Classification of tibia plateau fracture according to the “four-column and nine-segment”

PurposeThe existing classification systems of tibial plateau fracture (TPF) are suboptimal for clinical use and academic communication. A more comprehensive and universal classification system with the capability to analyze all patterns of TPF is urgently required to guide the clinical practice. This study aimed to analyze the incidence and fracture characteristics of TPF using a computed tomography-based “four-column and nine-segment” classification.MethodsAccording to the differentiated morphological characteristics, tibial plateau and proximal fibula were divided into four columns, which were subdivided into nine segments. Tibia plateau injury index (TPII) was innovatively introduced to represent the extent of injury. A total of 698 consecutive adult patients with 704 affected knees were included (377 females, 321 males, mean age 51.6 ± 12.9 years). Fracture mapping was retrospectively analyzed according to the new-style classification system based on the CT imaging.Results371 (53.2%) left knees and 321 (46.0%) right knees were injured solely and 6 (0.9%) cases sustained bilateral injuries. The rates of one-column, two-column, three-column and all-four-column injuries were 30.5%, 31.5%, 28.0% and 9.9%, respectively. On average, 2.2 ± 1.0 columns and 3.6 ± 2.1 segments were involved, the mean TPII was 5.7 ± 3.0. The rates of mild, moderate and severe comminuted fractures were 50.0%, 37.5% and 12.5%. The most frequently affected columns were lateral column (572, 81.3%) and intermedial column (524, 74.4%), and the less frequently involved columns were the medial column (219, 31.1%) and fibular column (218, 31.0%). The most frequently affected segments were the posterolateral segment (465, 66.1%), anterolateral segment (453, 64.3%) and posteromedian segment (379, 53.8%). The least frequently involved segment was tubercle segment (85, 12.1%).ConclusionsThe novel “four-column and nine-segment” classification will be a beneficial classification system for clinical diagnosis, statistical analysis and prognostic judgment of tibial plateau fractures.     

Kindliche kniegelenknahe Avulsionen

Background

Avulsion fractures around the knee in children and adolescents are rare injuries and usually occur during sport activities. This article describes the epidemiology, classification and current treatment strategies for these injuries.

Objective

This article gives an overview of the epidemiology, classification and current treatment concepts of pediatric avulsion fractures around the knee.

Results

The most frequent pediatric avulsion fractures around the knee affect the tibial tuberosity and both the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments. Bony avulsion of the cruciate ligaments can be classified according to Meyers and McKeever. In many cases there are indications for surgical treatment but non-dislocated fractures can be conservatively treated. Apophyseal fractures of the tibial tuberosity are as a rule repositioned by an open procedure followed by fixation with screws. The options for surgical treatment of bony avulsion of the cruciate ligaments are manifold, ranging from direct open screw fixation to bone anchoring and arthroscopic repositioning with suture cerclage. The advantages of arthroscopic procedures are the possibility to simultaneously treat unilateral accompanying injuries, such as meniscus ruptures.

Conclusion

Non-dislocated pediatric avulsion injuries near the knee can be treated conservatively under regular clinical and radiological follow-up control. Dislocated avulsions and non-dislocated avulsions with accompanying injuries are surgically treated. Arthroscopic procedures should be a standard procedure with respect to bony avulsion of the anterior cruciate ligament. In contrast, bony avulsion of the posterior cruciate ligament and injuries of the tibial tuberosity must be addressed rapidly and effectively with direct open repositioning.

     

胫骨平台外侧缘撕脱骨折的特点及临床诊治分析

目的 :探讨膝关节损伤中胫骨平台外侧缘撕脱骨折的特点及临床诊治。方法 :自2011年1月至2015年12月运用关节镜技术微创治疗关节内损伤结合双锚钉内固定胫骨平台外侧缘撕脱骨折29例,男17例,女12例;年龄27~62岁,平均41岁。20例合并前交叉韧带断裂(包含前交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折),3例合并后交叉韧带断裂,1例同时合并前交叉韧带和后交叉韧带断裂,3例合并侧副韧带撕裂,2例合并胫骨平台骨折(内侧平台骨折和外侧平台骨折各1例)。术前均行X线、CT及MRI检查明确诊断,在受伤后5~14 d进行手术,平均7 d。采用Lysholm膝关节评分对膝关节术前、术后功能进行评价。结果:手术时间40~125 min,平均85 min;出血量10~30 ml,平均15 ml。术后所有患者获随访,时间12~18个月,平均14个月。Lysholm膝关节评分由术前的52.0±4.2明显提高至术后1年的91.9±1.4(t=-49.24,P0.05)。抽屉试验、Lachman试验及侧方应力试验均阴性,骨折均骨性愈合。结论 :胫骨平台外侧缘撕脱骨折提示合并有膝关节静力稳定结构(关节韧带、关节囊、半月板等)的损伤,甚至关节内骨折。常规要行CT和MRI检查,建议行关节镜探查,防止漏诊,以使患者能得到及时、全面的治疗,为膝关节功能最大限度恢复创造有利条件。     

