改变定子铁芯面积对分数槽集中绕组永磁同步电机铁耗的影响

为研究改变定子铁芯面积对分数槽集中绕组永磁同步电机中铁耗的影响,针对定子槽提出了两组研究方案.在8极9槽永磁电机的基础上使用有限元软件,搭建了保证定子槽数不变仅增加定子槽宽整数倍和不改变每个定子槽尺寸仅增加定子槽数的两组电机.介绍了铁耗计算原理并通过仿真对比了两组电机谐波含量、定子轭部磁通密度和在不同转速下的铁耗与永磁...     

PWM逆变器供电引起的轴向磁通非晶电机谐波损耗的解析计算

非晶合金材料具有出色的低损耗特性,适于用作高频电机的铁心,但PWM逆变器供电会导致高频电机谐波损耗严重增加。在电机初始设计阶段,快速准确计算出谐波损耗是轴向磁通非晶合金永磁电机设计及优化的关键。针对3D时步有限元计算耗时长的问题,改进现有多环等效模型的计算方法,推导了考虑PWM逆变器供电高次谐波电流影响的气隙磁通密度解析计算方法,并在此基础上推导了定子铁心损耗及考虑涡流反作用影响的转子涡流损耗的解析计算方法。将谐波损耗的解析计算值与样机实验值以及3D有限元计算值进行对比,结果显示谐波损耗的平均计算误差仅为9.69%,解析模型具有较高的计算精度。     

直流偏磁状态下电力变压器铁心动态磁滞损耗模型及验证

直流偏磁状态下,电力变压器的附加损耗显著增加,试验测量得到的变压器空载损耗不能充分表征铁心实际损耗。为正确评估变压器铁心可能出现的过热问题,有必要建立其准确的数学模型。该文在Jiles-Atherton基本磁滞模型的基础上,从能量平衡原理出发,考虑铁心在交流状态下的涡流损耗和异常损耗,建立了合理可逆磁化系数条件下,以磁通密度作为输入量的铁心动态磁滞损耗模型。利用遗传算法提取试验变压器铁心在正常工作条件下的动态模型参数,并用于对不同幅值直流偏磁电流作用下的铁心损耗进行仿真计算。将计算结果与试验结果进行对比,发现二者吻合较好,说明该动态模型能较好的描述直流偏磁状态下电力变压器铁心动态磁滞损耗,验证了模型的正确性和实用性。     

基于谐波损耗的干式变压器降容研究

IEEE Std C57.110中给出了计算电流畸变情况下变压器损耗的计算方法,其利用绕组涡流谐波损耗因子和杂散谐波损耗因子计算变压器的涡流损耗和杂散损耗,但忽略了绕组高频交流情况下集肤效应和邻近效应引起的附加损耗,计算精度受到一定影响。为了精确计算变压器谐波情况下的损耗,引入了绕组电阻谐波损耗因子,考虑了谐波情况下绕组集肤效应引起的损耗,并据此计算变压器最大负荷电流。在此基础上,研究了电流畸变率对干式变压器降容率的影响,计算结果表明谐波对干式变压器最大负荷电流及带负载能力有较大影响,当谐波畸变率达到60%时,变压器带负荷能力减小一半。     

高压自耦变压器的涡流损耗计算与屏蔽措施

为应对大型电力变压器漏磁场及杂散损耗问题,采用三维非线性涡流场有限元分析方法,以1台高压自耦变压器为研究对象,引入B-H曲线来描述非线性材料的磁特性,对变压器结构件进行了漏磁场及涡流损耗计算。采用屏蔽措施之前,油箱及夹件等结构件涡流损耗及涡流损耗密度较大,容易引起局部过热问题并且影响变压器正常运行。通过进一步分析,给出了油箱磁屏蔽、夹件L型磁屏蔽和肺叶式磁屏蔽等降低杂散损耗的措施,以及多种屏蔽形式对漏磁场及结构件涡流损耗的影响。结果表明对电力变压器油箱、夹件等结构件采取合理的磁屏蔽措施能够有效地降低杂散损耗并消除热点,不同屏蔽形式对其周围结构件涡流损耗及漏磁场具有不同影响。     

