A Differential Quadrature Method for Multi-Dimensional Inverse Heat Conduction Problem of Heat Source

In this paper, we employ the differential quadrature method (DQM) to tackle the inverse heat conduction problem (IHCP) of heat source. These advantages of this numerical approach are that no a priori presumption is made on the functional form of the estimates, and that evaluated heat source can be obtained directly in the calculation process. Seven examples show the effectiveness and accuracy of our algorism in providing excellent estimates of unknown heat source from the given data. We find that the proposed scheme is applicable to the IHCP of heat source. Even though the noise is added to the exact temperature, the DQM is still robust against disturbance.     

An Application of DHW Algorithm for the Solution of Inverse Heat Conduction Problem

A damped heat wave (DHW) algorithm is applied for the temperature distribution calculation in a solution of a linear inverse heat conduction problem (IHCP). A nonlinear least squares algorithm is used for calculation of the unknown boundary heat flux history in a one-dimensional medium. The solution is based on the assumption that the temperature measurements are available, at least, at one point of the medium over the whole time domain. Sample calculations, for a comparison between exact heat sources and estimated ones, are made to confirm the validity of the proposed method. The close agreement between the exact and estimated values calculated for both exact and noisy data shows the potential of the proposed method for finding a relatively accurate heat source distribution in a one-dimensional homogeneous finite medium. The proposed method of solving inverse heat conduction problems is very simple and easy to implement.Paper presented at the Seventeenth European Conference on Thermophysical Properties, September 5–8, 2005, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.M. L?ffler: Deceased     

Solution of the Retrospective Inverse Heat Conduction Problem with Parametric Optimization

The retrospective inverse heat conduction problem has been solved as a problem of optimal control of an object with distributed parameters. The initial ill-posed statement of the inverse problem is transformed into a conditionally well-posed one when the limitations imposed on the second derivative of the desired control, which corresponds to a reduction of the set of control actions to the class of continuous and continuously differentiable functions, are taken into account. Preliminary parameterization of the control actions makes it possible to formulate a mathematical programming problem, which can be solved based on the analytical method of minimax optimization with alternance specific features of the desired optimal temperature deviations.     

Graphitization in CK 45 Steel

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of heat treatment cycle on graphite phase formation on CK 45 steel. The presence of well distributed graphite in the matrix is responsible for the good mechanical and thermal properties of this kind of alloy. Such properties include excellent wear resistance, higher resistance to thermal shock, and higher resistance to oxidation at high temperature. A number of specimens were made up of appropriate design to provide the experimental materials. The transformation phase to a free carbon microstructure during graphitization under different conditions was then examined for the most successful experimental steels. Austenitising temperature of 920℃ ahd the following isothermal heat treatment of 750℃ at different holding times were used. Microstructures were examined by OM (optical microscopy) and SEM (scanning electron microscopy). Furthermore, it was found that isothermal transformation at 750℃for different soaking times produced a typical microstructure. Also, the amount of graphite increased with increasing isothermal heat treatment time. Heat treatment leading to supersaturation of iron with carbon was described and some of the consequences of the supersaturation were presented. Finally, the formation of the thermodynamically stable state of the graphite taken from the supersaturated solid solution was discussed.     

基于Levenberg-Marquardt算法的内部缺陷导热反问题研究

在传热学的基础上,建立了三维的物理和数学模型,同时对LM(Levenberg-Marquardt)方法进行了修正.根据修正后的模型进行了导热反问题模拟研究,计算结果显示修正后的模型收敛速度更快;同时利用修正后的导热反问题的数学模型对材料内部不同性质缺陷的位置、几何形状及导热率对反问题求解的影响进行了分析,发现修正后的模型如果同时对缺陷位置、几何形状和导热率进行求解时,效果不好,但是对缺陷位置、几何形状与导热率分别进行求解时,可以获得比较好的结论;而测量误差对该方法求解结果有所影响,特别是对导热率影响较大.     

