链格孢菌毒素对紫茎泽兰的致病机理

以叶圆片法分析链格孢菌[Alternaria alternata(Fr.)Keissler]毒素对紫茎泽兰（Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng.)叶组织细胞膜透性、过氧化物酶（POD）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性以及丙二醛（MDA）含量的影响,结果表明,链格孢菌毒素使紫茎泽兰叶组织细胞膜透性上升,Na^ 和K^ 渗漏量增加,膜脂过氧化加强,MDA含量上升;链格孢菌毒素处理的紫茎泽兰叶片中POD、APX和CAT的活性均较对照降低。     

水葫芦黑斑病菌Alternaria alternata的生物学特性研究

在不同试验条件下培养水葫芦黑斑病菌Alternaria alternata菌株,探讨其主要的生物学特性,结果表明：该菌株生长的最佳培养基为PSA,最佳C源为葡萄糖,弱碱性和中性N源对该菌菌丝生长具有明显的促进作用,而酸性N源对其具有抑制作用。菌株生长的最佳pH值为pH7,最适温度为27℃。湿度越大,对菌株生长越有利。     

Two cases of cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis by Alternaria alternata and Alternaria tenuissima

Two cases of cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis, one with a nodular appearance and the other with an erythematous infiltrating patch, are reported in immunocompromised patients. Diagnosis was based on histological examination, which revealed hyphae and round-shaped fungal cells in a granulomatous dermal infiltrate, and on identification of the moulds when biopsy fragments were cultured on Sabouraud-dextrose agar without cycloheximide. The pathogens were Alternaria tenuissima in the first case and A. alternata in the second. The fungi were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The patients were checked for bone and lung involvement and were then treated with surgical excision and itraconazole, and itraconazole only, respectively, with clinical and mycological resolution. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Evaluation of Alternaria alternata ITCC4896 for use as mycoherbicide to control Parthenium hysterophorus

Mycoherbicides are specialty biotechnology products which employ the use of fungi or fungal metabolites as non-chemical alternatives, thereby reducing the input of harmful chemicals to control noxious weeds. The present communication emphasises the potential of an indigenous isolate of Alternaria alternata ITCC 4896 as a mycoherbicide for the global weed Parthenium hysterophorus. Of the various spore concentrations tested by in vitro detached leaf bioassay, 1 × 10⁶ spores/ml was the most effective, inducing 89.2% leaf area damage on the seventh day and was further tested by the whole plant bioassay. Both in vitro detached leaf assay and whole plant bioassay exhibited a similar trend in disease development, exhibiting 50% damage at 96 hours post-treatment. However, 100% mortality was observed in the whole plant bioassay on the seventh day. This is the very first report on the bioweedicidal potential of Alternaria alternata ITCC 4896 (LC#508) for use as a mycoherbicide for Parthenium hysterophorus.     

用AFLP技术分析紫茎泽兰的遗传多样性

利用AFLP技术,选择EcoRI/MesI这一酶切组合,应用6对E 3/M 3引物组合进行选择性扩增,检测了24个地区的紫茎泽兰种群的基因组DNA多态性。共扩增出509个遗传位点,其中392个多态位点,多态率为77.01%。有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.50,Nei’s基因多样性指数(H)为0.29,Shannon信息指数(I)为0.42。并通过Jaccard的方法将电泳带矩阵转化为遗传相似性系数矩阵,进行了UPGMA聚类分析。结果表明:被检测的24个紫茎泽兰种群遗传多样性丰富;丰富程度与入侵定植时间有关,最早受紫茎泽兰入侵的云南省遗传多样性最丰富,变异最大,大致分为9个类群,紫茎泽兰的遗传基因可能对该省多样的气候条件或生境产生了明显的适应性变化;新入侵地区的则遗传多样性相对较低,并与云南省临近地区具有明显的种源地的地源性亲缘关系。子实的风媒传播是紫茎泽兰入侵的主要途径,样点间均具有明显的地源性亲缘关系;水媒也可能是该草传播的途径之一。紫茎泽兰可能首先从缅甸、越南、老挝经风媒入侵我国云南南部,逐渐扩散入侵中北部,又从云南北部和东部传入四川、贵州、广西、湖北等省。     

