免疫亲和柱净化-亲水液相色谱-串联质谱法测定水产食品中河鲀毒素

目的本文采用免疫亲和柱选择性吸附样品溶液中的河鲀毒素,建立了测定水产食品中河鲀毒素(TTX)的亲水液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法。方法样品以含1%乙酸的甲醇溶液提取,磷酸盐缓冲溶液稀释,再经免疫亲和柱富集和净化后进样分析。目标物以TSK-gel Amide-80亲水色谱柱(150 mm×2.0 mm,5μm)分离,乙腈-0.1%甲酸水溶液(含5 mmol/L乙酸铵)梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾离子源,选择反应监测(SRM)正离子模式检测,溶剂标准曲线校正,外标法定量。结果 TTX在1~1 000μg/L范围内线性良好,方法的检出限为1μg/kg,定量限为3μg/kg,在3~300μg/kg范围内加标回收率为73.6%~95.2%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为5.37%~10.7%。结论该方法可有效消除复杂基质样品中普遍存在的基质抑制效应,操作简便,色谱保留时间稳定,灵敏度高,准确度和重复性好,适用于烤鱼片、风味鱼干等水产食品中河鲀毒素的测定。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定闽东地区织纹螺中河豚毒素

建立了快速检测闽东地区织纹螺中河豚毒素含量的高效液相色谱-串联质谱方法。织纹螺均质样品用1%乙酸水溶液提取,0.5%乙酸甲醇溶液稀释,冷冻10min后离心除蛋白,亲水作用色谱柱分离,乙腈-0.1%甲酸水溶液作为流动相梯度洗脱,UPLC-MS/MS分析。基质匹配标准曲线外标法定量。方法的检出限为10μg/kg,定量限为25μg/kg,满足欧洲食品安全委员会对双壳贝类和腹足类中河豚毒素安全限量值44μg/kg的检测要求。在织纹螺中添加50、100、250μg/kg 河豚毒素进行加标回收试验,河豚毒素回收率为79.6%~118.1%,相对标准偏差为(RSD,n=6)7.7%~10.6%。采用该方法测定闽东地区14份织纹螺样品,最高检出河豚毒素 25718.2μg/kg。该研究方法准确性高、成本低、操作性强,能够满足当前快速定量检测织纹螺中河豚毒素含量的技术要求。     

免疫亲和柱净化-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定鱼肉和肝脏中河鲀毒素

目的采用免疫亲和柱净化鱼肉和肝脏中的河鲀毒素,建立高效液相色谱-三重四级杆质谱串联(LC-MS/MS)方法检测鱼肉和肝脏中的河鲀毒素,为水产品中的河鲀毒素检测提供方法依据。方法选用Zic-Hilic色谱柱(150 mm×2.1 mm,5μm),以10 mmol/L甲酸铵-0.1%甲酸-乙腈为流动相,采用梯度洗脱进行分离。样品用1%乙酸-甲醇沉淀蛋白提取,上清液加入PBS缓冲液后经免疫亲和柱净化,将洗脱液氮吹至干定容后上机测定。多重反应监测(MRM)方式检测。结果河鲀毒素的线性范围为1.0~1 000.0 ng/ml,鱼肉和肝脏中河鲀毒素的检出限分别为0.3和0.2μg/kg,回收率在52.4%~72.6%之间。结论本方法特异性强、提取效果好、无基质抑制效应,适用于鱼肉和肝脏中河鲀毒素的痕量检测。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测中草药中赭曲霉毒素A

本研究通过优化液相色谱条件和质谱条件,并结合碳酸氢钠溶液提取稀释的方法法有效克服了基质效应的干扰,建立了中草药中赭曲霉毒素A的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法快速检方法。试样经碳酸氢钠溶液提取,超声波提取,再经过免疫亲和柱净化后,用C18液相色谱柱分离,多级反应选择离子正离子模式检测。经方法学验证,赭曲霉毒素A质量浓度在0.1~50.0μg/L范围内呈现良好的线性关系,r0.99;样品在1.0、2.0和10.0μg/kg三个添加水平下的回收率为78.5%~98.0%;相对标准偏差为2.6%~11.8%;方法检出限为1.0μg/kg。将该方法应用于实际8批样品的检测,结果显示8批样品中检出1批的赭曲霉毒素A检测结果呈阳性(7.3μg/kg)。实际样品检测结果表明,本方法可实现中草药中赭曲霉毒素A灵敏、准确的定性定量分析。     

免疫亲和净化-液相色谱-串联质谱法测定贝类中腹泻性贝类毒素

建立贝类中腹泻性贝类毒素的免疫亲和净化-液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法。样品采用80%甲醇溶液提取,选择磷酸盐缓冲液与提取液(4∶1,V/V)混合稀释后,免疫亲和选择专一净化,液相色谱-串联质谱分析。根据腹泻性免疫亲和柱的使用特性,对上样液、淋洗液、洗脱液等参数进行优化。质谱采用电喷雾负离子电离,多反应监测模式,外标法定量。3种分析物在1.0~100μg/L质量浓度范围内线性相关系数均大于0.996,对应的检出限和定量限均为0.3μg/kg和1.0μg/kg,平均回收率为82.7%~94.3%,相对标准偏差为0.70%~7.61%。本方法基质干扰小、净化效果强、灵敏度高,适合贝类中腹泻性贝类毒素的分析测定。     