9Ni钢焊接热影响区组织转变规律的研究

采用热模拟技术研究了液化天然气储罐用9Ni钢焊接热影响区的组织转变规律。实验结果表明,9Ni钢经历热循环后的显微组织类型包括贝氏体和马氏体两种。低冷却速度条件下,9Ni钢经历热循环后的主要转变产物为贝氏体(包括粒状贝氏体和上贝氏体两种类型);随着冷却速度的提高,组织类型由粒状贝氏体向上贝氏体转化。高冷却速度条件下,经历热循环后的转变产物为马氏体。     

超低温轧制304奥氏体不锈钢马氏体逆相变及组织表征

目的 研究超低温轧制（Cryogenic Rolling,CR）亚稳态奥氏体不锈钢在不同退火温度下马氏体逆相变、组织演变及力学性能的变化规律。方法 首先,对实验原料304奥氏体不锈钢进行1 050℃保温30 min的固溶处理;其次,对实验钢进行总压下量为65%的超低温轧制,并在600～750℃下进行5 min退火处理;最后,对退火处理后的实验钢进行组织表征和力学性能测试,研究退火过程中组织演变及力学性能变化规律。结果 经总压下量65%超低温轧制后,实验钢组织中的奥氏体可全部转变为马氏体。随退火温度的升高,发生逆相变的奥氏体含量增加,组织由回复组织逐渐向再结晶组织演变。当退火温度为750℃时,晶粒尺寸约为420 nm。经退火处理后,实验钢硬度由超低温轧制态的566.2HV10降至750℃时的378.1HV10,屈服强度较固溶态的大幅度提高。经750℃退火处理5min后,实验钢可获得抗拉强度896.5MPa、延伸率52.7%、强塑积47.2 GPa·%的优异综合力学性能。结论 经超低温轧制及退火处理后,304奥氏体不锈钢可获得晶粒尺寸<500 nm的亚微米/纳米组织,经700℃以上退...     

各向异性介质二维稳态热传导问题的分析解

本文利用双变量函数及其偏导数在闭区间上完整的双重付里叶级数表达式求得矩形区域中各向异性介质稳态热传导问题的分析解。文中例子给出各向异性介质内的温度场和热流密度的数字结果,并讨论介质的各向异性效应。     

Constructal Enhancement of Heat Conduction with Phase Change

For enhancing the heat energy release from a phase change material (PCM) the conductive fin is designed according to a proposed constructal rule, in which the high conductivity material (HCM) should be located at the place where the heat flux density is the largest. The local temperature gradient integration over time is taken as a criterion to determine where to distribute the limited HCM during a given time period. This rule is applicable to heat conduction of steady and unsteady conditions, as well as to the problems with and without phase change. Numerical simulations show that the constructal design of a conductive fin has much better performance than arbitrary ones. The constructal rule is an effective technique that designs the fin with high performance for enhancing heat conduction.Paper presented at the 7th Asian Thermophysical Properties Conference, August 23–28, 2004, Hefei and Huangshan, Anhui, P. R. China.     

Phase Field Modelling Allotropic Transformation of Solid Solution

Based on multiphase field conception and integrated with the idea of vectorvalued phase field, a phase field model for typical allotropic transformation of solid solution is proposed. The model takes the non-uniform distribution of grain boundaries of parent phase and crystal orientation into account in proper way, as being illustrated by the simulation of austenite to ferrite transformation in low carbon steel. It is found that the misorientation dependent grain boundary mobility shows strong influence on the formation of ferrite morphology comparing with the weak effect exerted by misorientation dependent grain boundary energy. The evolution of various types of grain boundaries are quantitatively characterized in terms of its respective grain boundary energy dissipation. The simulated ferrite fraction agrees well with the expectation from phase diagram, which verifies this model.     

