谷氨酰胺强化的TPN在胃肠道肿瘤术后的应用

目的　探讨谷氨酰胺 (Gln)强化的TPN对胃肠道肿瘤术后病人营养状况及免疫功能的影响。方法　 2 0例胃肠道肿瘤病人术后随机分为常规TPN组 (对照组 )和 (TPN +Gln)组 (研究组 ) ,治疗共 8d ,观察血清前白蛋白、血清转铁蛋白、氮平衡变化。并检测其前后外周血lgG、lgM、lgA、C3、C4的变化。 结果　 (1)两组病人呈正氮平衡趋势 ,研究组与对照组比较差异明显 (P <0 .0 1)。两组病人血清蛋白均上升 ,研究组回升更明显 ,与对照组比较具有显著差异 (P <0 .0 1)。(2 )研究组外周血lgG、lgM、lgA明显升高 ,与对照组比较差异显著 (P <0 .0 5 )。研究组C3 、C4 明显升高与对照组比较差异显著 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　Gln强化的TPN提高了肠外营养支持的效果 ,改善了胃肠道肿瘤术后的免疫功能。     

生长激素强化肠外营养对胃肠道恶性肿瘤患者蛋白代谢及免疫功能的影响

目的 探讨重组人生长激素（rhGH)强化肠外营养对胃肠道恶性肿瘤患者术后蛋白分解代谢及免疫功能的影响。方法 随机选择38例行胃肠道癌根治性手术的病人分为对照级(n=20)和rhGH治疗组（n=18)。两组均术后早期行TPN支持,rhGH组术后第1－6d于上午9点皮下注射rhGH(Saizen 8 U)。结果 对照组术后第5,10d的血清白蛋白、前白 蛋白、转铁蛋白、CD4^ 、CD4^ /CD8^ 及白细胞介素2浓度均较术前明显下降（P＜0．01）,CD8^ 较术前明显上升（P＜0．01）;rhGH治疗组上述指标在术后第10d明显恢复,与对照组比较差异显著（P＜0．01）。结论 生长激素强化肠外营养可以促进胃肠道癌病人术后的蛋白合成,改善其免疫功能。     

胃肠道恶性肿瘤术后早期肠内营养支持的临床意义

目的 :探讨胃肠道恶性肿瘤术后早期肠内营养支持的可行性及其临床意义。方法 :将 40例胃和大肠癌病人随机分为完全胃肠外营养支持组 (TPN组 )和肠内营养支持组 (EN组 )。TPN组术后行标准的全胃肠外营养支持 7d ;EN组在手术后第 1天 (2 4h内 )经鼻肠管或空肠造口管输入肠内营养液能全力 ;两组提供的热量和氮量完全相同。记录术后并发症 ,肠鸣音恢复时间 ,住院天数和营养支持的总费用情况 ;于术前和术后第 8天检测病人体重、上臂周经、血红蛋白 (Hb)、淋巴细胞 (LC)计数、血浆总蛋白 (TP)和白蛋白 (ALB)。结果 :两组病人无死亡、消化道瘘和腹腔感染等严重并发症。EN组肠动力恢复早于TPN组 ,节约营养支持费用 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;两种方法营养支持疗效相近 ,体重等 6项基本营养指标手术前后和两组间无差异 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :胃肠道恶性肿瘤病人术后早期EN的营养支持效果与TPN基本相同 ,具有方便和经济的优点。     

