding occurred from the common hepatic artery (n = 1; 6%), right hepatic artery (n = 1; 6%), proper hepatic artery (n = 6; 35%), and gastroduodenal artery stump (n = 9; 53%). Stent graft patency, thrombus at the graft, target hepatic artery diameter, and liver perfusion status were analyzed by comparing computed tomography (CT) scans performed before the procedure with follow-up CT scans. Laboratory data were also analyzed before the procedure and at follow-up intervals.ResultsThere were 17 stent grafts placed in 17 patients. The mean follow-up period was 356 days (range, 1–2,119 d). The stent graft primary patency rate was 79.5% at 1 month, 69.6% at 6 months, and 69.6% at 1 year. The clinical success rate was 82% (14 of 17 patients), and the technical success rate was 94% (16 of 17 patients). Mortality related to the stent graft was 12% (2 of 17 patients). Occlusion occurred in 4 of 16 stent grafts (25%). There was one technical failure. The mean stent graft diameter was 6.2 mm (range, 3.5–8.0 mm), and the degree of stent graft oversizing was 38% of the hepatic artery diameter on CT scans and 58% on angiography. Hepatic parenchymal perfusion was preserved in 80% of patients (12 of 15).ConclusionsHepatic artery hemorrhage following surgery can be treated effectively with stent graft placement.     

食管吻合口狭窄气囊导管扩张术与放置内支架疗效对比

目的对比评价食管贲门癌术后吻合口狭窄单纯气囊导管扩张术与辅以食管支架置入术的治疗效果。方法两种病例共103例吻合口狭窄均作了气囊导管扩张术,其中79例作单纯气囊导管扩张术,24例作气囊导管扩张术辅以支架置入术(5例为裸支架,19例为覆膜支架)。结果全部103例作单纯气囊导管扩张术后经4～38个月随访观察,有效者79例,占76.7%;另24例扩张无效者辅以放置食管支架,经4～38个月随访,有效者17例,有效率70.8%;与单纯作气囊导管扩张术比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.36,P>0.05)。结论食管贲门癌术后吻合口狭窄,应以气囊导管扩张术作为首选的治疗方法,气囊导管扩张无效者再考虑辅以放置食管支架作为治疗的补救措施。     

Stent-grafts in the treatment of emergent or urgent carotid artery disease: review of 25 cases

PURPOSE: To report the authors' initial experience with carotid artery stent-grafts in a comparatively large patient series for the treatment of acute bleeding and impending rupture or the prevention of distal embolization. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study was approved by the institutional review boards and performed according to HIPPA standards. Twenty-five patients were treated with 27 carotid artery stent-grafts (Gore Viabahn, n = 10; Bard Fluency, n = 9; polytetrafluoroethylene-covered Palmaz, n = 5; and Wallgraft, n = 3). Thirteen stent-grafts were placed in patients with carotid blow-out syndrome (including three patients with carotid-airway fistula), 12 in patients with either pseudoaneurysm (n = 9) or true aneurysm (n = 3), and two in patients with intractable high-grade bare stent restenosis. RESULTS: The technical success rate was 100% (27 of 27 cases). No acute procedural transient ischemic attacks or strokes occurred. Procedural dissections occurred in two of the 27 cases (7.4%). Short-term complications occurred in three of the 27 cases (11%) (repeat hemorrhage, n = 2; common carotid artery occlusion, n = 1). The overall patient mortality rate was 36% (nine of 25 patients, all with carotid blow-out syndrome). Six-month follow-up in 15 of the 16 living patients demonstrated widely patent stent-grafts. Two patients with pseudoaneurysm also demonstrated patent stents at 18- and 33-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Stent-grafts may be useful in the treatment of carotid artery bleeding syndrome, aneurysm, and stenosis, with a high procedural success rate in selected cases. The results of mid-term follow-up are encouraging, but results of long-term follow-up must be evaluated in future studies.     

Ureteral stent placement without postprocedural nephrostomy tube: experience in 41 patients

PURPOSE: To evaluate one-stage antegrade ureteral stent placement without postprocedural nephrostomy tube. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Tubeless ureteral stent insertion was attempted in 41 (30 men, 11 women; eight, benign obstruction; nine outpatients) of 97 adults (56 excluded). Patients were clinically stable with known ureteral obstruction and had been referred for antegrade ureteral stent insertion. Exclusion criteria were infection, coagulopathy, or emergency cases. After renal access was achieved, ureteral stents were inserted. If drainage was satisfactory and there was no marked procedural bleeding, all access was removed without leaving a nephrostomy tube behind. Technical and clinical success rates and complications were assessed with review of radiologic and clinical notes. If one-stage stent insertion was unsuccessful, a nephrostomy tube was inserted and two-stage stent placement was performed. All 56 patients excluded from this study underwent two-stage stent placement. Major complication rate was assessed (Fisher test). RESULTS: One-stage stent insertion was technically successful in 36 (88%) patients; two with an identifiable risk factor (recent bladder operation, retrograde ureteral instrumentation) developed septicemia that required repeat nephrostomy tube insertion and 2-8 extra days of hospitalization. Clinical success rate was 83% (34 of 41). No major bleeding occurred. In 13 (36%) of 36 patients, hematuria lasted longer than 24 hours but resolved without further intervention or blood transfusion. In those who underwent two-stage stent placement (n = 61), technical success rate was 100%, but clinical success rate was 98%; one patient developed septicemia, and no major hemorrhage occurred. Difference in major complication rate between groups was not significant (6% [two of 36] vs 2% [one of 61]; P =.55). CONCLUSION: One-stage tubeless antegrade ureteral stent insertion in selected cases showed 88% technical success rate and 83% clinical success rate, with no major hemorrhage.     

