Tectonic uplift history of the Yitong Basin since the Oligocene,Northeast China：Evidence from apatite fission track ages and geological relationship

The Yitong Basin is an oil-bearing basin with unique characteristics in Northeast China. On the basis of apatite fission track ages and geological relationship, the tectonic uplift history of the Yitong Basin since the Oligo-cene was discussed. Based on apatite fission track analysis of five samples from the Luxiang and Chaluhe fault de-pressions and basin modeling study, it can be concluded that since the Oligocene (36.6 Ma) in the Yitong Basin, the Chaluhe fault depression has undergone two episodes of uplift during 24.9–19.1 Ma and 6.9–4.9 Ma. And the Luxi-ang fault depression also had undergone two episodes of uplift during 30–27.8 Ma and 22.6–11.1 Ma. Moreover, the average apparent exhumation rates for the Chaluhe fault depression and Luxiang fault depression, could be calcu-lated to be 70.34 and 60.33 m/Ma since 21.8 Ma and 18.9 Ma, respectively. The results of thermochronological analysis can also be supported by the evidence from geological relationships such as geodynamics, volcanic activity, and stratigraphic division and correlation.     

Spatial–temporal evolution of ore-forming fluids and related mineralization in the western Lanping basin,Yunnan Province,China

The Lanping basin is a significant Pb–Zn–Cu–Ag mineralization belt in the Sanjiang Tethyan metallogenic province. A series of sediment-hosted Himalayan Cu–Ag–Pb–Zn polymetallic deposits have been discovered in the western part of the basin, controlled by a thrust–nappe system. In the thrust–nappe system, the Cu orebodies mainly occur in the western and relatively deep part of the mineralization system (the root zone), whereas the Pb–Zn–Ag (± Cu) orebodies occur in the eastern and relatively shallow part of the system (the front zone), both as vein-type mineralization.In this paper we present new data, combined with existing data on fluid inclusions, isotopes and geologic characteristics of representative deposits, to provide the first study that contrasts mineralizing fluids in the Cu–Ag (Mo) and Pb–Zn–Ag (Cu) polymetallic deposits.Fluid inclusion and isotope studies show that the Cu–Ag (Mo) mineralization in the root zone formed predominantly from deep crustal fluids, with the participation of basinal brines. The deep crustal fluids are marked by high CO₂ content, relatively high temperatures (280 to 340 °C) and low salinities (1 to 4 wt.% NaCl equivalent), whereas the basinal brine shows relatively low temperatures (160 °C to 220 °C) and high salinities (12 to 22 wt.% NaCl equivalent), containing almost no CO₂. In comparison, hydrothermal activity associated with the Pb–Zn–Ag (± Cu) deposits in the front zone is characterized by basinal brine, with relatively low temperatures (130 °C to 180 °C), high salinities (9 to 24 wt.% NaCl equivalent), and low CO₂ concentrations. Although evolved meteoric waters have predominantly been proposed as the source for deep crustal fluids, magmatic and metamorphic components cannot be completely excluded. The basinal brine was predominantly derived from meteoric water.The δ³⁴S values of sulfides from the Cu–Ag (Mo) deposits and Pb–Zn–Ag (± Cu) deposits range from − 17.9 to 16.3‰ and from 2.5 to 11.2‰, respectively. These ranges may relate to variations in physicochemical conditions or compositional variation of the sources. Lead isotope compositions indicate that the ore-forming metals were predominantly derived from sedimentary rocks of the Lanping basin.     

Geological and geochemical characteristics of the Baimazhai Ni-Cu-（PGE） sulphide deposit in Yunnan, China

The sulphide ores of the Baimazhai deposit, although typically orthomagmatic, locally exhibit peculiar textural features and are intimately associated with hydrothermal minerals, such as biotite, amphibole and chlorite. This association suggests that the magmatic sulphide ores were subjected to hydrothermal alteration and subsequent redistribution, resulting in the observed textural features. Geochemically, the Baimazhai sulphide ores are enriched in Cu, Pd and Au, which,according to previous studies, reflects the action of hydrothermal fluids. Interestingly, Ar-Ar dating yielded the plateau ages of about 160–170 Ma, which are at odds with the established Permian age of the Emeishan large igneous province. We interpreted these younger ages as due to thermal resetting during post-Permian tectonothermal events. We have proposed a model in which tectonic movements and hydrothermal fluids related to these events modified the pre-existing magmatic sulphides. Given the degree of overprint, we suggested two possible scenarios: 1) the sulphide disseminations that surround the massive magmatic ores are the result of deformation and hydrothermal alteration; and 2) there were both magmatic massive and disseminated sulphides, in which case the scale and relocation of remobilization would have been smaller, but still detectable.     