蛋白酶抑制剂对肝癌患者入肝血流阻断肝切除术后肝功能的保护作用

目的　探讨蛋白酶抑制剂 (乌司他丁 ,UTI)对合并肝硬变的肝癌患者入肝血流阻断肝切除术后肝功能的保护作用。方法　将近期我科收治的原发性肝癌患者按抽信封法随机分为UTI组 (n =16 ) :术中静脉滴注UTI 10万单位 ,2次 /天 ,术后连续用 5d ;对照组 (n =15 )应用常规护肝药物。比较两组的肝功能变化、血清C 反应蛋白 (CRP)和皮质醇的浓度。结果　术后第 1、3及 7天 ,UTI组的AST及ALT均不同程度地低于对照组 ,术后第 3天 ,UTI组的AST、ALT和TBIL均明显低于对照组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;术后第 1天 ,UTI组的CRP水平显著低于对照组 (P<0 .0 1) ;对照组血清皮质醇水平显著高于术前 (P =0 .0 4 6 ) ;而UTI组术后血清皮质醇水平略高于术前 ,但无统计学意义。结论　蛋白酶抑制剂乌司他丁能减轻肝硬变肝癌患者入肝血流阻断切肝术引起的肝缺血 再灌注损伤 ,并能减轻手术本身对机体的打击。     

营养支持对胃肠道肿瘤患者术后营养状况及恢复的影响

目的探讨营养支持在胃肠道肿瘤患者术后营养状况及恢复中的作用。方法35例胃肠道肿瘤且伴有营养不良的患者,行根治性手术后随机分为3组,对照组为术后常规补液5～7d,完全胃肠外营养支持(TPN)组术后采用TPN治疗3～5d,EN组术后早期给予肠内营养支持5～7d。并检测术后营养状况指标及患者恢复情况。结果对照组术后血清总蛋白、白蛋白、前白蛋白、转铁蛋白水平较术前显著下降(P<0.05),TPN组、EN组各项指标较术前降低,但差异无显著性。TPN组、EN组患者术后并发症及住院天数均少于对照组。结论术后肠内、外营养支持能够改善胃肠道肿瘤患者营养状况,减少术后并发症的发生、缩短住院天数。术后早期施行TPN抑或EN是安全、可行和有效的。     

进展期胃癌根治术后TPN支持对机体蛋白合成的影响

目的　探讨进展期胃癌的营养状况及胃癌根治术后TPN支持对蛋白合成的影响。方法　总结 45例进展期胃癌 ,均行胃癌根治术 (RG) ,术后随机分为对照组 (非TPN组 ) ,静脉营养组 (TPN组 ) ,分别在术前和术后 9天检测外周血的总体蛋白 (TP) ,白蛋白 (ALB) ,转铁蛋白 (TEN) ,前白蛋白 (PA)。结果　进展期胃癌术前TP、ALB、TFN、PA均低于正常对照组 ;RG术后TPN支持组TP、PA、TEN较非TPN组显著升高 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　进展期胃癌伴有轻 中度营养不良 ,胃癌根治术后TPN支持 ,能促进机体总体蛋白及内脏蛋白合存 ,改善患者的营养状况。     

血清急性时相蛋白在胃癌复发中的临床意义

目的　探讨血清急性时相蛋白在胃癌患者根治术后复发早期诊断中的价值。方法　检测1 2 0例胃癌患者 (胃癌根治 87例 ,胃癌姑息切除 33例。)手术前、后血清急性时相蛋白的水平并与健康对照组对照。对胃癌根治术的 87名患者 ,分别于术后 1 ,3 ,6 ,9,1 2个月检测血清急性时相蛋白水平 ,每 3个月随访 1次 ,观察其复发情况 ,至少随访 1 2个月或至死亡。结果　胃癌组血清C -反应蛋白(CRP)、α1 -抗胰蛋白酶 (α1 AT)和α -酸性糖蛋白 (α AG)水平显著高于健康对照组 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,铜蓝蛋白 (CER)、转铁蛋白 (TFR)和前白蛋白 (PAB)水平差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5) ;胃癌根治组术后一定时期血清CRP ,α1 AT和α AG水平显著低于术前水平 ,其他指标无显著改变。根治组术后复发者血清CRP ,α1 AT和α AG水平手术前、后均显著高于未复发组 (P <0 .0 1 )。CRP ,α1 AT和α AG阳性组复发率 (60 % ,63 .3 % ,46 .1 5 % )显著高于阴性组 (1 4 .2 8% ,1 3 .1 6 % ,1 4 .85 % )。结论　检测急性时相蛋白有助于评估胃癌患者的预后 ,能为胃癌术后复发的早期诊断提供可靠的临床信息     