谐波平衡有限元法用于饱和铁心的损耗分析

利用一种新的有效的谐波平衡有限元算法 ,结合Lavers等人提出的考虑谐波时迭片铁心的磁滞损耗和涡流损耗的模型 ,提出了一种较准确求解饱和铁心损耗的计算方法。并与传统的计算方法进行了比较。以铁磁型三倍频变压器的空载情况为例进行了仿真计算和物理实验。结果表明 ,考虑谐波磁通密度影响时的铁心损耗值与传统的仅考虑基波磁通密度时的值相比有显著的增加。物理实验验证了所提算法的正确性。为设计工作在高度饱和状态下的电器设备估算铁心损耗提供了有效的分析方法     

Proposition of new mathematical models with stator core loss factor for induction motor

This paper proposes new mathematical models with stator core (iron)‐loss factor for induction motors intended to generate precise and/or efficient torque via vector control. The proposed models have a structure in which the stator core‐loss resistance is equivalently placed purely in parallel with the stator inductance. It is shown that stator core losses consisting of eddy‐current and hysteresis losses can be properly represented by the parallel resistance, and, in particular, eddy‐current loss by a constant one. The models are composed of three basic vector equations in the general frame of an arbitrary angular frequency, such as fourth‐order differential equations describing motor dynamics, the torque equation, and the energy conversion equation. These basic equations are essential for vector control design taking core loss into consideration. The proposed models are most compact in the sense of the number of both the employed parameters and the interior states of the motor. Compactness is an important factor for modeling and is useful for designing vector control systems. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 134(1): 64–75, 2001     

基于槽极比选择的切向永磁同步电机永磁体涡流损耗抑制措施

为抑制切向永磁同步电机的永磁体涡流损耗,基于麦克斯韦方程和本构方程,对永磁体形状进行近似假设,构建了永磁体涡流损耗的估算模型。使用一种基于卡特系数概念的磁导函数来估算由于定子开槽引起的槽下磁感应强度变化。基于五台槽极比分别为1.05、1.20、1.30、2.40和3.60的电机设计方案对理论分析结论进行了验证。在负载电流和两倍负载电流下,分析永磁体损耗,得到了每台电机的径向气隙磁密曲线及其谐波含量。考虑到增加槽极比对定子铁耗和永磁体涡流损耗的削弱效果,给出了电机槽极比选择策略。研究结果表明,增加槽极比能减弱定子槽下磁感应强度变化,从而抑制气隙磁场中低次谐波含量,减小永磁体涡流损耗,使电机运行更加可靠,但也会引入更多高次谐波,从而增加定子铁耗。     

用于电机损耗精细化分析的分段变系数铁耗计算模型

提出一种用于电机损耗精细化分析的分段变系数铁耗计算模型,该模型以经典Bertotti三项常系数铁耗模型为基础,引入涡流损耗附加磁通密度高次项及磁滞损耗附加磁通密度低次项,用于考虑磁路饱和导致涡流损耗增加及谐波磁场引起局部磁滞损耗增加的现象,同时,该模型中主要系数均随磁通密度幅值和频率变化,能很好地反映基波及谐波磁场对铁耗的影响,并对磁滞、涡流及异常损耗进行准确分离,实现铁耗精细化分析。为了验证该文所提模型的有效性及准确性,以Y132S-4、5.5k W和YX3-250M-4、55 k W两台感应电机为例,利用文中模型与经典Bertotti三项常系数模型对两台电机在不同电压下的空载铁耗进行实测和计算对比,结果表明该文所提模型在较宽范围内与实测值吻合程度较高。     

基于预测控制的微电网SMES系统涡流损耗抑制方法

针对传统PWM调制方法应用于超导磁场储能(superconducting magnetic energy storage,SMES)系统中造成的涡流损耗问题,本文提出一种基于预测控制的微电网SMES系统涡流损耗抑制方法。首先,建立了SMES系统离散域预测模型,并以VSC网测电流和母线电容电压为状态变量,推导出了SMES系统的价值函数评估方法。进而,对比了PWM调制和预测控制时直流电流谐波分布规律,并对此时超导线圈中存在的涡流损耗加以评估。最后,基于50 k W样机对SMES系统预测控制方法的可行性进行验证分析,得出高幅值谐波分量将产生高涡流损耗的一般性关系,验证了预测控制方法较PWM调制在抑制涡流损耗特性方面的优越性。     

Behavioral modeling of permanent magnet synchronous motor fed by PWM inverters considering iron losses due to carrier harmonics

This paper proposes a new method for behavioral modeling of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) fed by a PWM inverter considering the iron losses due to carrier harmonics. In the proposed method, an inductance is connected in series with an iron loss resistance in the equivalent circuit of the PMSM to suppress the harmonic current due to carrier harmonics. The effectiveness of the proposed method is investigated by comparing the numerical results of iron losses of the PMSM obtained using a finite-element method and the newly derived equivalent circuit.     