紫茎泽兰一种潜在化感活性物质的分离鉴定

【背景】紫茎泽兰潜在的化感效应可能是其具有极强入侵性的重要原因。目前,针对紫茎泽兰潜在化感活性物质的研究主要集中于偏小极性的萜烯类化合物,而对大极性化学物质的研究相对较少。【方法】采用活性跟踪分析法对紫茎泽兰乙酸乙酯提取物大极性亚组分进行潜在化感活性物质的跟踪分离,并用现代波谱技术解析其化学结构,最后就分离获得的单体成分与已报道的化感活性物质羟基泽兰酮（2）和泽兰二酮（3）以及信号分子JA-Ile在抑制拟南芥种子萌发和幼苗根生长方面进行潜在化感活性的对比分析。【结果】分离鉴定出一个具有潜在强化感活性的大极性化合物2．香豆酸葡萄糖苷（1）,研究发现该化合物虽然对拟南芥种子萌发的抑制作用不显著,但在0．1mmol·L^-1的浓度条件下对拟南芥幼苗根生长却有着比羟基泽兰酮和泽兰二酮更为显著的抑制活性,且其抑制作用的浓度一活性关系与信号分子JA-Ile类似。【结论与意义】紫茎泽兰中潜在大极性的非萜烯类化感活性物质对于紫茎泽兰的综合化感效应可能同样具有重要而不可或缺的作用,化合物1等潜在大极性化感活性物质的逐步揭示对于系统解析紫茎泽兰的化感效应机制具有重要意义。     

入侵植物紫茎泽兰化感作用及其途径研究

紫茎泽兰广泛入侵中国西南地区,研究结果表明化感作用是其入侵的重要武器,但其化感作用的途径并不十分清楚。本研究中,我们发现紫茎泽兰可以通过多种途径对两种栽培植物大麦和玉米的生长产生化感作用,这些途径包括了叶挥发物、叶淋溶物以及根分泌物。并且在紫茎泽兰幼苗早期就可以检测到这些化感作用。然而,没有实验证据表明紫茎泽兰落叶的微生物降解物对两种测试植物具有化感作用。     

紫茎泽兰醇提物的毒理学研究

为确保以紫茎泽兰提取物为主要原药的植物源农药的安全性,对紫茎泽兰醇提物进行了小鼠经口急性毒性试验、大白兔急性皮肤和眼刺激试验、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核计数及小鼠精子畸形试验等急性毒性和遗传毒性试验。结果表明,受试物对两种性别的小鼠经口急性毒性试验,LD50大于5000mg／kg,对大白兔皮肤无刺激性;小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验及小鼠精子畸形试验结果均为阴牲,受试物未见遗传毒性。     

紫茎泽兰Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng.在中国入侵分布预测

原产于墨西哥的紫茎泽兰Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng.作为一个有害的外来物种在印度、新西兰和澳大利亚生长已有很长时间。在中国,尤其是在南方和西南地区其蔓延速度之快,带来了不可忽视的经济和社会后果。我们采用了生态位模拟新方法来预测紫茎泽兰可能入侵的范围。据此,预测的潜在分布区包括该植物在中国境内已分布的省份及未来华中、华东易受入侵的区域。     

链格孢Alternaria alternata侵染导致瓜类幼苗白化的机制

用分离自无症状瓜类植物的27株链格孢属Alternaria真菌接种黄瓜,有14株引起了黄瓜幼苗的白化,这些菌株均属于链格孢A. alternata。为揭示A. alternata引起黄瓜幼苗白化的机制,对代表菌株5F29经固体发酵后提取其次级代谢产物,将粗提物按一定量混入基质进行盆栽实验。结果表明,黄瓜、丝瓜和甜瓜对该粗提物敏感,出现白化苗;小白菜和辣椒对粗提物不敏感,生长正常。植物幼苗用粗提物处理的结果与用产生菌接种的结果相一致。粗提物经硅胶柱层析、葡聚糖凝胶柱层析及高效液相色谱（HPLC）等方法分离纯化得到一种活性化合物,经测定该化合物引起黄瓜幼苗白化的最低浓度为12.5μmol/L。该化合物在此浓度下可引起黄瓜幼苗生长点白化,在15μmol/L的浓度下可引起黄瓜幼苗大部分组织白化,致使幼苗很快死亡。应用核磁共振和质谱技术,确定了该化合物的结构,鉴定为一种植物毒素——腾毒素（tentoxin）。研究结果揭示了A. alternata引起瓜类幼苗白化的机制以及不同植物对于腾毒素的不同敏感性。     

