制裁下的伊拉克——伊拉克见闻之一

两伊战争、海湾战争、沙漠之狐行动以及10年经济制裁，给伊拉克带来了什么?真是不看不知道，如今的伊拉克已是满目苍夷，基础设施遭严重毁坏，直接损失达1200亿美元，人道主义状况惨不忍睹，社会生活一片混乱。     

制裁下的伊拉克--见闻之二

一、我们"闯"入"禁飞区" "禁飞区"是海湾战争后,美英以保护伊拉克南部什叶派穆斯林和北部库尔德人为名,在伊拉克南、北专门设立的.从那时起至今,美英的F-15、F-16战机每天都在"禁飞区"上空巡行.美英空军不仅可以随时向伊境内可疑军事目标或被认为是发展大规模杀伤性武器的地方进行空袭,也可以对胆敢闯入"禁飞区"的伊飞机进行拦截、打击.1998年12月16日,美英对伊进行了4天"沙漠之狐"的空中打击,造成数百名平民死亡、数千人受伤.     

Seeing What One Sees: Perception,Emotion, and Activity

In this article, it is demonstrated (a) how seeing is organized in the spatiotemporal arrangement of bodies and conduct within which the participants display and manage their orientations to the ongoing activity, and (b) how seeing and emotion are mutually constituted in the precise coordination of conduct and how they, can constitute resources for organizing the ongoing activity. The view advanced in this article sharply contradicts the traditional conception of visual perception, according to which the verb "see" names a discrete process, event, or state hidden under the individual's skin. Seeing is rather an organizational feature of an embodied, visible activity.     

Sanction Situations and Sanction Interaction Concepts for Action Theory*

This paper proposes two analytical concepts that can be derived from and added to the theory of action. Using these concepts, a systematic exploration of the relationship between the pattern variables and the generalised media is given. A matrix of sanction situations generates four ideal-types of sanction interaction in which actors' orientations are aligned and twelve with misaligned orientations. A link with the joint action of symbolic interactionism is suggested and the use of a more developed concept of interaction recommended.     

美对伊战争目的与伊重建

美英于3月20日对伊发动了战争,5月1日,布什总统宣布在伊的"大规模战斗"已经结束.至此,美结束了其"改造"伊拉克的第一阶段行动;第二阶段的工作是重建和掌控伊拉克,从中获取丰厚的经济利益;第三阶段是在伊建立美式民主制度,作为样板供中东各国效仿.但战后,伊社会状况混乱,民不聊生,伊重建将面临诸多困难.     

美对伊战争目的与伊重建

美英于3月20日对伊发动了战争，5月1日，布什总统宣布在伊的“大规模战斗”已经结束。至此，美结束了其“改造”伊拉克的第一阶段行动；第二阶段的工作是重建和掌控伊拉克，从中获取丰厚的经济利益；第三阶段是在伊建立美式民主制度，作为样板供中东各国效仿。但战后，伊社会状况混乱，民不聊生，伊重建将面临诸多困难。     

Among Brothers and Strangers: Identities in Displacement in Iraq

Through analysis of primary qualitative data collected in Nineveh, Kirkuk, and Sulaimaniya Governorates in Iraq, this article seeks to explore the rapidly shifting and fragmenting identity dynamics at play in the emerging aftermath of ISIS and the impact that this conflict – and previous legacies of violence and repression – has had on relationships within and between groups, and between groups and the state. Communities increasingly position themselves against one another in relation to vindication of rights and protection. This zero‐sum stance comes from a history of mismanagement of communities and their respective grievances by the state and international partners. Formal acknowledgement of suffering across groups by the state may serve as a first step to break this cycle of negation toward one of inclusion, in the midst of mass displacement and emerging population returns.     

Re-aligning rationality: Crisis management and prisoner abuses in Iraq

This paper focuses on the U.S. military abuse of Iraqi prisoners in Abu Ghraib as a case-based illustration of a psychodynamic approach to organizations. Rather than viewing the abuse and its PR aftermath as an instance of poor crisis management, we argue that it should be seen as an expression of systemic neurosis at the highest levels of government. Understanding crisis as the normal outcome of a dysfunctional system provides an alternative explanation of the nature and causes of crisis and prescribes therapeutic intervention prior to training in crisis management and public relations.     

War in Iraq: Environment of Insecurity and International Migration

LA GUERRE EN IRAK : CONTEXTE D'INSÉCURITÉ ET MIGRATION INTERNATIONALE
Cet article porte sur les éventuels rapports entre conflit et migration internationale, tout particulièrement dans le contexte de la plus récente guerre en Irak. Les tendances de la migration internationale irakienne sont analysées afin d'établir une éventuelle influence de la guerre sur la migration. Les situations de conflit sont répandues en Irak depuis plus de deux décennies, les racines de ces conflits remontant à 1979, année où Saddam Hussein est devenu le président de ce pays. Pendant le dernier quart de siècle, l'histoire irakienne a été marquée par des guerres et des crises d'aprèsguerre qui ont déclenché des tensions entre ethnies. D'après nous, ce sont ces tensions ethniques qui ont contribuéà la migration internationale à partir de l'Irak. C'est l'instabilité générale associée aux conflits qui engendre souvent des tensions plus vives entre différents groupes ethniques, à savoir les Kurdes, les Turkmènes, les chiites et les sunnites. Les situations de conflit ethnique peuvent mener à un contexte général d'insécurité, lequel sera une « occasion >> pour les personnes qui ont déjà des « projets >> individuels de migration. Les pays d'Europe occidentale seront particulièrement concernés par ces mouvement migratoires potentiels. Pendant les périodes de conflit, les Irakiens ont établi des réseaux de migration et formé en Occident des communautés d'immigrants assez vastes. Ces réseaux serviront également de facteurs facilitants pour la migration ethnique potentielle de certains Irakiens.     

Navigating Peace and Security: Women and Social Capital in Iraq

This article examines international, national and local interpretations of women's engagement in peace and security processes. In 2000, the international community formally recognized the importance of women's equal participation in maintaining and promoting peace and security via UN Security Council Resolution 1325 (UNSCR 1325). National governments subsequently enacted National Action Plans to pursue the goals of UNSCR 1325, including one established in Iraq in 2014. Iraq's National Action Plan prioritizes the reform of legal and political institutions, and this article seeks to understand whether this approach resonates with Iraqi women. Based on fieldwork conducted in northern Diyala, it examines how Iraqi women perceive, access and exert influence over peace and security mechanisms, and how their approach compares with the strategies identified by the National Action Plan and UNSCR 1325.