A new separate‐identification method of two stator equivalent core‐loss resistances corresponding to hysteresis and eddy‐current losses for parallel‐type mathematical models of AC motors

This paper proposes a new unified method for identifying equivalent stator core‐loss resistance of AC motors, which can be applied to both induction and synchronous motors. In order to realize AC motors that exhibit high performance such as precise torque generation and/or efficient energy transmission, stator core loss cannot be neglected in designing vector control systems. It is common to model stator core loss in magnetic circuits as loss caused by equivalent resistance in electrical circuit. One of the best mathematical models for controlling AC motors with core loss is a kind of parallel‐type model that succeeds in modeling both eddy‐current and hysteresis losses. The newly proposed method succeeds in identifying separately and simultaneously two kinds of equivalent core‐loss resistances on the model corresponding to eddy‐current and hysteresis losses. The practical usefulness of the method is evaluated and confirmed through experiments using two induction motors of 5.5 and 2.0 kW having relatively high core losses and a permanent magnet synchronous motor of 750 W having relatively low core losses. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 143(4): 50–63, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10152     

基于SVPWM的时间谐波对永磁电机损耗的影响

针对在变频器驱动永磁电机因时间谐波引起的附加谐波损耗大小及分布问题,对基于SVPWM变频器电路输出的电流波形,采用傅里叶计算方法,分析不同变频器参数下的各次电流时间谐波分布规律及波形畸变程度,与SPWM对比发现SVPWM优化谐波程度高,且直流母线电压利用率较优。以一台5kW、3000r/min表面式永磁同步电动机为例,运用场路耦合联合仿真方法,研究附加谐波损耗在永磁电机中的分布特性,计算电机定子铁心各区域的磁通密度变化情况,附加谐波损耗以永磁体涡流损耗为主,其次集中于定子齿顶。参考电机损耗计算的国家标准搭建样机试验平台,通过有限元计算与试验结果的对比分析,校核附加谐波损耗计算结果。     

Examination of Eddy Current between Steel Sheets without Insulation and a Criterion for Determining the Necessity of Insulation

In the laminated core of transformers, motors, and so on, each electrical steel sheet is usually insulated in order to reduce the eddy current loss. It has been reported that insulation is not necessary in such a laminated core under some conditions. However, few studies have been performed in the form of a quantitative and systematic examination of the relationship between the insulation and eddy current. In this study, the eddy current losses of a core made of SPCC (cold rolled steel sheets) of different widths with and without insulation under various conditions are analyzed using the finite element method (FEM) and with the contact resistance taken into consideration. The equivalent circuit of a laminated core without insulation is presented, and can be used for determining the necessity of insulation. It is shown that the increase in the eddy current is affected by the ratio of the resistance of the steel to the contact resistance. An experimental investigation is also carried out.     

电力变压器附加损耗计算及影响因素分析

为了准确计算并抑制变压器的附加损耗,笔者提出了计算电力变压器附加损耗的涡流场分析方法,对两种型号的油浸式变压器的涡流以及附加损耗分布进行了计算。在涡流场的计算中,通过对铁心材料磁导率和电导率各向异性的处理来等效铁心片之间的叠积效果。文中给出了各主要金属构件中的涡流以及涡流损耗的分布,并对影响附加损耗的几个因素进行了分析。结果表明:结构件采用非导磁材料;适当的调整各结构件之间的尺寸以及采用中部出线的分接类型都可以有效地降低附加损耗。最后,对多种型号的变压器附加损耗进行了试验验证,计算与试验数据吻合很好。     