不同地理种源紫茎泽兰的生态适应性比较

采用交互移植法,对移栽在6种不同生境中的5个不同种源紫茎泽兰幼苗的存活率、株高、分枝数、生物量、单株花序数、产种量和种子萌发率进行了为期1年的对比研究.结果表明：各种源紫茎泽兰的幼苗生长和繁殖特性对样地环境条件变化均表现出很强的可塑性.试验样地因素对幼苗株高、分枝数、生物量、单株花序数和产种量的影响均达到极显著水平(P＜0.001).随着样地纬度和海拔的升高,各种源的幼苗株高、分枝数量、单株生物量、每株花序数量和单株产种量均呈下降趋势,且各样地间的差异均达到显著水平(P＜0.05).但种源因素对幼苗株高、分枝数、生物量、单株花序数和产种量的影响均不显著（P＞0.05）.除单株产种量外,种源与试验样地的交互作用对上述各指标的影响均不显著.在各样地内,当地种源幼苗的存活率、生长能力和繁殖能力均未表现出显著的优势.说明紫茎泽兰在我国西南地区入侵成功主要依靠其较高的表型可塑性,而局域适应的作用相对较小.     

Biotransformation of arenobufagin and cinobufotalin by Alternaria alternata

Abstract

The biotransformation of arenobufagin (1) and cinobufotalin (2), isolated from the natural medicine Chan Su, by Alternaria alternata AS 3.4578 was carried out. Incubation of 1 and 2 afforded six metabolites: 3-oxo-arenobufagin (1a), ψ-bufarenogin (1b), 3-oxo-ψ-bufarenogin (1c), 3-oxo-Δ⁴-derivative of cinobufotalin (2a), 3-oxo-cinobufotalin (2b) and 12β-hydroxycinobufotalin (2c). Among them, metabolites 1a, 1c and 2c are new compounds and their structures were characterized on the basis of their spectroscopic data (NMR, MS and IR). Compounds 1, 2, 1b, 2a and 2b were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against HepG2 and MCF-7 human cancer cells, and all of them showed significant inhibitory activities.     

Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers for Alternaria alternata

Alternaria alternata is of major significance as a food and feed contaminant and is able to produce a range of mycotoxins that may elicit adverse effects in both animals and humans. We describe the isolation and characterization of five microsatellite markers for studying A. alternata. Marker polymorphism was screened in 64 isolates of A. alternata. The number of alleles per locus ranged from eight to 24, and allelic diversity ranged from 0.425 to 0.882. These markers will be useful in the study of relationships and population genetics amongst isolates of A. alternata.     

入侵植物紫茎泽兰化感作用及其途径研究

紫茎泽兰广泛入侵中国西南地区,研究结果表明化感作用是其入侵的重要武器,但其化感作用的途径并不十分清楚。本研究中,我们发现紫茎泽兰可以通过多种途径对两种栽培植物大麦和玉米的生长产生化感作用,这些途径包括了叶挥发物、叶淋溶物以及根分泌物。并且在紫茎泽兰幼苗早期就可以检测到这些化感作用。然而,没有实验证据表明紫茎泽兰落叶的微生物降解物对两种测试植物具有化感作用。     

紫茎泽兰光合特性对生长环境光强的适应

测定了不同光强下生长的紫茎泽兰叶片最大净光合速率(Pmax)、叶绿素荧光参数、光合色素含量和比叶重(SLW),探讨了其光适应能力及生理生态学机制．强光下(100％相对光强)紫茎泽兰发生了轻度光抑制,Pmax、SLW、类胡萝卜素含量和日间热耗散升高,但热耗散能力没有提高．强光下紫茎泽兰通过：1)加强日间热耗散和活性氧清除能力以及光系统Ⅱ反应中心可逆失活来耗散过剩光能;2)增大P～以增加光能利用;3)提高SLW,降低单位干重叶绿素含量以减少光能吸收3个途径避免了光合机构光破坏．弱光下(36％、12．5％和4．5％相对光强)紫茎泽兰日间热耗散很小,SLW降低,但P～较高,这有利于其增加光能吸收和利用效率．紫茎泽兰能在很大的光强范围内有效地维持光合系统正常运转,这可能是其表现较强入侵性的原因之一．     

