Eastman优化PX氧化制PTA工艺及反应器

正Eastman优化了PX氧化制PTA工艺及其氧化反应器(KR2013023196A,2013-03-07)。该反应器为气相氧化反应器,一级氧化反应器(1)和二级氧化反应器(2)。通过垂直的氧气分配装置将氧气送入氧化反应器中,通过合理的长径比,可提高氧气在反应物的垂直方向的浓度,提高氧化效率,并降低顶部反应中间产物附近氧气以及氧化物的浓度,同时可以避免未反应的氧气和PX经顶部气体出口流失,优化装置可以在低反应温度下获得更高的氧气质量转化率,降低反应过程中的溶剂消耗。     

煤焦在气化合成气中高温气化反应特性

在固定床管式炉反应器中进行了煤焦在H₂O、CO₂、H₂和CO混合气氛中气化特性的实验研究,考察了反应温度、原料气组成和加煤量对产物气组成以及碳转化率的影响。实验结果表明,在各实验条件下,合成气与煤焦反应后CO流量均增加最多,H₂少量增加。煤焦与CO₂的反应受到明显抑制。混合气体通过与煤焦反应可以提高有效气（CO+H₂）的含量,实验条件下反应出口气体中有效气浓度比反应结束时最多提高3.3个百分点。反应速率受气化剂之间的竞争和气化产物的抑制作用较为明显,在1100℃和1300℃时,煤焦在相同气化剂流量的合成气中的最高反应速率分别只有在纯气化剂（水蒸气或CO₂）中最高反应速率的49%和69%。受到多种气体组分之间的相互影响,气体在孔道里的扩散和吸附对反应影响更加显著,随机孔模型可以较好地拟合此类反应,而不考虑孔结构的均相模型和缩芯模型拟合度较差。     

双级燃料反应器的煤化学链燃烧特性

在5 kW_th双级燃料反应器的化学链燃烧装置上,开展煤化学链燃烧特性研究,重点考察反应温度和气化介质对燃烧补偿率、碳增补率、出口气体组分浓度、额外耗氧率以及碳捕集效率的影响规律。实验结果表明,较高的反应温度能显著提高燃烧效率,900℃时出口烟气中CO₂浓度可达92.1%;随着反应温度升高,碳捕集率和燃烧补偿率分别上升至99.6%和83.4%,额外耗氧率和碳增补率下降至12.1%和4.8%。以CO₂为气化介质时,整体反应效率有大幅下降,额外耗氧率提高至23%。此外,在Ⅰ级FR反应器内发现有少量的团聚颗粒,但并未对流化产生影响。     

钠修饰铁矿石载氧体的串行流化床煤化学链燃烧试验

利用1 kW_th串行流化床反应器对钠修饰铁矿石载氧体进行试验研究,考察燃料反应器温度对煤化学链催化燃烧特性的影响。结果表明,钠在820～920℃温度下显著促进了煤气化反应的进行,随着燃料反应器温度的提高,使用Na-铁矿石时燃料反应器出口CO₂浓度明显增大,CO浓度明显降低,在920℃时CO₂捕集效率和碳捕集效率分别达到78.60%和80.54%,而使用纯铁矿石时CO₂捕集效率和碳捕集效率仅为40.27%和45.65%。在高温950℃时Na-铁矿石活性下降,出现烧结和团聚现象,燃料反应器出现滞流态化现象,这可能是钠的化合物熔点较低和载氧体过度还原所导致的。XRD和SEM分析结果显示钠修饰铁矿石促使更多的Fe₂O₃被还原为Fe₃O₄。     

气相质谱法研究CO2-O2钢液脱碳反应

采用气相质谱法研究了CO₂-O₂在Fe-C体系中的脱碳反应,将气相质谱仪用于气-液体系反应动力学研究,且研究体系具有重要的科研、经济价值。通过质谱分析脱碳反应,考察了气体取样口位置、CO₂喷吹浓度、喷吹高度、气体流速、原始配碳量及反应温度对脱碳反应的影响。结果表明：气体取样口位置为1cm、气体喷吹高度为3cm、气体流速为150mL/min时为最佳气体喷吹条件。原始配碳量在4.0%~1.0%范围CO、CO₂气体呈现3个阶段式变化,1.0%~0.4%呈现两个阶段式变化;在第一阶段中O₂与碳发生反应生成CO₂、CO的同时,CO₂与碳也发生反应生成CO,确定原始配碳量为3.0%是最佳值。且反应温度越高越有利于脱碳反应的进行,达到1873K以后反应温度对脱碳反应的影响较小,确定1873K为最佳实验温度。质谱法测定的终点碳含量理论值与测量值基本一致,说明气相质谱法研究CO₂-O₂脱碳反应的实验数据是可靠的,可用于研究气-液体系反应动力学。     