利用IHCP对淬火测试探头表面冷却特性辨识的研究

通过对淬火测试探头进行导热反问题辨识，得到了探头表面的淬火冷却特性曲线。中简单要阐述了反问题辨识的基本原理和方法；给出了数学模模拟及典型的实验结果；对辨识结果的精度进行了实测验证；并分析了影响精度的主要原因。研究表明，反问题方法能得到准确可靠的辨识结果。     

淬火速率对T91铁素体耐热钢马氏体转变开始温度的影响

利用BaehrDIL805高精度差分膨胀仪,通过对线膨胀行为的测量与分析,获得相关动力学信息,系统研究了不同淬火速率(10～6000℃/min)对T91铁素体耐热钢马氏体转变开始温度Ms的影响.研究表明:不同淬火速率对T91钢的Ms有较大影响,淬火速率为10～50℃/min时Ms点较高,并保持平稳;100～2000℃/min时,Ms相对减小,并随淬火速率的增加呈降低趋势;速率为3000～6000℃/min的快速淬火时,Ms点急剧下降,并随速率的增加呈上升趋势.这种现象与碳原子气团、淬火空位和淬火内应力有关.     

真空高压气淬处理后2Cr13钢的组织和性能

研究了真空高压气淬热处理工艺对2Crl3钢的组织和性能的影响。结果表明：随着气淬压力的升高,2Crl3钢的强度和硬度有所提高,伸长率和冲击韧度有所降低,断面收缩率和淬透性的变化不大;采用真空高压气淬工艺处理试样的组织为均匀细小的板条状淬火马氏体组织,力学性能及淬透性满足标准要求;而且试样表面光洁,呈银亮色,可免除淬火后的清洗;可替代现有的真空油淬工艺。     

激光淬火功率对45~#钢抗植物磨料磨损性能的影响

本文以苜蓿草粉为典型植物磨料,系统研究了激光淬火功率对45~#钢抗植物磨料磨损性能的影响。试验结果表明:在实验条件下,材料表面硬度最大值可达679HV,材料硬度最大值在距表面0.2~0.4mm之间;激光淬火后的45~#钢抗植物磨料磨损性能远高于未经激光处理的试件。激光功率对材料硬度和耐磨性的影响趋势并不完全一致,耐磨性最好的试件硬度并非最高;植物磨料对激光淬火后的45~#钢的磨损机理主要为显微切削,与未经激光淬火的试件相比,激光淬火后的45~#钢表面犁削深度明显浅而窄,但当激光功率降至1750W时,塑变疲劳和碳化物剥落明显增加。研究结论可为农业机械金属材料的耐磨性设计提供依据。     

Microstructure and Phase Transformation of a Niobium-rich TiAl-based Alloy Containing Boron and Carbon

Microstructure and phase transformation of Ti46Al8Nb0.5B0.2C alloy have been investigated.X-ray diffraction (XRD),optical microscopy (OM),scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results show that as-cast and hot isostatic pressing (HIP) alloy mainly composed of γ and α 2 phase have fully lamellar microstructure with point-like or ribbon-like TiB 2 distributing in lamellar colony or at grain boundary.The mean size of lamellar colony is about 150 and 450 μm for as-cast and HIP alloy,respectively.The lamellar spacing is about 550 and 600 nm for as-cast and HIP alloy,respectively.It has been found that cooling rates and quenching temperatures have significant effect on phase transformation of Ti46Al8Nb0.5B0.2C alloy.When the alloy is treated at 1380℃ for 1 h and cooled from α domain,water cooling leads to complete α→α 2 transformation,oil cooling leads to predominant α→α 2 and part α→γ m transformation,air cooling leads to α→α + γ p2 →L(α + γ) →L(α 2 + γ) transformation,and furnace cooling leads to α→α + γ p3 →L(α + γ) →L(α 2 + γ) transformation.However,when the alloy is treated at 1400℃ for 1 h and cooled from α domain,water cooling leads to predominant α→α 2 and part α→α + γ p4 →γ m transformation,oil cooling leads to α→α + γ p5 →γ m transformation,air cooling leads to α→α + γ p6 →L(α + γ) →L(α 2 + γ) transformation,and furnace cooling leads to α→α + γ p7 →L(α + γ) →L(α 2 + γ) transformation.Microstructural evolution of the alloy during various heat treatments has been examined and the phase transformation mechanisms have been elucidated.Based on the experimental observation,schematic CCT diagrams for the alloy have been given.     