胃肠道术后全肠外营养效果的临床研究

目的:了解胃肠道手术后患者应用全肠外营养(total parenteral nutrition,TPN)的实际临床价值.方法:将236例接受胃肠道手术患者(非重度营养不良)随机分为TPN组和对照组,比较TPN组(术后给予氨基酸、脂肪乳剂、葡萄糖和电解质)与对照组(术后仅给予葡萄糖和电解质)术后营养状况、空腹血糖、肝功能、并发症发生率及住院时间.结果:两组均无手术死亡.TPN组与对照组术后氮平衡及血浆蛋白变化无明显差异,术后14d体重丢失分别为(1.6±2.6)kg和(2.8±2.3)kg(P<0.01),术后3d空腹血糖分别增高(4.96±2.86)mmol/L及(2.08±2.22)mmol/L(P<0.01),TPN组术后肝功能指标升高较对照组更明显.两组术后并发症发生率TPN组11.02%,对照组9.32%(P>0.05),住院时间TPN组(28±12)d,对照组(26±11)d(P>0.05).结论:对术前营养正常或轻中度营养不良患者,在接受胃肠道手术后常规应用TPN治疗没有实际临床价值.     

TPN联合生长激素对胃肠道恶性肿瘤患者术后应激反应的抑制作用

目的 探讨胃肠道恶性肿瘤患者术后完全胃肠外营养（TPN）基础上给予生长激素（GH）促进机体合成代谢的机理。方法 将94例胃肠道恶性肿瘤手术患者按随机数字表法随机均分为TPN组和TPN＋GH组，术后第1、3及7d分别测定其TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6及C反应蛋白（CRP）值。结果 TPN＋GH组的TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6及CRP值在术后第1、3及7d均低于TPN组相应时相。结论 外源性GH可抑制胃肠道恶性肿瘤患者术后TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6及CRP的产生．进而阻断炎症因子诱导的GH不敏感反应所致的高分解代谢为特征的合成代谢障碍，促进机体合成代谢。     

联合应用生长激素和谷氨酰胺对短肠大鼠小肠粘膜上皮细胞基因表达的影响

目的　探讨联合应用生长激素和谷氨酰胺防止小肠粘膜萎缩的分子学机制。方法　选用 40只手术成功的SD短肠大鼠 ,随机均分为 4组 ,分别给予常规全肠外营养 (TPN组 )、附加谷氨酰胺 (TPN +Gln组 )、附加生长激素 (TPN +GH组 )及附加谷氨酰胺和生长激素全肠外营养(TPN +GH +Gln组 ) ,持续 6d。另取 8只正常大鼠模拟手术后第 1天处死 ,作为基础对照组 (Con trol组 )。应用逆转录 聚合酶链式反应 (RT PCR)技术检测残留小肠粘膜上皮细胞c fos和c junmRNA的表达。结果　小肠粘膜上皮细胞c fos和c junmRNA表达值中 ,TPN组 (0 .1 1± 0 .0 7、0 .2 9± 0 .1 0 )明显低于对照组 (0 .48± 0 .1 5、0 .57± 0 .2 2 ,P <0 .0 5) ;TPN +Gln和TPN +GH组 (分别为 0 .32± 0 .1 5和 0 .48± 0 .2 1 ,0 .36± 0 .1 3和 0 .46± 0 .1 7) ,较TPN组显著增高 (P <0 .0 5) ;TPN +GH +Gln组 (0 .35± 0 .1 6、0 .61± 0 .1 3)明显高于TPN组 (P <0 .0 5) ,与对照组差异无显著性。结论　生长激素或谷氨酰胺单独应用均可通过上调小肠粘膜上皮细胞c fos和c jun基因的表达 ,促进细胞分裂增殖 ,从而防止小肠粘膜萎缩的发生 ,且两者联合应用具有协同增效作用     