固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱法测定贝类中的脂溶性贝类毒素

目的建立了测定贝类中大田软海绵酸(OA)、鳍藻毒素(DTX1、DTX2)、紫贻贝毒素(YTX)、原多甲藻酸贝毒素(AZA1)、螺环内酯毒素(SPX1)6种脂溶性贝类毒素的固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱方法。方法匀浆贝类组织,用80%甲醇提取,Strata~(TM)-X固相萃取小柱净化,0.3%氨水甲醇溶液洗脱,离心超滤管离心纯化。采用XTerra MS C_(18)柱(150 mm×2.1 mm,35μm)分离,以含6.7 mmol/L氨水的90%乙腈-水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,选择多反应监测模式检测,正、负离子切换扫描,基质标准校正外标法定量。结果 6种脂溶性贝类毒素的定量限为0.2~1.0μg/kg,在相应浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数均0.995;低、中、高3个添加水平的平均加标回收率在78.8%~116%之间;相对标准偏差(RSD)为3.8%~14.5%。应用建立的方法对多份贝类样品进行分析,均未检出目标组分。结论方法选择性、灵敏性和准确度高,适用于贝类产品中脂溶性贝类毒素的确证及定量分析。     

2018—2020年河北省市售贝类中麻痹性贝类毒素污染状况调查分析

目的了解2018—2020年河北省市售贝类中麻痹性贝类毒素(paralytic shellfish poison,PSP)污染状况。方法 2018年8月—2020年5月间,对河北省市售的7种双壳贝类,共508份进行检测分析。样品经0.5%乙酸水提取,石墨化碳黑固相萃取柱净化,采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法进行检测。结果 508份样品,PSP阳性样品24份,检出率为4.7%, 15份样品超过世界卫生组织规定安全限量,超标率为3.0%。检出贝类为贻贝、毛蚶、杂色蛤、扇贝, PSP含量范围分别为217.0~13001.8μg石房蛤毒素当量(saxitoxin equivalent, STXeq/kg)、217.0~4893.2μg STXeq/kg、217.0~503.6μg STXeq/kg、217.0~11024.5μg STXeq/kg;超标贝类为贻贝、毛蚶、扇贝。贝类中检出的PSP类型有GTX1、GTX4、GTX2、GTX3、neoSTX、STX。结论河北省市售贝类麻痹性贝类毒素暴露风险整体较低,秦皇岛地区贻贝等贝类产品在4、5月份较易受到PSP污染,应持续关注,加强早期监测预警。     

食品中黄曲霉毒素B_1的液相色谱-串联质谱测定法

建立了食品中黄曲霉毒素B1残留量的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱的检测方法。样品经乙腈+水(84+16)提取后,经多功能净化柱净化,超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测。本方法定量限为1μg/kg,线性范围为1~20 ng/mL;在黄曲霉毒素B1添加水平为1~10μg/kg时,在玉米样品中的回收率为95%~105%;在酱油样品中的回收率为96%~106%。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定双壳类水产品麻痹性贝类毒素

目的采用Supelco ENVI-Carb柱净化双壳类水产品中的麻痹性贝类毒素(PSP),建立高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)法检测双壳类水产品中的PSP,为水产品中的PSP检测提供方法依据。方法选用色谱柱TSK-GEL Amide-80(2.0 mm×250 mm,5μm),以2 mmol/L甲酸铵-50 mmol/L甲酸水和95%乙腈水(含2 mmol/L甲酸铵-50 mmol/L甲酸)为流动相,采用梯度洗脱进行分离。样品用1%乙酸溶液进行提取,上清液加入氨水后(pH=4.0)经Supelco ENVI-Carb柱净化,将洗脱液抽干收集,上机测定。多重反应监测(MRM)模式检测。结果PSP的线性范围为8.1~705.0μg/kg,检出限为10~35μg/kg,回收率在47.0%~91.3%之间。结论本方法提取效果好、基质效应小,适用于双壳类水产品中麻痹性贝类毒素的痕量检测。     

贝类中大田软海绵酸的液相色谱-串联质谱优化测定法

目的建立测定贝类组织中腹泻性贝类毒素大田软海绵酸(okadaic acid,OA)的优化高效液相色谱-串联质谱方法。方法样品经0.125 mol/L盐酸性水溶液提取,乙酸乙酯萃取,HLB固相萃取小柱净化,采用液相色谱-串联质谱进行检测。结果以80%甲醇-水为流动相等度洗脱,流速为0.3 m L/min,柱温为35℃,选择正离子扫描和多反应监测(MRM)模式进行分析,OA在2~200μg/L范围内线性关系良好。采用本研究改进的前处理方法,4个添加水平下的回收率为90.5%~99.6%,高于采用行业标准SN/T2269-2009前处理方法的回收率(81.3%~87.5%),相对标准偏差小于10%,方法定量限(以S/N≥10计)为1.0μg/kg。成功应用本方法检测了湛江市市售的7种贝类样品,未检出OA。结论该优化方法灵敏度高,操作较简便,适合于多种贝类样品中OA的检测。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.