胫骨平台骨折CT分类的研究

目前,胫骨平台骨折分类包括:胫骨平台骨折三柱分型、胫骨平台骨折四象限分型、胫骨平台骨折八"段"分型和十"段"分型、四柱九段分型等。本文综述胫骨平台骨折各种CT分类的方法、优缺点和手术入路选择。胫骨平台骨折的CT分型的精髓更加注重冠状面骨折线,尤其后方的冠状面骨块。将胫骨平台关节面的四象限分类与胫骨平台周缘皮质的四柱分类相结合,再辅以非关节面结构(髁间棘、胫骨结节、腓骨头),有可能对胫骨平台骨折提供更加完整的描述,但也可能因为配对组合太多,太过繁杂,临床使用困难。     

A New Three‐Dimensional Classification of Proximal Tibiofibular Fractures: A Multicenter Study

ObjectivesTo propose an updated definition of proximal tibia and fibula fracture (PTFF) and establish a three‐dimensional (3D) structure‐based classification of PTFF.MethodsIn total, 1358 adult patients (837 males and 521 females; 43.61 ± 15.13 years， 1364 affected knees) who were diagnosed with PTFF at the departments of orthopaedic surgery of four hospitals from January 2010 to December 2019 were enrolled. The new classification of PTFF, termed Wu classification, included three parts: classification of columns in the horizontal plane, regions in the frontal plane, and segments in the sagittal plane. All PTFFs were classified according to Schatzker, Luo, and Wu classification systems. Additionally, the incidence and characteristics of PTFFs were analyzed.ResultsThe major internal structural fractures of PTFF were tibial plateau fracture (TPF) only (725, 53.15%), TPF and proximal fibular fracture (274, 20.09%), and isolated avulsion fracture of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) (189, 13.86%). Approximately a quarter of PTFF cases could not be classified using Schatzker or Luo classifications, but all PTFF cases could be classified using Wu classification. The most frequent PTFFs included all four columns in region IV, segment 2 (235, 17.23%); the posterolateral and posteromedial columns in region II, segment 2 (191, 14.00%); and the lateral and posterolateral columns in region IV, segment 2 (136, 9.97%). Isolated avulsion fracture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) was categorized as three injury types, most of which involved the lateral and medial columns in region II, segment 1 (40/63, 64%). More than 97% of cases of isolated fractures of the PCL involved the posterolateral and posteromedial columns in region II, segment 2. The most frequent combined avulsion fracture of the ACL and PCL included all four columns in region II, segment 2 (18/24, 75%). All of the isolated avulsion fractures of the ACL were located in segment 1, and all those of the PCL in segment 2. The most common type of isolated proximal fibular fracture involved the posterolateral column in region III, segment 2 (23/26, 88%). The most frequent combined TPF and proximal fibular fracture involved all four columns in region IV, segment 2 (107/274, 39.05%).ConclusionsAll cases of PTFF could be classified by the new 3D Wu classification which should be beneficial for clinical diagnosis, guidance of treatment, statistical analysis, academic communication, and prognosis, and the most frequent PTFF involved all four columns in region IV, segment 2.     