Phase Transformation under Continuous Cooling Conditions in Medium Carbon Microalloyed Steels

Several 35CrMo4 and 38MnV7 steels with different additions of Ti and V were manufactured by electroslag remelting. The influence of the alloying and microalloying elements on phase transformation at different cooling rates was studied and the continuous cooling transformation diagrams were plotted. In order to optimize the heat treatment and improve the mechanical properties, the range of cooling rates leading to a fully bainitic microstructure （without ferrite, pearlite and especially without martensite） was determined. Bainite and martensite transformation start temperatures （Bs, Ms） were also established and compared with the values predicted by empirical equations. The important role of precipitates （especially V carbonitride particles） on final microstructure and mechanical properties was assessed.     

基于双热传导方程的高温燃气温度传感器设计方法

介绍了一种实用型的高温燃气温度传感器,从工况条件出发,阐述了该温度传感器的总体结构设计、敏感元件设计、绝缘瓷管选取、屏蔽罩设计以及外壳设计.在屏蔽罩的关键结构尺寸设计中,提出了一种基于双热传导方程的模型,对高温燃气温度传感器的设计方法进行优化,并在热校准风洞上对设计结果进行了试验验证.结果 表明:在常压条件下,所设计的...     

能源地铁车站板式热交换构件瞬态传热问题的理论解

能源地铁车站技术是一种利用地球地温能的新型建筑节能技术,对其传热计算方法进行的研究是推动该项技术前进的重点与难点。根据能源地铁车站板式热交换构件实际瞬态传热的特点,对该传热问题的理论解进行了研究与探讨。首先根据有足够埋深、有足够的换热面积两个作为热交换构件的前提条件,探讨了地铁车站中可用作热交换构件的地下结构构件,并根据其外形特点将其分为板式热交换构件和桩柱式热交换构件两大类;其次通过分析板式热交换构件实际瞬态传热特点,利用傅立叶变换对其热流边界条件进行变换,推导出能源地铁车站板式热交换构件实际瞬态传热问题的理论解;最后,分别用理论解和数值解对某具体工况进行了计算,理论解和数值解得到的两条曲线基本重合,可见,该理论解推导正确。     

车用高强钢厚板模内淬火组织演变研究

目的 揭示高强钢厚板在热冲压模内淬火过程中的马氏体组织演变特征和规律。方法 建立了6 mm厚硼钢板热冲压模内淬火过程马氏体相变有限元预测模型,分析了马氏体分布情况及演变特征,阐明了保压力等关键淬火参数对组织演变的影响规律。结果 沿板面方向,马氏体从角部开始转化,逐渐由边缘向内部扩展,呈现出“边缘高、中部低”的分布特征。沿板厚方向,马氏体呈现出“表层高、心部低”的分布特征;随淬火过程的进行,这种厚向梯度分布特征逐渐弱化。与薄板相比,厚板的马氏体相变启动和结束时刻均较晚,且马氏体转化率明显较低,马氏体沿厚向分布的不均匀性也更明显。随保压力的增大,马氏体转化结束时刻前移,马氏体转化率增大且沿厚向分布更均匀,抗拉强度增大,延伸率减小;当保压力超过40 MPa时,上述影响逐渐减弱。结论 与薄板相比,厚板组织沿板面和板厚方向均呈现更明显的梯度分布特征。保压力对厚板组织演变和力学性能有较大影响,但这种影响随保压力的增大而逐渐减弱。     

马氏体对C-Si-Mn冷轧双相钢屈服特性的影响

通过实验室退火与回火,采用力学测定与显微组织分析研究了马氏体体积分数与回火温度对双相钢屈服特性的影响.结果表明:随马氏体体积分数从0%增加到约15%,双相钢的屈服强度显著降低,降低值约为80～100MPa;而马氏体体积分数在15%～35%之间,双相钢的屈服强度维持在一个较低的水平.当马氏体体积分数大于35%,双相钢屈服...