紫茎泽兰迹地上不同替代植物群落植物多样性的变化

对20世纪80年代初期在云南双柏县紫茎泽兰迹地上人工营建的3类替代植物群落的结构、物种组成与多样性进行了调查,并与当地未受紫茎泽兰危害的云南松天然老龄林和未经治理的紫茎泽兰群落进行了比较.结果表明,3个替代群落木本植物物种丰富度指数为25～28,Shannon-Wiener指数为1.06～2.34,Simpson指数为0.36～0.86,Pielous均匀度指数为0.32～0.73;草本植物的多样性指数分别为6～8、1.51～1.97、0.74～0.84、0.84～0.90,明显高于未经治理的紫茎泽兰地的多样性指数.经过20年的恢复和保护,各个替代植物群落林木生长良好,林分郁闭度和植物多样性明显提高.替代群落中又以云南松+木荷+兰桉群落多样性最大.但是,现阶段这些替代植物群落多样性仍低于云南松天然老龄林.因此,对这些人工恢复的替代植物群落,特别是云南松人工林,在加强保护的同时,应注意引进、培育乡土阔叶植物和一些乡土的喜阴草本植物种类,提高群落物种多样性,促进紫茎泽兰迹地上人工重建植被的进一步恢复和持续发展.     

发育时期对紫茎泽兰化感作用的影响

为探讨紫茎泽兰化感作用与其入侵性的关系,利用生物检测法研究了不同发育时期紫茎泽兰叶片水提液对4种本地草本植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,高浓度时紫茎泽兰叶片水提液能显著抑制4种本地植物种子发芽率、发芽速度,但低浓度时有时抑制作用不显著,甚至有促进作用;除狗肝菜胚轴生长外,不同浓度下紫茎泽兰叶水提液均能抑制4种本地植物胚轴和胚根生长,但有时对胚轴生长的抑制作用不显著,甚至有促进作用。不同植物和同种植物的不同参数对紫茎泽兰化感作用的敏感程度不同,拔毒散和狗肝菜的种子萌发参数较敏感,莎草砖子苗的生长参数较敏感,种子发芽速度和胚根生长较敏感。总的看,随发育时间的增加,紫茎泽兰抑制本地植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的最低叶片提取液浓度减小,相同浓度下叶片水提液对本地植物的抑制作用增强,表明紫茎泽兰化感作用增强。化感作用在紫茎泽兰入侵的不同阶段所起的作用可能不同。     

Inhibitory effect of botanical extracts against Alternaria alternata of aloe vera dry rot

Aloe vera dry rot caused by Alternaria alternata, is one of the most serious fungal diseases affecting the commercial cultivation of aloe vera in North India. Control of this disease through chemical is quite expensive and not ecofriendly. The plant extracts as biopesticdes act as a vital components for the management of this disease. Evaluation of some plant extracts was carried out against A. alternata in laboratory conditions. The extracts were prepared at 5% and 10% concentration and were evaluated through inhibition in radial growth (food poison technique) and spores (conidia) germination (hanging drop technique) against A. alternata. Neem leaf extract gave 58.6% inhibition in radial growth and 56.5% in spore germination at 10% concentration followed by Ocimum sanctum which was found effective and gave 54.7% inhibition in radial growth and 50.4% in spore germination over control.     

Utilization of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester to Control Alternaria alternata Rot in Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Fruit

Chemical fungicides that are related with resistant strains develop negative effects on human health and environment. Propolis is a resinous substance collected by bees with positive effects on human health and inhibitory activity against Alternaria alternata. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is a component of the propolis. The objective of this experiment was to test the effect of CAPE on fungi infecting tomato fruit using as a model the pathosystem A. alternata‐tomato. CAPE was chemically synthesized in our laboratory and analysed with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Different concentrations (0, 16, 32, 48, 64, 80, 90 and 100 μm ) of CAPE were tested on A. alternata growing in vitro. For the in vivo experiment, red ripe tomato fruit was inoculated with A. alternata and untreated or treated with 1, 50 and 100 μm of CAPE. After that, the fruit was stored at 25°C for up to 20 days. Colony size (CS) was recorded in vitro. In tomato fruits, the severity of infection (SI), respiration rate (RR), ethylene production (EP), pH, total soluble solids (TSS), weight loss (WL) and titratable acidity (TA) were evaluated during the storage time. CAPE melting point and spectral data probed to be the right molecule. In vitro, 64 and 100 μm of CAPE reduced CS by 30%. In vivo, 50 and 100 μm of CAPE reduced SI higher than the fungicide Captan^® with no effects on RR, EP, WL, pH, TSS and TA. It was concluded that CAPE controls A. alternata infection better than a commercial fungicide without negative effects on tomato fruit ripening and fruit quality.