切开复位内固定治疗膝关节后交叉韧带止点撕脱骨折病人围术期深静脉血栓的发生规律

目的探讨后正中入路齿状垫片空心钉治疗膝关节后交叉韧带止点撕脱骨折病人围术期下肢深静脉血栓形成(deep venous thrombosis,DVT)的发生规律。方法前瞻性分析2014年1月至2017年12月收治的膝关节后交叉韧带止点撕脱骨折病人58例,其中男48例,女10例;年龄为18~64岁,平均33.5岁。按Meyers McKeever分型:2型16例,3型30例,4型12例。所有病人均采用后正中入路齿状垫片空心钉固定韧带止点撕脱骨折块。分别在术前、术后进行双下肢静脉超声判断DVT的发生情况,分析其发生规律。结果14例(24.14%,14/58)术前发现DVT,其中远端血栓8例,近端血栓4例,混合血栓2例;术后DVT发生率增加至36.21%(21/58),其中11例远端血栓,7例近端血栓(其中5例为腘静脉血栓),3例混合血栓。7例术前无血栓病人中在术后4例出现远端血栓,2例出现近端血栓,1例出现混合血栓;1例术前为远端血栓的病人在术后变化为近端血栓;其中有50例病人术前、术后血栓未发生变化(37例无血栓病人,7例远端血栓,4例近端血栓,2例混合血栓)。结论膝关节后交叉韧带止点撕脱骨折病人术前及术后血栓形成均以远端血栓为主,术后DVT发生率有所增加。使用后正中入路齿状垫片空心钉治疗膝关节后交叉韧带止点撕脱骨折,可以获得牢固的固定,在术中暴露时应轻柔操作,降低对腘静脉的牵拉损伤,减少下肢静脉血栓的发生。     

Medial and lateral segond fractures in a skeletally immature patient: a radiographic marker for the multiply injured knee

Marginal fractures of the medial tibial plateau have been reported in the literature as a secondary type of Segond fracture. Some reports described this entity in the setting of combined injuries such as root avulsions of the medial meniscus, complete disruption of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), partial tear of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), and tears of the medial meniscus and medial collateral ligament. It has been postulated that medial marginal fractures are secondary to compression of the medial aspect of the femoral condyle and tibial plateau with a corresponding posterolateral corner injury. However, this mechanism of injury may not always be as straightforward.This article presents a case of an alternate injury pattern in a skeletally immature patient. A 16-year-old boy sustained a varus force and twisting injury to his knee, resulting in radiographic evidence of multiple avulsion fractures of the knee, including a fibular epiphyseal avulsion fracture and medial and lateral Segond fractures. Usually, the avulsion fractures serve as markers for significant ligamentous injuries in adult patients, but our patient had minimal injury to the PCL, ACL, and posterolateral corner. Further physical examination and imaging studies revealed an anterior horn root avulsion, meniscocapsular separation, and anterior cortical rim fracture. A combination of imaging modalities helped us further characterize the injury pattern to devise the optimal surgical plan, especially the fixation of the anterior cortical fracture of the tibia.     

Arthroscopic fixation of chronic bicruciate tibial avulsion fractures: A case report

A cruciate ligament avulsion is a much less common form of injury than a cruciate ligament tear. Simultaneous tibial avulsion fractures of both cruciate ligaments occur even more rarely. Over the last decades, many studies have described arthroscopic fixation of acute cruciate tibial avulsion fractures, but arthroscopic treatment in a late presenting patient has not been reported in the literature. This case report presents a 32-year-old female with a chronic tibial avulsion fracture of both anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament. Simultaneous fixation of both fractures was performed arthroscopically at week four post-injury. At one year of follow-up, the patient had demonstrated full knee range of motion and stable knee with no complaints, and achieved excellent clinical outcomes. Radiographs showed union of both fractures, and the patient had resumed high-impact exercises.     

Knee dislocations: where are the lesions? A prospective evaluation of surgical findings in 63 cases

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate soft-tissue injury patterns in a large series of patients with knee dislocations to identify frequency and associations that may aid in surgical planning. DESIGN: Prospective clinical study. SETTING: Two institutions, both level I trauma centers. PATIENTS: Sixty patients with 63 dislocatable knees. RESULTS: Cause of injury was motor vehicle injury in 34 patients, sports in 23 patients, and falls in 3 patients; 71% of knees studied had bicruciate injuries. Eight knees had associated major intraarticular fractures. Vascular disruption occurred in 14% of knees. Peroneal nerve palsies occurred in 14% of knees. All injured knees with complete peroneal nerve palsies had anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, and lateral collateral ligament disruptions. The incidence of vascular injury was the same for patients injured in sports as for those injured in road trauma. Reattachable ligamentous avulsions occurred in 19% for anterior cruciate ligament, 51% for posterior cruciate ligament, 64% for medial collateral ligament, and 84% for lateral collateral ligament injuries. Certain injury patterns also had a high association of tendon and capsule avulsions. Proximal lateral collateral ligament injuries were commonly associated with popliteus tendon avulsions and seldom with distal biceps avulsions. Distal lateral collateral ligament injuries were commonly associated with distal biceps avulsions and seldom with popliteus tendon avulsions. Reattachable meniscal capsular avulsions off the tibia occurred predominantly when the collateral ligament injury was a distal avulsion. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed a wide variety of injury patterns. Knees had to have at least two ligaments injured to be dislocatable but not necessarily both cruciate ligaments. Sports injuries have the same pattern of injury as motor vehicle accidents, suggesting similar forces of injury. The study demonstrates a high incidence of reattachable avulsion injuries to ligaments and soft tissues in dislocatable knees. These may not be as easily dealt with if surgery is delayed beyond 3-4 weeks.     