短期低氮低热卡肠外营养在术后患者的应用评价

目的研究术后短期低氮低热卡肠外营养对胃肠肿瘤患者体重、血糖、急性相反应蛋白及感染并发症的影响。方法64例行胃肠肿瘤根治术患者随机分为两组,即研究组(低氮低热卡)和对照组(标准热氮卡)各32例。术后第2~7天进行肠外营养支持。监测术前和术后第2、4、8天血糖、急性相反应蛋白(CRP)、转氨酶(ALT、AST)的变化,于术前及术后第8天测体重。结果两组患者术后第2天血糖均明显升高,术后第4、8天血糖和CRP研究组仍升高,但较对照组减少(P<0.05),术后第8天研究组的血糖、CRP均恢复正常,而对照组下降缓慢,两组间转氨酶(ALT、AST)和体重变化差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。对照组感染相关并发症较研究组高(P<0.05)。结论胃肠术后短期低氮低热卡肠外营养有利于患者血糖和创伤应激反应的恢复,可能会减少感染相关并发症。     

精氨酸对肝硬化肝癌患者术后全胃肠外营养的肝脏保护作用

目的 研究精氨酸对原发性肝癌（primary liver cancer,PLC)伴肝硬化病人术后全胃肠外营养（total parenteral nutrition,TPN)时的肝脏保护作用。方法 将30例行肝段或肝叶切除手术的病人随机分为对照组（TPN组）及实验组（TPN＋精氨酸组）。观察病人术前、术后1d及7d肝功能、血脂、免疫功能及血清一氧化氮（nitric oxide,NO)浓度变化,并在术中及术后7d取肝组织作病理学检查。结果 与对照组比较,实验组术后7d AST、TBIL已接近术前水平,ALB明显降低,TG仍比术前低,CD4^ 水平和NO浓度升高,肝脂肪变性程度下降。结论 补充精氨酸可增加NO浓度,减轻TPN时的肝脂肪沉积程度,降低血脂水平,加快术后肝酶活性恢复,改善和提高肝癌病人术后细胞免疫功能。     

The inflammatory modulation effect of glutamine-enriched total parenteral nutrition in postoperative gastrointestinal cancer patients

The objective of this study is to explore the inflammatory modulation effect of glutamine-enriched total parenteral nutrition (TPN) by investigating the alterations of inflammation-related cytokines in gastrointestinal (GI) cancer patients postoperatively. Fifty GI cancer patients received postoperative 7 days of isocaloric and isonitrogenous TPN after operation. They were randomly divided to receive either glutamine-enriched TPN or standard TPN. The inflammation-related cytokines including interleukin-6, interleukin-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α were also determined. Records of nutritional assessments, inflammatory status, and postoperative complications were compared between the two groups. Of 50 enrolled patients, 25 patients were classified as the intervention group, and the control group also comprised 25 patients. The differences of gender, age, primary GI malignancies, and hematological and biochemical data between the two compared groups were not statistically significant (all P > 0.05). Compared with standard TPN, a higher serum prealbumin level and better nitrogen balance were observed in glutamine-enriched TPN (P = 0.039 and 0.048 respectively). A significantly lower serum interleukin-6 level was found in comparing glutamine-enriched with standard TPN (P = 0.01), but not in interleukin-10 (P = 0.374) and tumor necrosis factor-α levels (P = 0.653). Moreover, a significant lower serum C-reactive protein level was detected in glutamine-enriched TPN compared with standard TPN (P = 0.013). Indeed, four cases of postoperative infectious complications were noted in the control group, but no postoperative infectious complications were observed in the interventional group (P = 0.037). Our present study shows that glutamine-enriched TPN may be beneficial in improving the inflammatory status and decreasing the infectious morbidity in postoperative GI cancer patients.     