旋转弧等离子体转化油脂制合成气

废弃油脂不仅造成严重的环境污染,而且容易引发各种社会问题,因此加快对废弃油脂的综合利用势在必行。本文以大豆油作为废弃油脂替代物,在自制炬/反应器中开展旋转弧等离子体转化油脂制合成气研究,系统考察了水/大豆油质量比、输入功率和磁感应强度对大豆油转化过程的影响。研究结果表明,气体产物主要为CO、H₂、CO₂与烃类,CO与H₂最高可占气体总量的91.0%(体积)以上。水/大豆油质量比主要影响产物组成和能量转化效率,对碳气相转化率和合成气收率影响较小。增加输入功率,碳气相转化率可提高至98.5%,能量转化效率在17.9 kW时达到最大值72.9%。实验考察范围内磁感应强度对大豆油转化效果的影响很小,但可以起到保护阳极的作用。     

间歇氯化对电石渣循环捕集CO2性能的影响

提出在碳酸化气氛中间歇加入HCl（间歇氯化）提高电石渣在循环煅烧/碳酸化反应中捕集CO₂性能的新思路。在双固定床反应器上,在不同循环次数加入HCl、碳酸化温度、CO₂/HCl体积比等条件下,研究HCl间歇加入对电石渣循环碳酸化特性的影响。结果表明,在循环煅烧/碳酸化反应中间歇加入HCl使电石渣间歇氯化能提高其循环捕集CO₂性能。在前N次循环碳酸化时加入0.1% HCl,当N=4时能使电石渣获得最优CO₂捕集性能,第10个循环时的CO₂吸收量比无HCl时提高了51%。HCl与CaCO₃发生氯化反应,破坏致密产物层对CO₂扩散的阻碍,提高了电石渣的碳酸化转化率。在碳酸化气氛加入HCl时,最佳碳酸化温度仍为700℃。随CO₂/HCl体积比增大,HCl对电石渣捕集CO₂性能的促进作用减弱。     

部分填充床燃烧器中庚烷均相/异相耦合燃烧

在微小型燃烧器内进行了正庚烷的预混燃烧实验,研究三种不同的燃烧模式,即均相燃烧(HMC)、异相燃烧(HTC)、均相燃烧与异相燃烧同时发生的耦合燃烧(CC),包括三种燃烧模式下不同输入功率(P=20～70W)和当量比(Φ=0.55～2.5)的正庚烷的稳燃范围、转化率、燃烧效率、气相产物分布特性、壁面最高温度以及壁面沿程温度的特性。结果表明：CC模式的稳燃范围最小且同时受到HMC贫燃极限和HTC富燃极限的限制。HMC和CC燃烧模式下正庚烷转化率较高,在Φ≤1.6时,转化率超过90%。HTC工况下正庚烷转化率仅为16%～31%,产物CO₂选择性高,其他可燃气体基本没有。当Φ≥1.0时,CC的燃烧效率大于HMC,其原因在于CC模式下不完全燃烧产物(如H₂、CO、C₂H₄、C₂H₂等)含量较小,完全燃烧产物CO₂含量高。三种燃烧模式的最高壁面温度呈现出T_max-HMC>T_max-CC>T<...     

对二甲苯与间二甲苯混合氧化工艺研究

使用1 L氧化反应器,以对二甲苯(PX)和间二甲苯(MX)为原料,按质量比为1∶1进行混合,采用正交实验法研究了PX和MX混合氧化工艺,探讨了反应温度、催化剂配比、催化剂浓度、溴浓度对氧化产物混合苯二甲酸(PTIA)中杂质对甲基苯甲酸(PT)和间甲基苯甲酸(m PT)含量的影响,并对PTIA进行了加氢精制实验。结果表明:对PX和MX混合二甲苯的氧化产物PTIA中杂质的影响因素由大到小依次为反应温度、催化剂配比、溴浓度、催化剂浓度;较优的氧化工艺条件为反应温度195.0℃,催化剂(Co+Mn)浓度为600μg/g,Co∶Mn∶Br质量比为1∶3∶3,在此条件下制得的PTIA中的PT和m PT含量可稳定控制在1 350μg/g以下;所得PTIA在反应温度280℃,压力7.2 MPa,PTIA浆料质量分数为2.5%的工艺条件下进行加氢精制,其中的杂质对羧基苯甲醛和间羧基苯甲醛的含量为6μg/g,PT和m PT的含量在464μg/g左右。     