关节镜下治疗胫骨平台塌陷和髁间棘撕脱骨折

目的　探讨应用关节镜技术在微创条件下治疗胫骨平台塌陷和髁间棘撕脱骨折。方法　在关节镜下治疗胫骨平台塌陷 2例 ,髁间棘撕脱骨折 2例 ,胫骨后侧平台塌陷伴髁间棘撕脱骨折 1例。结果　 5例病人骨折复位满意 ,髁间棘撕脱骨折病例其交叉韧带均恢复其张力。患膝无疼痛及不稳 ,关节活动恢复良好。结论　关节镜的使用为治疗胫骨平台塌陷和髁间棘撕脱骨折提供了一种创伤极小、可准确复位手术新方法     

Combined physeal/apophyseal fracture of the proximal tibia with anterior angulation from an indirect force: report of 2 cases

Physeal fracture of the proximal tibia is a rare injury, comprising less than 2% of all physeal injuries. The literature distinguishes between tibial tubercle avulsions (apophyseal injuries) classified by Ogden, Tross, and Murphy as type I, II, and III and Salter-Harris II fractures. An extensive review of the literature located only 5 cases in which patients sustained a combined fracture of the proximal tibial physis and tibial tubercle. We report 2 such cases, which are not amenable to classification by current systems, and agree with Ryu and Debenham's suggestion to add a fourth type, avulsion hinge fracture of the proximal tibial epiphysis, to the Watson-Jones/Ogden classification.     

Ligament injuries associated with tibial plateau fractures

Thirty-nine patients with tibial plateau fractures and concomitant ligament injury were evaluated at least one year after injury. Ligamentous injury was determined by stress roentgenograms, plain roentgenograms, operative findings, and Pelle-grini-Stieda's ossification. There were 22 isolated medial collateral, eight lateral collateral, one isolated anterior cruciate, and eight combined ligament injuries. All types of tibial plateau fractures were associated with ligamentous injury, although split compression and local compression were most common. Twenty patients (Group 1) did not have operative repair of the injured ligaments, and 19 patients (Group 2) had primary repair of the injured ligaments. Open reduction and internal fixation of the plateau fracture(s) were performed in 13 patients in Group 1 and 19 patients in Group 2. Follow-up evaluation (100-point scale), including subjective, functional, and anatomic factors, revealed 12 excellent and good, four fair, and three poor results in the 19 patients with ligamentous repair. There were ten excellent and good, two fair, and eight poor results in those without ligament repair. Ten of the 12 patients with 10 degrees or more of instability had poor results. These poor results included five unrepaired medial collateral ligaments, two unrepaired lateral collateral ligaments, and three patients with cruciate ligament injury. This study confirms the view that instability is a major cause of unacceptable results in tibial plateau fractures. Operative repair of medial and lateral collateral ligaments, with appropriate treatment of the bony plateau fracture, may reduce late instability and may improve overall morbidity in these concomitant injuries. Cruciate ligament injury associated with a tibial plateau fracture carries a poor prognosis.     

Tibiakopffrakturen und Kniebandverletzungen

The risk of secondary osteoarthritis after proximal tibial fractures is influenced by the reconstruction of both the articular surface and associated knee ligament injuries. In a follow-up of 69 operatively treated tibial head fractures 36,2% revealed ligamentous damages. At high risk were young male patients with fractures of the medial or both tibial condyles. Only 33% of the ligament damages were the cause of fracture dislocations as described by Moore. Avulsion fractures of the knee ligaments can be successfully treated on by primary fixation. For ruptures of the medial collateral ligament a functional therapy is often sufficient whereas damages of the cruciate ligaments need secondary reconstruction.     

Editorial Commentary: Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tibial Eminence Avulsion Fractures: Are They Trying to Tell Us Something?

Arthroscopic reduction and fixation of tibial eminence avulsion fractures has excellent clinical results and adequately restores anterior cruciate ligament function with a low rate of complications. Clinical outcomes are preserved at an average of 8 years, and the incidence of osteoarthritis is low at midterm follow up. These injuries may represent the best-case scenarios of anterior cruciate ligament injury because they represent lower energy injuries without significant associated meniscal or chondral pathologies. These findings may give us additional clues about which patients are the best candidates for primary anterior cruciate ligament repair in the setting of femoral-sided avulsions.     