腹部大手术后早期肠内与肠外营养随机对照研究

20例腹部大手术病人随机分为两组。术后1~8天分别接受肠内营养和肠外营养。结果发现:肠内营养组体重丢失明显少于肠外营养组;日均氮平衡明显高于肠外营养组;血清总蛋白、白蛋白及转铁蛋白水平与肠外营养组相比无明显差别;术后并发症明显少于肠外营养组;治疗费用明显低于肠外营养组。以上结果表明术后早期肠内营养与肠外营养相比安全可靠、简便易行、疗效优良、费用低廉,值得在临床上应用。     

Ornithine-alpha-ketoglutarate improves skeletal muscle protein synthesis as assessed by ribosome analysis and nitrogen use after surgery.

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) was given for 3 days after elective abdominal surgery. The control group (N = 9) received TPN only and one group of patients (N = 6) received TPN supplemented with ornithine-alpha-ketoglutarate (0.35 g/kg bw/day). Protein synthesis in skeletal muscle was assessed from the total ribosome concentration and the percentage of polyribosomes. In the control group the total concentration of ribosomes decreased after surgery by 23% (p less than 0.05) and the percentage of polyribosomes decreased by 21% (p less than 0.01), whereas in the ornithine-alpha-ketoglutarate group both variables remained unaffected. The cumulative urinary urea excretion was significantly larger in the control group than in the ornithine-alpha-ketoglutarate group (p less than 0.05). The calculated nitrogen balance was negative in the control group on each day of the study (p less than 0.05), but that of the ornithine-alpha-ketoglutarate group was not statistically different from zero. The results show that postoperative maintenance of muscle protein synthesis and a more effective nitrogen use was achieved by supplementing TPN with ornithine-alpha-ketoglutarate, 0.35 g/kg bw/day.     

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目的： 观察体外胆汁回输对重症急性胰腺炎术后氮平衡和部分营养指标的改变，以探讨其临床应用价值。方法：选择24例重症急性胰腺炎的病人随机分为观察组12例及对照组12例，其中观察组均在术后第3天经空肠造瘘口饲养加体外胆汁回输，对照组给予持续性TPN。观察氮平衡、血淀粉酶、血常规及细胞分类、血肌酐及尿素氮、体重进行统计学处理并计算住院日、病死率，了解其效果。结果：体外胆汁回输组在重症急性胰腺炎术后氮平衡恢复、改善营养状况、防治肠道细菌易位加重感染、减少住院日及住院费用方面较对照组好。结论：肠内营养联合体外胆汁回输在重症急性胰腺炎中具有重要的临床应用价值。     

Postoperative nutritional assessment in gastric and colorectal cancer

From the 200 malnutritional cancer patients, we had obtained, so called, prognostic nutritional index (PNI): PNI = 10 X Alb. + 0.005 Lymph. C., where Alb. is serum albumin level (g/dl) and Lymph. C. is total lymphocytes count of peripheral blood level. This index, as we had reported, shows linear predictive model correlating the risk of operative complication, mortality or both with nutritional status. In this study, we report on the utility of the PNI as a nutritional index (NI) for postoperative patients. The subjects of this study were 22 gastric cancer patients (G group), performed total gastrectomy or proximal gastrectomy, and 18 colorectal cancer patients (C group), underwent colectomy or rectal resection and anastomosis but amputation. All these cases underwent nutritional support by TPN postoperatively. The values of NI of both groups were the lowest at the first postoperative day, and increased gradually to the seventh postoperative day. And the value of C group was higher than that of G group throughout the TPN period: From the first postoperative day to the 14th day. These results reflected the result obtained from the estimation of nitrogen balance, urinary 3-methylhistidine excretion and serum rapid turnover protein (transferrin, prealbumin and retinol binding protein). These results suggest that the NI is useful to estimate the improvement of the postoperative nutritional status.     