高温烟气中煤焦气化行为

针对高温烟气中煤焦的气化行为,本文采用FactSage 6.1计算了煤焦在高温烟气下的高温反应特性,并利用热重分析仪分析了煤焦气化行为。通过沉降炉实验进一步研究了不同温度、气体配比、粒径条件下气体产物的动态析出特性,同时计算了评价指标α、β、LHV值。结果表明：随着温度的升高,气体产物H₂和CO的含量增加,β、α、LHV值增大,CH₄和CO₂的含量下降。在温度为1200℃时,β、α值分别由CO₂/CO比为10∶70时的10.80%、5.21%增加到CO₂/CO比为50∶30时的24.71%、41.06%。同时,随着CO₂/CO比值的增大,高温烟气对煤焦气化反应抑制减弱。通过对比反应温度和粒径对煤焦气化反应的影响,得出反应温度远大于粒径对煤焦气化反应的影响。通过实验验证了向高温烟气中喷吹煤焦制备高品质可燃气体方法的可行性。     

Characterization and reactivity of pure TiO2–SO4 SCR catalyst: influence of SO4 content

The kinetics of the reaction of NO, N₂O and CO₂ with activated carbon without catalyst and impregnated with a precursor salt of vanadium (ammonium monovanadate) was investigated. The conversion of NO, N₂O and CO₂ was studied (450–900°C) using a TGA apparatus and a fixed bed reactor. The reactor effluents were analysed using a GC/MS on line. The addition of vanadium increased carbon reactivity and adsorption at lower temperatures. For NO and N₂O conversion the main products obtained were N₂, N₂O, CO and CO₂ but for CO₂ conversion only CO was detected. In situ XRD was a useful tool for interpreting catalyst behaviour and identifying phases present during reaction conditions. The catalytic effect of vanadium can be explained by the occurrence of redox processes in which the catalyst is reduced to lower oxidation states such as V₂O₅/V₆O₁₃.     

铜基催化剂还原过程研究综述

铜基催化剂广泛应用于工业生产中,催化剂还原是催化剂生产的最后一道工序,也是工业使用前的第一个步骤,对几种铜基催化剂的还原过程进行综述。铜基催化剂主要应用于CO与H_2合成甲醇和CO低温变换,也可用于CO_2与H_2合成甲醇以及脂肪酯加氢制脂肪醇。铜基催化剂的还原方法主要有液相还原法和气相还原法,其中,气相还原法用途较广。对影响还原的条件(H_2浓度、温度、压力和空速等)及杂质(H_2O、O_2和CO_2等)进行总结,并以甲醇合成催化剂为例对低氢还原法和高氢还原法作了介绍。     

REACTOR-MEMBRANE PERMEATOR CASCADE FOR ENHANCED PRODUCTION AND RECOVERY OF H2 AND CO2 FROM THE CATALYTIC METHANE-STEAM REFORMING REACTION

The catalytic reforming of methane by steam is an important industrial process that produces H₂, CO and CO₂, thus chemically transforming natural gas, coal gas and light hydrocarbon feedstocks to synthesis gas or hydrogen fuel. Methane-steam reforming may consist of a number of reactions depending on the reforming catalyst, operating conditions and feedstock composition, The typical industrially desirable reactions are the reverse of methanation (CH₄ + H₂O = CO + 3H₂) and the water-gas shift (CO + H₂O = CO₂ + H₂). Both reactions are equilibrium limited and the composition of the mixture that exits the reformer is in accordance with the one calculated thermodynarmically. Removal of reaction products at the reactor exit by means of selective membrane permeation can offer improved CH₄ conversions and CO₂ and H₂ yields, assuming the subsequent utilization of the reject streams by a second methane-steam reformer. We numerically investigated the feasibility of a system of two tubular methane-steam reformers, in series with an intermediate permselective polyimide membrane permeator, as means of improving the overall CH₄ conversion and the H₂, CO₂ yields over conventional methane-steam reforming equilibrium reaction-separation schemes that are currently in industrial practice. The unique feature of the permselective polyimide separator is the simultaneous removal of H₂ and CO₂ versus CH₄ and CO from the reformed streams. The utilized 6FDA-3,3', 5,5'-TMB aromatic polyimide was reportedly characterized [10] and found to exhibit superior permselective properties compared with other polyimides of the same or different dianhydride sequence. Conversion and yield of the designed reactor-membrane permeator reforming system can be maximized by optimizing the permselective properties of the membrane material and the design variables of the reactors and the permeator. Product recovery and purity in the permeate stream need to be compromised to overall enhance methane conversion and product yield. The operating variables that were varied to investigate their effect on the magnitude of conversion and yield included the inlet pressure of the first reformer, the temperature of both reformers, and the permeator dimensionless Pe' number (variation of the first two variables results to a drastic change in the composition of the reformed stream that enters into the permeator). The numerical results show that the new reformer-membrane permeator cascade process can be more effective (it can offer increased CH₄ conversions and H₂, CO₂ yields) than conventional equilibrium methane-steam reforming reaction-separation processes currently in practice.     