影响变压器空载损耗的铁心叠片结构改进

变压器的空载损耗主要包括铁心的磁滞损耗、涡流损耗和铁心附加损耗,影响空载损耗的原因包括叠片的材料与性能、硅钢片之间绝缘性能、叠片的剪切方式和叠积方式等。通过在铁心设计和叠片结构工艺制造上采取相应措施,提高材料的利用率,降低铁心的附加损耗,提高了变压器的空载性能。     

考虑谐波及集肤效应的电工钢片旋转异常损耗计算与测量

为了准确计算电工钢片的旋转异常损耗,根据谐波分析原理对建立的电工钢叠片有限元模型进行时步有限元仿真;基于旋转铁心损耗计算模型,通过考虑涡流集肤效应对旋转损耗系数的影响结合钢片在中低频率下的损耗测试获得叠片损耗计算的关键系数,间接求得电工钢片中旋转异常损耗的计算式。利用构建的新型三维磁特性测试系统对典型电工钢叠片样品进行椭圆形旋转与交变励磁方式下的宽频铁耗实验测量,并定量地进行了对比与分析。结果表明:2种励磁方式下叠片损耗的变化规律相类似,但其椭圆形旋转各损耗都要比交变时的对应损耗大,必须认真考虑谐波、集肤效应和旋转励磁等对材料特性的影响;所计算出的旋转异常损耗也是相对较小,在1 k Hz时也未占到旋转总铁耗的5%。从而验证了所推导出的计算式和测量手段的正确性与可行性。     

永磁同步电动机空载铁耗研究

从产生根源出发,对永磁同步电动机空载铁耗进行细致分类。在此基础上,利用有限元法和Bertotti铁耗计算模型,以一台5 k W、3 000 r/min永磁同步电机为例,对正弦波供电永磁同步电动机的空载铁耗分布特性进行分析计算,得到基本铁耗与空载杂散损耗的比例关系以及不同因素所引起的空载杂散损耗分布规律。进而,研究了变频器供电空载电流时间谐波引起的谐波损耗,分析了不同极槽配合对变频器供电永磁同步电机的谐波损耗影响规律。最后,通过多台样机的空载铁耗试验,验证了计算的正确性。     

电动机损耗的比例变化规律及其对策

三相交流电动机的损耗可分为铜耗、铝耗、铁耗和杂散耗、风摩耗,前4种为发热损耗,其总和称为发热总损耗。阐述当功率从小到大变化时,铜耗、铝耗、铁耗、杂散耗对发热总损耗的比例变化。通过实例,铜耗和铝耗占发热总损耗的比例虽有波动,总体上由大变小,呈下降趋势。而铁耗杂散耗相反,虽有波动,总体上由小变大,呈上升趋势。功率足够大时,铁耗杂散耗超过了铜耗。有时杂散耗还超过了铜耗、铁耗,成为发热损耗的第一因素。再分析Y2电动机,以及观察各种损耗对总损耗的比例变化,揭示的规律类似。认识上述规律,得出不同功率电机降低温升和发热损耗的侧重点不同。对小电机,首先应降低铜耗;对中大功率电动机,应侧重降低铁耗杂散耗。认为"杂散耗比铜耗、铁耗要小得多"的观点是片面的。特别强调,电动机功率越大越要注意降低杂散损耗。中大容量电动机采用正弦绕组来降低谐波磁势及杂散耗,效果往往很好。而降低杂散损耗的各种措施,一般不需要增加有效材料。     

Investigation of the inrush phenomenon: a quasi-stationary approachin the harmonic domain

A novel approach for the investigation of the inrush phenomenon in single and three-phase transformers is presented. It consists of the calculation of a sequence of quasi-steady-state images using harmonic domain computation. Thus, lengthy-time domain simulations with the related round-off and truncation errors are avoided. The advantage of the method is its robustness compared to a time-domain simulation with sufficiently small time steps to represent the wave shapes of currents and voltages accurately over a relatively long time span. An important result of the analysis is the fact that the attenuation of inrush currents is not affected by the eddy current and hysteresis losses in the iron. Therefore, no discretization of the laminations is needed, which considerably simplifies the computations without any loss of accuracy. The attenuation is solely determined by the resistance of the external circuit and the total inductance of the circuit, including also that of the iron core. It is shown how remanence and off-peak switching combine to establish the initial bias which determines the magnitude of the inrush current