气固两相旋流中气粒两相流场特性数值模拟

以气固旋流分离器为研究对象，对气相采用κ-ε模型及代数应力模型，对颗粒相应用随机轨道模型，并考虑相间耦合的相互作用，建立了描述气固两相旋流中气粒两相流场特性数学模型，同时，应用SIMPLEC方法，成功地进行了气固两相旋流听敢粒两相流场特性数值模拟。结果表明：在内锥体顶部上方易形成旋涡；分离器靠外壁处气流为上升流，且偏向出口；在分离器中心区域存在回流，越靠近底部，回流越明显；尘粒初始位置越靠近分离器入口断面底部与分离器外侧越易到达分离器底部；在相同初始条件下，较大粒径尘粒易于到达分离器底部，较小粒径尘粒则先向分离器底部运动，后又向分离器顶部运行，从而可能从分离器出口跑出，或在分离器中某一位置不停旋转。     

入口下倾旋风分离器分离特性的数值模拟

在欧拉-拉格朗日坐标系中,采用混合网格,对入口下倾旋风分离器内的气固两相非稳态流动特性进行了数值模拟,其中,对气相部分采用了雷诺应力湍流模型,对颗粒使用离散相模型来模拟,颗粒分布采用Rosin-Rammler模型,并用随机轨道模型和涡生存时间模型来模拟颗粒的扩散效应,同时引入了Tabakoff壁面反弹恢复系数以获得更加精确的除尘效率.仿真结果表明,螺旋下倾入口结构能有效减轻旋流除尘器内气体自身的压缩现象,消除上灰环,起到良好的节能增效作用.     

旋流板捕捉麻石水膜烟气除尘脱硫双净化装置的实验研究

针对常规麻石水膜除尘器分离性能差，烟气净化达不到排放标准且带水严重，引起引风机振动等问题，介绍了研制旋流板捕捉麻石水膜烟气除尘硫装置的实验研究情况，研究了除尘效率与进口速率，含尘浓度，粉尘粒径的关系；脱硫效率与进口流速，循环水PH值的关系和装置的阻力与进口速度，进口含尘浓度的关系。     

增湿活化脱硫反应器内流动_蒸发与碰撞过程数值计算

介绍了喷水增湿活化脱硫反应器中的气相流动、水滴运动和蒸发、水滴与脱硫剂颗粒碰撞及碰撞后形成的浆滴过程的模型研究方法和数值计算结果,其中,气相湍流模型采用κ-ε双方程模型进行数值模拟,水滴运动和蒸发模型分别采用随机轨道模型和经Ranz—Mashall修正的水滴蒸发模型,水滴与脱硫剂颗粒的碰撞则采用惯性沉聚模型进行。数值计算结果表明,活化反应器内的气相速度场已经进入紊流充分发展区,喷入反应器的雾化水滴及形成的浆滴在不长的一段距离内即蒸发完全,脱硫剂捕集主要发生在雾化水滴喷入位置后的一段距离内,此后捕集效率迅速降低。     

气固流化床的离散颗粒运动-碰撞解耦模型与模拟

基于分子动力学和气固两相流体动力学，建立流化床稠密气-固两相离散颗粒运动-碰撞解耦模型，采用硬球模拟方法处理颗粒与颗粒之间的碰撞，及大涡模拟方法处理气相湍流流动．单颗粒运动满足牛顿第二定律，颗粒相和气相相间相互作用的双向耦合由牛顿第三定律确定，数值模拟二维鼓泡流化床内稠密气-固两相流动，得到了气泡的形成、发展及颗粒的流化过程，计算结果表明颗粒弹性恢复系数影响气-固两相流动特性。     

质子交换膜燃料电池的膜电极及其湿度特性

质子交换膜燃料电池的膜电极结构与电池性能密切相关，膜的湿度直接影响膜的性能。膜内水的迁移受到多个参数的影响：较大的电流密度使水的净迁移量下降；电池温度的提高将增大电池水平衡的电流密度；提高湿化程度可以减小膜的欧姆损失。膜内的湿度不足以保证燃料电池正常工作，就必须采用湿化方法。水的迁移过程涉及到电池的压降和温度变化。实际的湿度状态是各种因素的综合．电池的工作条件最终决定了它自身的水平衡状态。     

燃烧高水分低热值燃料的内旋流流化床燃烧技术研究

内旋流型流化床炉利用非均匀布风产生高温气－固两相旋流，使燃料在炉内运动、相互碰撞、干燥、破碎、燃烧，并可通过改变布风控制燃料加热与挥发份析出速率、燃烧温度与热负荷，适合多种高水分劣质煤及城市垃圾的洁净燃烧，是一种高效低污染流化床燃烧技术。本文研究该型燃烧器床内空气运动、燃烧、传热及排放规律，发展新型清洁燃烧技术。     