Combination of non-thermal plasma and heterogeneous catalysis for oxidation of volatile organic compounds: Part 2. Ozone decomposition and deactivation of γ-Al2O3

The role of ozone was studied for two different configurations combining non-thermal plasma (NTP) and heterogeneous catalysis, namely the use of a gas phase plasma with subsequent exposure of the effluent to a catalyst in a packed-bed reactor (post-plasma treatment) and the placement of the catalyst directly in the discharge zone (in-plasma catalysis). Non-porous and porous alumina and silica were deployed as model catalysts. The oxidation of immobilised hydrocarbons, toluene as a volatile organic compound and CO as an inorganic pollutant were studied in both operational modes.

While conversion and selectivity of hydrocarbon oxidation in the case of catalytic post-plasma treatment can be fully explained by the catalytic decomposition of O₃ on γ-Al₂O₃, the conversion processes for in-plasma catalysis are more complex and significant oxidation was also measured for the other three materials (-Al₂O₃, quartz and silica gel). It became obvious that additional synergetic effects can be utilised in the case of in-plasma catalysis due to short-lived species formed in the NTP.

The capability of porous alumina for ozone decomposition was found to be correlated with its activity for oxidation of carbon-containing agents. It could be clearly shown that the reaction product CO₂ poisons the catalytic sites at the γ-Al₂O₃ surface. The catalytic activity for O₃ decomposition can be partially re-established by NTP treatment. However, for practical purposes the additional reaction pathways provided by in-plasma catalytic processes are essential for satisfactory conversion and selectivity.     

Comparative study of synthesis of methylamines from carbon oxides and ammonia over Cu/A12O3

Methylamines have been synthesized from carbon dioxide, hydrogen and ammonia using Cu/Al₂O₃ catalysts with different copper loading. The reaction was performed in a fixed-bed micro reactor in the temperature range 473–573 K and at 0.6 MPa total pressure. The product amines were mono-, di- and trimethylamine (MMA, DMA, TMA). The distribution of the amines depended mainly on the reaction temperature and the NH₃/CO₂ ratio in the feed gas. At elevated temperatures and higher NH₃ concentrations methanol synthesis is suppressed and MMA is the main amine product, reaching a ratio of MMA:DMA:TMA of 1:0.23:0.07. Conversion and product distribution were compared to that of the corresponding reaction starting from CO or methanol instead of CO₂. With CO conversion was lower but the selectivity to MMA was higher. If CO₂ was replaced by methanol, conversion increased and TMA was the main product. In all experiments a change of space velocity had relatively little influence on both conversion and distribution of amines.     

钙循环捕集CO2后CaO的水合/脱水热化学储热性能

提出了基于CaO的钙循环捕集CO₂与CaO/Ca(OH)₂体系热化学储热耦合新工艺，在双固定床反应器上，研究了循环捕集CO₂中煅烧条件和碳酸化条件对CaO储热性能的影响，探究CaO循环捕集CO₂过程和循环水合/脱水储热过程的相互作用。研究表明，多次循环碳酸化/煅烧捕集CO₂后CaO仍具有较高储热性能，10次循环捕集CO₂后再经10次储热循环，CaO水合转化率可达0.66mol/mol。与苛刻煅烧条件相比，温和煅烧条件下经历多次循环捕集CO₂后CaO的储热性能更高。在碳酸化气氛中加入水蒸气对经历多次循环捕集CO₂后CaO储热性能的影响不大。钙循环捕集CO₂过程和水合/脱水循环储热过程能够相互促进。该工艺有望同时实现CO₂捕集和储热，具有一定的应用前景。     