Bilateral epiphyseal fractures of the proximal tibia within a six-month interval: a case report

An epiphyseal fracture commonly results from avulsion of the epiphysis by traction through the attached ligaments. A fracture of the proximal tibial epiphysis is, therefore, a rare injury because of the absence of collateral ligament attachments. Most proximal tibial epiphyseal injuries occur as avulsion fractures of the tibial tubercle; Salter-Harris Types I or II injuries involving pressure epiphyses are rare. In the current case of a thirteen-year-old boy, the proximal tibial epiphyseal injuries in both knees occurred during quadriceps contraction in the absence of violent trauma, and there was a six-month interval between the two injuries.     

前交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折关节镜下骨与周围组织损伤分级及其意义

目的提出前交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折关节镜下骨与周围组织损伤分级,分析其与Meyers-McKeever分型的一致性,为术前精准评估及治疗方案选择提供指导。方法前交叉韧带胫骨骨性止点及足印为D区,以此为中心,前内侧区域包括内侧半月板前部及膝横韧带内侧部为A区;前外侧区域包括外侧半月板前角及膝横韧带外侧部为B区;后方区域包括外侧半月板后角、内侧半月板后角为C区。关节镜分级:1级为D区不完全损伤,A、B、C区不涉及软组织损伤;2级为D区完全损伤,A、B、C区任意1区或2区存在软组织损伤;3级为D区完全损伤,同时A、B、C区均存在软组织损伤。纳入42例单侧急性前交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折,4名评估者分别进行关节镜下分级与Meyer-McKeever分型,比较评估者之间一致性。结果评估者对所有患者进行Meyer-McKeever分型与关节镜分级时具有较高的一致性(评估者1的Kappa值为0.804,评估者2的Kappa值为0.809,评估者3的Kappa值为0.808,评估者4的Kappa值为0.712)。结论前交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折的关节镜分级与Meyer-McKeever分型一样可靠,术前可通过二者的一致性准确预判骨折及其周围组织损伤情况,从而正确指导治疗方案选择。     

Soft tissue injury of the knee after tibial plateau fractures

The purpose of this study was to document the pattern of ligament and meniscal injuries that occur during high-energy tibial plateau fractures. One hundred three patients with fractures due to high-energy mechanisms were evaluated with knee magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). All studies were read by a single musculoskeletal radiologist who was blinded to surgical and physical exam findings. Pertinent demographic information was obtained. There were 66 patients with AO/OTA type 41C fractures and 37 patients with AO/OTA type 41B fractures. Seventy-three (71%) patients tore at least one major ligament group, and 55 (53%) patients tore multiple ligaments. There were 53 torn ligaments in AO/OTA type 41C fractures (80%) compared with 20 torn ligaments in AO/OTA type 41B fractures (54%) (p < 0.001, Fisher's exact test). Using Schatzker's classification, we found the following correlation: type I, 13 fractures with 6 ligaments (46%); type II, 11 fractures with 5 ligaments (45%); type IV, 13 fractures with 9 ligaments (69%); type V, 13 fractures with 11 ligaments (85%); and type VI, 53 fractures with 42 ligaments (79%). A significant difference exists between the groups regarding the incidence of ligament injuries (p < 0.05) and also regarding high-energy (type IV, V, VI) versus low-energy (type I, II, III) fracture patterns. The incidence of knee dislocation was 32% for AO/OTA type 41B fractures and 23% for AO/OTA type 41C fractures. Knee dislocations (dislocated on presentation, bicruciate injury, or at least three ligament groups torn with a dislocatable knee) were most common in Schatzker type IV fractures (46%). Fifty patients sustained meniscus tears (49%), with 25 medial menisci and 35 lateral menisci injuries. Tibial plateau fractures frequently have important soft tissue injuries that are difficult to diagnose on physical examination. High-energy fracture patterns (AO/OTA type 41C or Schatzker type IV, V, VI) clearly have a significantly higher incidence of ligament injury, and these patients should be carefully evaluated to rule out a spontaneously reduced knee dislocation. We believe MRI scanning should be considered for tibial plateau fractures due to high-energy mechanism, allowing identification and treatment of associated soft tissue injuries.     