Juxtarenal aortic aneurysm: endoluminal transfemoral repair?

Endoluminal transfermoral repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm by a stent graft placement requires a segment of the nondilated infrarenal aorta of at least 15 mm long for safe stent graft attachment. The possibility of endoluminal treatment of a juxtarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm with partially covered spiral Z stent was assessed in experiment and in three clinical cases. In the experiment, the noncovered spiral Z stent was placed into the abdominal aorta, across the origins of renal arteries and mesenteric arteries, in six dogs. In the clinical cases, a partially covered stent graft was attached in 3 patients with the juxtarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm (of the group of 12 patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm). The stent grafts were attached with proximal uncovered parts across the origins of the renal arteries. In experiment, the renal artery occlusions or stenoses were not observed 36 months after stent placement, and in clinic 3 patients with the juxtarenal aortic aneurysm were successfully treated by stent graft placement. There were no signs of flow impairment into the renal arteries 14 months after stent graft implantation. This approach can possibly expand the indications for endoluminal grafting in the treatment of juxtarenal aortic aneurysms in patients who are at high risk for surgery.     

Emergency stenting to control massive bleeding of injured iliac artery following lumbar disk surgery

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the use of endovascular stenting to repair an iliac artery injury following lumbar discectomy, thus obviating the need for major surgery. A 57-year-old woman developed a distended abdomen and signs of hypovolemic shock immediately following discectomy at the L4-L5 level. Ultrasound showed a large amount of abdominal fluid. Angiography revealed a laceration of the right iliac artery bifurcation with extravasation of contrast material. After occlusion of the internal iliac artery with fibered coils to prevent retrograde flow to the iliac bifurcation, a self-expanding covered stent was inserted to seal the iliac laceration. The leakage of blood stopped immediately. The clinical condition of the patient gradually improved and she was discharged home 5 weeks later. Sealing of arterial laceration as a complication of lumbar disc surgery with a covered stent is a simple and effective alternative to major pelvic surgery.     

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for occlusion of the subclavian artery: Short-and long-term results

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty was performed in 8 symptomatic patients with proximal occlusion of the left subclavian artery. Technical and short-term clinical success was achieved in 7 cases. Nonoccluding embolization to the distal subclavian artery and stenosis of the brachial artery after a combined femoral/brachial approach occurred as complications in 2 patients. Three patients are asymptomatic with a patent subclavian artery 25, 28, and 37 months after angioplasty. Reobstructions in 4 patients occurring after 8, 12, and 16 months were retreated by angioplasty (3 patients) and stent implantation (1 patient with a second restenosis) with good technical and clinical success. Long-term patency was less than 50%, but successful retreatment is feasible. Therefore, we consider percutaneous transluminal angioplasty a reasonable therapeutic option in patients who are not surgical candidates.     

Initial clinical experience with the 4-F self-expanding XPERT stent system for infrapopliteal treatment of patients with severe claudication and critical limb ischemia

PURPOSE: To evaluate the primary success and short-term patency associated with a new 4-F sheath-compatible self-expanding nitinol stent after failed conventional angioplasty of distal popliteal and infrapopliteal lesions in severe lifestyle-limiting claudication (LLC) and chronic critical limb ischemia (CLI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between May 2003 and July 2005, 35 patients with Rutherford category 3-5 disease (16 patients with CLI, 19 patients with LLC) underwent percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) and stent implantation. Indications for stent placement were residual stenosis, flow-limiting dissections, or elastic recoil after PTA. Before and after the intervention and during the 6-month follow-up, clinical investigation, color-flow and duplex Doppler ultrasonography, and digital subtraction angiography were performed. Technical success, primary patency at 6 months, clinical improvement as defined by Rutherford with clinical and hemodynamic measures, and complications were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 22 patients underwent distal popliteal artery stent placement and 13 underwent tibioperoneal artery stent placement. Stent implantation was successfully performed in all patients. After stent placement, the primary cumulative patency rate for the study group at 6 months was 82%. The mean resting ankle-brachial index at baseline was 0.50 +/- 0.16 and significantly increased to 0.90 +/- 0.17 at 12-24 hours after intervention and 0.82 +/- 0.24 at latest follow-up (P < .001 for both). The sustained clinical improvement rate was 80% at the 6-month follow-up. The 6-month limb salvage rate regarding major amputation was 100%. The rate of major complications was 17%. CONCLUSIONS: Infrapopliteal application of the new nitinol stent is a safe, feasible, and effective method with good short-term patency rate in the treatment of severe LLC and chronic CLI.