化学链干重整联合制氢热力学分析及实验

提出了一种化学链甲烷干重整联合制氢工艺。该工艺由还原反应器、干重整反应器、蒸汽反应器和空气反应器组成，在实现制氢的同时获得可变H₂/CO比的合成气。借助ASPEN plus软件和小型流化床实验台，在等温条件下，温度900℃，采用Fe₂O₃/Al₂O₃载氧体，对该工艺进行热力学分析和实验验证。结果显示，当铁氧化物被还原至FeO/Fe时，干重整反应器内甲烷转化率可以达到98%，CO产率可以达到94%。干重整反应器中同时发生甲烷干重整和部分氧化反应，载氧体内部晶格氧可以有效降低积炭并提高合成气H₂/CO比。积炭发生于晶格氧消耗殆尽时。积炭进入蒸汽反应器，发生气化反应，降低氢气纯度。     

二氧化碳转化为合成气及高附加值产品的研究进展

由于二氧化碳（CO₂）过度排放导致全球变暖日益严峻,发展零碳技术已成为人类社会面向可持续发展的战略选择。将CO₂捕集并转化为高附加值化学和能源产品,可以优化化石能源为主体的能源结构、有效缓解环境问题,并实现碳资源的充分利用,是一项可以大规模实现低碳减排的技术。本文重点介绍了CO₂高效利用新途径,通过二氧化碳-合成气-高附加值化学品的产品工艺路线,实现CO₂的资源化利用。对比综述了热催化法、电催化法和光催化法高效转化合成气的最新进展,总结了热、电、光催化制备合成气过程中催化剂的设计原理和方法以及目前工业化应用前景;简单概述了合成气作为重要平台分子,进一步通过费托合成路线或接力催化路线转化为低碳烯烃和液态燃料或芳烃等化学品过程中催化剂设计研究进展。最后,总结了大规模工业化CO₂转化为合成气及高附加值产品过程催化剂设计和反应器优化的技术难题,并对未来CO₂高效转化利用方向进行了展望。同时指出目前各技术还普遍存在反应机理不清晰、催化剂成本高以及缺乏大规模合成等问题,未来开发出高效、高活性、低成本且稳定的催化剂是各技术推广应用的关键。     

面向二氧化碳捕集的过程强化技术进展

化石能源的大量燃烧在推进人类工业化进程的同时也使当今世界面临愈发严峻的气候变化和环境问题。为降低大气中日益增长的CO₂浓度并实现《巴黎协定》所设定的2℃目标,CO₂捕集技术得到了越来越广泛的关注和研究,其中部分技术已实现了小规模工业化。在持续推进节能减排的背景下,通过CO₂捕集对现有工业过程进行强化是CO₂捕集技术发展的一个新兴方向,如此不但可提高原有过程的效率和产品品质,还可大幅减少其碳排放,是具有应用前景的技术路线。本文从CO₂捕集的主流技术出发,介绍了面向CO₂捕集的过程强化技术,重点介绍CO₂捕集强化的蒸汽重整制氢过程、水气变换过程和生物质气化过程,以及耦合CO₂捕集的CO₂加氢过程、CH₄干重整过程和化学链燃烧过程,最后还对捕集后CO₂的利用与转化技术进行了简介。     

Performance of Pt-Fe/mordenite monolithic catalysts for preferential oxidation of carbon monoxide in a reformate gas for PEFCs

Pt-Fe/mordenite catalysts coated on ceramic straight-channel monoliths were evaluated for the preferential oxidation of carbon monoxide (PROX) in hydrogen-rich gas streams. In a feed gas containing 1% CO, 1% O₂, with the balance H₂, CO conversion reached almost 100% at temperatures ranging from 100 to 130 °C, i.e., an outlet CO concentration of less than 10 ppm. Even in a synthetic reformate gas (1% CO, 1% O₂, 15% H₂O, 20% CO₂, balance H₂), the monolithic catalyst exhibited excellent activity, reducing the CO concentration to less than 100 ppm. In particular, under optimized conditions, an outlet CO concentration of less than 10 ppm was realized. This is the first report that has demonstrated that monolithic catalysts could achieve the 10-ppm target level at a low O₂/CO ratio and a high space velocity in a single-stage reactor. Excellent durability of the monolithic catalyst is expected, based on a lack of deterioration in performance during 500 h of operation.