高钙煤灰颗粒与液滴碰撞增湿脱硫过程的模型研究

为模拟增湿活化反应器内高钙煤灰颗粒的增湿脱硫过程，采用随机轨道模型分别跟踪颗粒群与液滴群，以相邻单元间26条颗粒流通道模型统计未增湿条件下的初始颗粒流量，以液滴群的空间单元捕捉效率为单元体内颗粒流量守恒方程的源项(汇)系数，来迭代各单元通道上的未增湿颗粒流量，耦合煤灰颗粒与液滴群的碰撞过程。并进一步考虑反应器内气、液、固多相湍流物理化学反应过程，建立了三维场内高钙煤灰低温增湿脱硫总体模型，初步预测了高钙煤灰增湿脱硫过程，模型预测与试验结果具有很好的吻合特性。图10参9。     

方形卧式分离器两相流场的数值模拟

方形卧式分离器是一种结构简单、布置方便、效率高的新型分离器，为掌握其内部流动特性，对该分离器内部紊流气固两相流动进行了数值模拟，采用雷诺应力模型(RSM)模拟气相流动，采用离散相模型(DPM)的非耦合法追踪颗粒运动轨迹，揭示了该分离器的流动与分离机理。计算结果表明：气固两相流在离心力作用下绕排气管流动，进入排气管时由内旋流转为外旋流，在排气管处形成强旋涡，同时计算并显示了入口速度为20m／s时1μm、50μm和500μm颗粒的运动轨迹。图10参7     

花岗岩多管水膜除尘器

本实用新型公开了一种花岗岩多管水膜除尘器。它是由渣池、旋风子体、旋风子上部、内水槽、导向器、烟气分配室、排气管、集气室、回水斗、挡水板和洒水管组成；在渣池的上部固定装有旋风子体，旋风子体内纵向均匀开有多个旋风子下部；旋风子下部的上端与旋风子上部的下端通过豆光面同心连接；旋风子上部与内水槽为整体结构，内水槽上装有进水管。本实用新型具有设计合理，除尘效率可达95％以上。而且兼有脱硫功能；旋风子部分为花岗岩整体材料，耐腐蚀。寿命长等有益效果。可广泛应用于各种锅炉烟气的除尘上。     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Wind power for pumping: The development of the ITP windpump

Water pumping has been one of the main applications for wind power in the past and despite the spread of mains-electric pumps, more than a million windpumps remain in regular use. This paper reviews the general technical and economic requirements for pumping water using wind energy and by way of example gives an overview of the development of the new ITP wind-pump. It then considers the future prospects for this kind of technology.     

Methods of creating solar-reflective nonwhite surfaces and their application to residential roofing materials

We describe methods for creating solar-reflective nonwhite surfaces and their application to a wide variety of residential roofing materials, including metal, clay tile, concrete tile, wood, and asphalt shingle. Reflectance in the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum (0.7–2.5 μm) is maximized by coloring a topcoat with pigments that weakly absorb and (optionally) strongly backscatter NIR radiation, and by adding an NIR-reflective basecoat (e.g., one colored with titanium dioxide rutile white) if both the topcoat and the substrate weakly reflect NIR radiation. Coated steel and glazed clay-tile roofing products achieved NIR reflectances of up to 0.50 and 0.75, respectively, using only cool topcoats. Gray-cement concrete tiles achieved NIR reflectances as high as 0.60 with coatings colored by NIR-scattering pigments. Such tiles could attain NIR reflectances of up to 0.85 by overlaying a white basecoat with a topcoat colored by NIR-transparent organic pigments. Granule-surfaced asphalt shingles achieved NIR reflectances as high as 0.45 when the granules were covered with a white basecoat and a cool color topcoat.     

Thermal decay of an initially hot isothermal water body with application to thermal energy storage

The thermal decay of an initially hot isothermal water body contained in a tank was studied. Analytical solutions (including a group-theoretic solution) were obtained for the one-dimensional heat conduction equation with heat loss from the sides of the tank. The convective heat transfer coefficient was assumed not to be constant over the surface of the tank but to vary with space and time. A very good agreement was obtained between the group-theoretic solution and a numerical solution using the Crank-Nicholson finite difference scheme. The analytical results are discussed in terms of the underlying physical mechanisms.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

秸秆燃烧中温度对钾转化与释放的影响

通过对稻秆原料进行常规特性分析和EDX元素含量分析,发现钾在稻秆无机元素中占有重要地位。参考原料化学分馏法和土壤中钾的分类与测试方法,给出了对生物质原料及其燃烧产物中钾的定性与定量简易方法。通过程序控温型固定床对稻秆先进行缓慢氧化,然后以100℃为间隔从400～900℃进行成灰,并分别测试其成灰率、有效钾和全钾的份额。结合稻秆原料及其灰中钾的份额分析,进行了稻秆灰中有效钾转化与释放的计算,发现有效钾在700～800℃之间有快速的释放和形态转变。稻秆灰的XRD分析结果表明秸秆灰中钾主要以KCl、K_2SO_4形式存在,得到了钾以盐的形式进行转化与释放的机理。该文中燃烧温度对钾转化与释放的影响规律对设计秸秆电厂时的炉型选择和燃烧参数确定有一定参考价值。