Avulsion fracture of the tibial attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament. Indications and results of delayed repair

In a series of delayed repair in 8 instances of avulsion fracture of the tibial attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament, 6 were isolated avulsion fractures of the tibial attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament and 2 were associated with the fractures of the tibial condyle. Staple fixation was used exclusively. The detachment of the posterior horn of the meniscus was observed in 6 of 8 cases. Four cases, in which the surgery had been carried out within 7 weeks after the injuries, had excellent results. The other cases in which the surgery had been carried out more than 11 weeks after the injuries, had less than satisfactory results. Pain on motion or synovial effusion disappeared but residual anteroposterior instability remained. Repair of the avulsion fracture of the posterior cruciate ligament is recommended in cases of delayed or non-union with symptoms.     

三维CT重建及MRI检查在复杂性胫骨平台骨折中应用的病例对照研究

目的:评价三维CT重建及MRI在复杂性胫骨平台骨折中的临床应用价值。方法:自2004年3月至2009年1月收治复杂性胫骨平台骨折71例,在常规行普通X线片检查的基础上,同时行MDCT扫描并三维重建及MRI检查,其中行双切口单钢板法治疗24例,男14例,女10例;年龄19～56岁,平均33.6岁;平均随访时间31.4个月;行膝内外侧双切口双钢板法治疗21例,男12例,女9例,年龄21～53岁,平均33.2岁,平均随访时间28.4个月;行膝前正中直切口双钢板法治疗26例,男17例,女9例,年龄22～57岁,平均35.3岁,平均随访时间23.6个月。对骨折定位、骨折粉碎程度、骨折移位程度、骨缺损程度显示的满意度及关节面塌陷、膝关节交叉韧带、侧副韧带及半月板损伤的阳性率进行比较。结果:X线片、MDCT及MRI的满意度评分分别为:骨折部位,(1.04±0.20)、(1.82±0.38)、(1.12±0.33)分;骨折粉碎程度,(0.81±0.51)、(1.92±0.26)、(0.83±0.60)分;骨折移位情况,(1.23±0.48)、(1.92±0.26)、(0.46±0.58)分;骨缺损程度,(0.36±0.51)、(1.55±0.79)、(0.26±0.53)分;关节面塌陷,16、61、12例;交叉韧带伤,3、10、17例;半月板伤,0、0、6例;侧副韧带伤,1、1、8例。MDCT在显示胫骨平台关节面是否塌陷、交叉韧带胫骨附着点撕脱骨折、胫骨平台骨折位置、骨折粉碎程度及骨折移位程度上较X线片及MRI满意。MRI在显示膝关节交叉韧带、侧副韧带、半月板损伤、关节面软骨是否剥脱及骨挫伤方面较X线片及CT满意。结论:MDCT并三维重建与MRI检查进一步丰富了基于X线片表现的胫骨平台骨折Schatzker分型,MDCT与MRI检查有助于复杂性胫骨平台骨折的精确诊断与合理治疗方案的确定,MDCT与MRI有助于发现膝关节及关节周围隐匿性损伤,减少误漏诊。     

Atypical tibial tuberosity fracture in an adolescent

Avulsion fractures of the tibial tuberosity are typically sustained by adolescent males during sporting activities. Tibial tuberosity avulsions with simultaneous proximal tibial epiphyseal fractures are rare injuries. We present an unusual case of Ogden type IIIA avulsion fracture of tibial tuberosity with a Salter Harris type IV posterior fracture of proximal tibial epiphysis in a 13-year-old boy. We believe that the patient sustained the tibial tuberosity avulsion during the take-off phase of a jump while playing basketball due to sudden violent contraction of the quadriceps as the knee was extending. This was then followed by the posterior Salter Harris type IV fracture of proximal tibial physis as he landed on his leg with enormous forces passing through the knee. Although standard radiographs were helpful in diagnosing the complex fracture pattern, precise configuration was only established by computed tomography (CT) scan. The scan also excluded well-recognized concomitant injuries including ligament and meniscal injuries. Unlike other reported cases, our patient did not have compartment syndrome. Anatomic reduction and stabilization with a partially threaded transepiphyseal cannulated screw and a metaphyseal screw followed by early mobilization ensured an excellent recovery by the patient.Our case highlights the importance of vigilance and a high index of suspicion for coexisting fractures or soft tissue injuries when treating avulsion fractures of tibial tuberosity. A CT scan is justified in such patients to recognize complex fracture configurations, and surgical treatment should be directed appropriately to both the fractures followed by early rehabilitation. Patients with such injuries warrant close monitoring for compartment syndrome during the perioperative period.