Postoperative total parenteral nutrition in patients with liver disorders

Sixty-one patients with liver disorders receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) for about 14 postoperative days were divided into three groups based on the parenteral nutritional regimen. The influence of these TPN solutions on the liver function tests and the nutritional assessments, and the availability of the specially formulated amino acid solution were studied. Glucose alone as energy source was infused in Group Ia. The mixture of glucose and fructose was infused in Group Ib. In these patients (Group I), a commercially available amino acid solution was administered simultaneously. A specially formulated amino acid, rich in branched-chain amino acids but poor in aromatic amino acids was infused with the mixture of glucose and fructose in Group II. There was no remarkable elevation of blood glucose and lactate levels in all patients. Blood glucose levels in Group Ib were maintained lower than that in Group Ia. Except for serum alkaline phosphatase, no remarkable abnormality was observed in liver function tests. Body weight changes were less than 5% in each group. Average nitrogen balances were -44.5 mg/kg/day in Group Ia, -5.5 mg/kg/day in Group Ib, -51.5 mg/kg/day in Group II. While the abnormalities in serum amino acid pattern and molar ratio of leucine, isoleucine, and valine to phenylalanine and tyrosine tend to be more enhanced in Group I, these abnormalities returned to near normal in Group II during TPN. By multiple linear regression analyses, 45 kcal/kg/day of energy intake would be required to maintain nitrogen equilibrium and zero body weight change. And when nitrogen intakes were 159 mg/kg/day in Group Ia, 114 mg/kg/day in Group Ib, and 189 mg/kg/day in Group II at 45 kcal/kg/day in energy intake, nitrogen balances were expected to be equivalent. These results suggest that postoperative TPN is good for nutritional support in patients with liver disorders. And also, the combination of glucose and fructose has better effect on nitrogen balance. The postoperative TPN with a specially formulated amino acid solution may be a valuable way of maintaining the nutritional status as well as normal serum amino acid pattern in patients with liver disorders.     

两种不同途径应用乌司他丁治疗重症急性胰腺炎的疗效观察

目的　探讨区域动脉灌注与静脉输注乌司他丁治疗重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)疗效的差异。方法　将38例急性胰腺炎病人分为A、B两组,A组(16例)应用Seldinger法行区域动脉灌注乌司他丁;B组(22例)乌司他丁经静脉全身给药。结果　(1) A 组病人的第 3 天、第 6 天血淀粉酶(BA)、尿淀粉酶(UA)、血糖(BS)、尿素氮(BUN)、白细胞(WBC)均低于 B 组(P 分别< 0 05、<0 01),而血钙(Ca++)则高于B组(P<0 05)。(2)A组腹痛、腹胀、压痛消失的时间短于 B组(P分别<0 05、<0 01、<0 01)。(3)根据胰源性脑病,肺部感染,胸腔积液,ARDS,心肌梗死,消化道出血,假性胰腺囊肿的发生情况考察 A、B两组的并发症,A组的并发症例数少于 B组(P<0 05)。结论　区域动脉灌注乌司他丁治疗SAP较静脉注射有更好的疗效。     

Postoperative total parenteral nutrition with fat emulsion for patients with esophageal varices

The administration of fat emulsion and total parenteral nutrition (TPN) was evaluated in 68 patients with liver disorders who underwent surgical treatment for esophageal varices. The subjects were divided into two groups, fat group (28 cases) and non-fat group (40 cases) according to with or without the administration of fat emulsion during the period of postoperative TPN. The results of liver function tests, blood glucose levels, intravenous fat tolerance tests, serum lipid levels, fatty acid composition in serum total lipids, nitrogen balances and body weight changes during the period of postoperative TPN were compared between both groups. Conclusions as follows; 1. The administration of fat emulsion during the period of postoperative TPN did not worsen the results of liver function tests, and relatively low levels of blood glucose were retained. 2. The removal rates of fat emulsion from the blood (K2 values) during the period of postoperative TPN were significantly higher than in those preoperative period, and changes in serum lipid level revealed no tendency toward retention of fat emulsion administered intravenously. 3. Cumulative nitrogen balance were almost similar in both groups. 4. The administration of fat emulsion the period of during postoperative TPN corrected the abnormalities of fatty acid composition in serum total lipid. Further, it was suggested that approximately more than 5 ml/kg/day of 10% fat emulsion would be advisable to prevent the decrease of linoleic acid. 5. These results suggested that the administration of fat emulsion was useful for the patients with esophageal varices during the period of postoperative TPN.