Physicochemical Conditions of Differential Mineralization of Au and As in Gold Deposits,Southwest Guizhou Province,China

The conditions under which gold and arsenic are enriched separately during mineralization in gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou Province were described and the thermodynamic calculations gave: 200–150°C at 400 × 10⁻⁶ -300 × 10⁶ Pa (corresponding to a depth between 1.6 km and 1.2 km); lgf o₂,−40 to -35 Pa; lgf s₂, -20 to−16 Pa; pH 5.0 -4.2 and Eh -0.53 V. This project was jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Open Lab. of Ore Deposit Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences.     

Thermal history of the Krishna–Godavari basin,India: Constraints from apatite fission track thermochronology and organic maturity data

The Krishna–Godavari (KG) basin, a passive margin Late Carboniferous to Holocene basin along the rifted east coast of India, includes the deltaic and inter-deltaic regions of the Krishna and Godavari rivers onshore and extends into the offshore. It is one of India’s premier hydrocarbon-bearing basins. In an attempt to better understand the thermal history of the basin, apatite fission track (AFT) data has been obtained from six exploration wells (five onshore and one offshore). AFT thermal history models as well as other thermal indicators e.g. vitrinite reflectance (VR), Rock–Eval T_max data reveal that the host rocks are currently at their maximum post-depositional temperatures and that any possible heating related to small-scale tectonism or rifting episodes in the basin bears little significance on the maturation of the sediments. In the case of one borehole (M-1) however, the organic maturity data reveals a period of Oligocene cooling across an unconformity when ∼1000 m of section was eroded due to falling sea-level. This information offers the potential for improved basin modeling of the KG basin.     

^40Ar-^39 Ar Dating of Quartz from Ore in the Baiyangping Cu-Co Polymetallic Ore-Concentrated Area, Lanping Basin, Yunnan

⁴⁰Ar−³⁹Ar fast neutron activation age spectrum of quartz in ore collected from the Baiyangping Cu−Co polymetallic ore-concentrated area, Lanping Basin, is saddle-shaped. The plateau age, minimum appearance age and isochron age shown on the spectra are 56.53±0.43 Ma, 55.52±1.78 Ma and 55.90±0.29 Ma respectively. The age data are consistent with each other within 1σ uncertainties. Because the given initial⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar value of 294.7±1.14 is very close to Nier's value (295.5±5), both plateau and isochron ages may be considered as the forming time of quartz. So the age of 55.90–56.53 Ma represents the forming age of ore deposits. It is obvious that the ore deposits were formed during the Early Himalayan period. This research project was granted by the State Basic Research, Development and Planning Program (G1999043208) and the Foundation Projects of Yunnan Provincial Education Department (No. 0142104).     

Geochemical Studies of Sodium Enriched Metavolcanite Series in the Area of Longbohe Copper Deposit,Yunnan Province,SW China：Nd,Sr and Pb Isotopic Characteristics and Chronology

The chronological data obtained by a variety of dating methods have confirmed that the sodium enriched metavolcanite series in the area of the Longbohe copper deposit at Jinping, Yunnan Province, was formed during the Proterozoic (its Pb−Pb isochron age=1595±75 Ma), corresponding to the Dahongshan Group sodium enriched metavolcanites. The Sm−Nd isochron age of 1336±46Ma should represent the time at which this series of volcanic rocks experienced spilitization in response to sodium metasomatism, equivalent to the time of sedimentation of the Ailaoshan Group and Yashan Group rocks. The Rb−Sr ages of the volcanic rocks and the Pb−Pb ages of copper ores have recorded the events of strong dynamic metamorphism and of strong reworking-metallogenesis of copper during the Jinningian period. Similarities in forming age, rock assemblage and isotopic characteristics between the sodium enriched metavolcanite series and the Dahongshan Group sodium enriched metavolcanite series have provided new clues to the exploration of the Dahongshan-type copper deposits in this area. Granted jointly by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 49702022, 40073001) and the State 973 Program (No. G1999043215).     

Variations in Stable Carbon Isotopic Composition of n-Alkanes from Ordovician and Triassic-Derived Oils in Lunnan Oilfield, Tarim Basin, NW China： Global Paleoenvironmental Constraints

Molecular stable carbon isotope technique was employed to study well-sourced crude oils collected from a single drilling well and from the entire Lunnan oilfield, Tarim Basin, NW China. The stable carbon isotopic composition of n-alkanes from crude oils showed that Ordovi-clan-derived oils are enriched in ^13C and Triassic-derived oils are depleted in ^13C. This is consistent with the distribution and evolution trend of stable carbon isotope ratios in crude oils/organic matter from all over the world in geological history (Stahl, 1977; Andrusevich et al. ,1998). An extensive survey of literature indicates that, except for thermal maturity, organic matter input and depositional environment, paleoenvironmental background is another key factor that affects the stable carbon isotopic composition of Ordovician- and Triassic-derived crude oils. The results showed that gas chromatographic-isotope ratio mass spectrometry ( GC-C-IRMS), combining with biogeoehemical evolution of organic matter in geological history, may be a powerful tool in refining oil/oil, oil/source correlations in multi-age, multi-source petroliferous basins like Tarim.     

The Earlier Spreading of South China Sea Basin due to the Late Mesozoic to Early Cenozoic Extension of South China Block： Structural Styles and Chronological Evidence from the Dulong-Song Chay Metamorphic Dome, Southwest China

INTRODUCTION Whatmechanismresultedinthespreadingof SouthChinaSeabasin(SCSB)?Wasitreallypro ducedbytheinteractionofperipheralplatesofthe SCSBorAilaoshan RedRiversinistralfault(Fig.1)? Figure1.AnoutlinetectonicmapofSouthChinablockandIndochinablock(modified…     

滇西兰坪盆地莲花山岩体成因与构造意义:岩石地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学及Hf同位素约束

沿金沙江-哀牢山古特提斯缝合带两侧发育的巨型新生代陆内钾质岩浆岩带一直是地质学界关注的热点,其西侧的印支地块钾质岩浆岩尚缺乏深入探讨,制约着对钾质岩浆岩带成因的理解以及对印支地块深部壳幔物质结构的认识。本研究选取的莲花山岩体位于印支地块北部的兰坪盆地东南端,依次对其开展系统的岩相学、元素地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学以及Hf同位素研究。结果显示,岩体主要由石英二长斑岩组成,LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb定年结果制约岩体侵位时代在~34Ma。岩石样品具有富碱(Na_2O+K_2O=9.0%~9.2%)、高K(K_2O/Na_2O=1.0~1.2)特征,属钾玄岩浆系列;富集Th和U等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb和Ta等高场强元素,轻稀土元素富集((La/Yb)N=22~24)。综合反映莲花山钾质岩浆岩系由大洋板片俯冲作用造成的富集源区的部分熔融作用而产生。锆石εHf(t)在+1.4~+4.6,集中在+2.8~+4.0,对应的Hf同位素地壳模式年龄为1027~815Ma,集中在934~860Ma。岩体集中的锆石εHf(t)值和缺乏继承锆石的特征,说明岩浆岩上侵过程中未受到围岩的混染。目前已知的印支地块东部自新元古代以来(1000Ma)经历的俯冲作用仅有金沙江-哀牢山古特提斯洋二叠纪(ca.290~250Ma)西向俯冲,莲花山岩体锆石具有的新元古代Hf同位素地壳模式年龄反映古特提斯洋板片俯冲过程有陆源沉积物质加入地幔中,该认识与岩石Nb/U比值(1.3~4.7)所反映的加入地幔的俯冲物质属性一致。莲花山岩体和其西侧同期卓潘钾质杂岩体与扬子西缘钾质岩体群同属金沙江-哀牢山钾质岩浆岩带的组成部分,它们由始新世时期古特提斯缝合带加厚岩石圈拆沉作用导致的软流圈热上涌而诱发。该构造-热事件影响的空间范围可能较传统认为的更大,其向西远涉至印支地块内部,从而导致了莲花山和卓潘等岩体的形成。     

滇西兰坪盆地白秧坪Pb-Zn-Cu-Ag多金属矿床东矿带成矿年代学探讨

白秧坪Pb-Zn-Cu-Ag多金属矿集区夹持于金沙江和澜沧江断裂之间,隶属兰坪盆地北部,分为东、西2个矿带。文章采用闪锌矿、方铅矿的Rb-Sr法和成矿阶段方解石的Sm-Nd法,对白秧坪Pb-Zn-Cu-Ag多金属矿床东矿带华昌山和下区五矿段进行了成矿年代厘定,获得方铅矿以及闪锌矿和方铅矿的矿物组合Rb-Sr等时线年龄为(32.8±1.5)Ma,方解石的Sm-Nd等时线年龄为(33.32±0.43)Ma。研究表明,通过对特定矿床的主要矿石矿物采用Rb-Sr法和Sm-Nd法获得的年龄在误差范围内是一致的,从而起到了相互验证的作用,并对矿床的成矿背景具有一定的指示性。通过成矿年龄的探讨,认为东矿带铅锌为主的矿化期主要产生于青藏高原东缘晚碰撞阶段(40~26)Ma,伴随印度-亚洲大陆碰撞造山,形成逆冲推覆构造和赋矿地层,控制了Pb-Zn矿床的形成和发育。该期Pb-Zn矿床与兰坪盆地金顶和西矿带Pb-Zn矿床、囊谦盆地Pb-Zn矿床和沱沱河盆地Pb-Zn矿床具有一定的可比性。     

中新生代库车-南天山盆山系统隆升历史的裂变径迹证据

通过对库车河剖面中新生界砂岩中碎屑磷灰石裂变径迹分析测试,得出磷灰石样品可分为3组,分别反映库车盆地边缘或其物源区天山的剥露冷却。对测试数据分析和热史模拟表明,南天山及库车盆地在中新生代经历了3次主要隆升事件,且山盆隆升时间上具有差异性的特点。从142Ma南天山开始隆升,使天山地区从准平原化状态开始盆山分异;96~75Ma为晚白垩世开始的盆地与天山共同经历的区域性隆升;54~30Ma为天山与盆地边缘差异隆升阶段,是盆山边界处盆地基底向天山方向的阶梯式抬升所导致的。     

滇西新生代盆地沉积特征及砂岩型铀矿成矿条件

滇西(怒江以西)地区分布着数十个新生代盆地，且多为小型山问盆地。盆地基底为花岗岩和中高级变质岩，铀源条件良好。各盆地面积不大，沉积厚度不等。沉积物组成了山区河流冲洪积相、湖沼相的灰色含煤建造，其物质成分与基底岩石具明显继承性。地层结构具砂、泥互层特点，砂岩岩性松散，渗透性好，赋存承压水，具有形成后生水成铀矿床的有利条件和一定的找矿前景。     

柴达木盆地新生界碎屑锆石FT年龄对蚀源区的约束

柴达木盆地新生界碎屑锆石裂变径迹年龄的研究表明, 沉积物主要蚀源区是遭受海西-印支运动影响的盆地周缘山地, 燕山运动仅在柴西阿尔金山有所表现。揭示出蚀源区发生过多次的(热) 构造运动, 在柴北缘有5次( ～284.5 Ma、～263.6 Ma、～243.6 Ma、～221.6 Ma和～199.8 Ma) , 而在柴西则有6次( ～344.2 Ma、～275.2 Ma、～244.9 - 246.8 Ma、～210 - 220.3 Ma、～186.9 - 195.7 Ma和～162.9 Ma) , 说明青藏高原北部在前新生代具有多阶段、同步整体隆升特点。进入新生代, 柴达木盆地及其周缘山带构造活动具有强-弱-强的特征。     

滇西兰坪盆地构造体制和成矿背景分析

大规模成矿作用的地质构造背景是国内外矿床学界普遍关注的重大问题。文章从盆地整体着眼，从盆地构造－沉积－岩浆－变质作用过程着手，通过盆地内地质、地球物理和遥感等事实分析了滇西兰坪盆地的构造体制和成矿背景。兰坪盆地在古特提斯构造基础上发展起来，近南北向盆缘超岩石圈断裂和盆中央穿壳断裂及近东西向隐伏构造共同控制了盆地的动力过程，中－新生代经历了印支期裂谷、燕山期拗陷及喜马拉雅期走滑拉分的性质演变。受印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞制约，板内构造体制下的深大断裂和岩浆活动、幔流上涌、地层中不整合及壳幔相互作用等所体现的大陆地壳强烈运动是兰坪盆地的成矿基本地质背景。推测兰坪盆地具有大规模有效沟通地幔的盆地动力学体制。     

裂变径迹对豫西宜阳地区中新生代构造演化过程的约束

为了研究宜阳地区与鄂尔多斯盆地中新生代构造演化过程的时空关系,对宜阳地区开展了锆石、磷灰石裂变径迹测年分析。结果表明,锆石裂变径迹年龄为185±8 Ma,磷灰石裂变径迹年龄为49±3 Ma～41±3 Ma,结合前人资料,认为宜阳地区中新生代以来共经历了两期较大规模的构造改造,分别是晚三叠世—早侏罗世印支运动和始新世—渐新世喜马拉雅运动对本区的影响。这两期构造运动与鄂尔多斯三叠纪原型盆地萎缩及秦岭造山带快速造山均有很好的等时性,说明宜阳地区与鄂尔多斯盆地自中生代以来具有相似的构造背景。     

兰坪盆地西缘沉积岩容矿脉状Cu-Ag(±Pb-Zn)多金属矿床成矿流体特征

兰坪盆地西部发育大量沉积岩容矿的Cu-Ag-Pb-Zn多金属矿床,矿体的分布受逆冲推覆系统控制。逆冲推覆系统根部带主要发育脉状Cu-Ag(Mo)矿床(包括金满Cu-Ag、连城Cu-Mo及一系列脉状Cu矿床);前锋带主要发育Pb-Zn-Ag(±Cu)矿床(包括白秧坪Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu多金属矿集区及一系列小型的Pb-Zn矿床)。文章系统分析了盆地西缘Cu-Ag(±Pb-Zn)多金属矿床流体包裹体及C、H、O同位素特征进行了根部带Cu和前锋带Pb-Zn矿床成矿流体的对比研究,探讨了盆地西缘Cu-Ag(±Pb-Zn)多金属矿床成矿流体的性质、来源及演化。研究表明,根部带的CuAg(Mo)多金属矿床成矿流体主要为与围岩充分交换的深循环大气降水,具有富CO2、中高温(集中在280~340℃)、中低盐度w(Na Cleq)(1%~4%)的特点;前锋带Pb-Zn-Ag(±Cu)多金属矿床成矿流体则主要为源于大气降水的盆地卤水,具有贫CO2、中低温(集中在160~240℃)、中高盐度w(Na Cleq)(集中于22.0%~24.0%)的特点。     

Thermal history of the Hodgkinson Province and Laura Basin,Queensland: Multiple cooling episodes identified from apatite fission track analysis and vitrinite reflectance data

Apatite fission track analysis and vitrinite reflectance data from outcrop and well samples in the Hodgkinson Province and Laura Basin reveal regional Cretaceous cooling. Apatite fission track analysis appears to define two discrete cooling episodes, in the mid‐Cretaceous (110–100 Ma) and Late Cretaceous (80–70 Ma), although in most samples data allow only definition of a single episode. Rocks now at outcrop cooled from Cretaceous palaeotemperatures generally between 50 and 130°C in the south of the region, and from >100°C in the north. Some samples from the Hodgkinson Province also show evidence for an Early Jurassic cooling episode, characterised by maximum palaeotemperatures varying from at least 95°C (from apatite fission track analysis) to ～200–220°C (from vitrinite reflectance), with cooling beginning at around 200 Ma. Apatite fission track analysis data do not reveal the earlier event in the Laura Basin, but on the basis of vitrinite reflectance data from Permian? units this event is also inferred to have affected the pre‐Jurassic basin units in this region. The regional extent of the Cretaceous cooling episode in the Hodgkinson Province suggests that the elevated palaeotemperatures in this region were most likely due to greater depth of burial, with subsequent cooling due to kilometre‐scale denudation. For a palaeogeothermal gradient of 30°C/km and a palaeosurface temperature of 25°C the total degree of Cretaceous cooling experienced by the samples corresponds to removal of between ～0.8 and >3.0 km of Triassic and younger section removed by denudation, beginning some time between ca 110 and 80 Ma. Higher palaeogradients would require correspondingly lower amounts of removed section. The geology of the Laura Basin suggests that an explanation of the observed Cretaceous palaeotemperatures in this region in terms of deeper burial may be untenable. Heating due to hot fluid flow may be a more realistic mechanism for producing the observed Cretaceous palaeothermal effects in the Laura Basin.