锌冶炼污酸处理的生命周期评价（英文）

采用生命周期评价方法对锌冶炼过程中的两种污酸处置工艺进行评价和对比。结果表明,气液硫化法的环境影响主要为人体毒性、非生物资源耗竭和全球变暖潜值,这些环境问题主要由中和-蒸发-结晶与电渗析单元造成;同时传统石灰石中和法中的硫化单元也是环境影响的主要来源,且石灰石中和法的总环境影响比气液硫化法高很多。结合敏感性分析发现,气液硫化法和石灰石中和法敏感度因子均为电和硫化钠(60%),且石灰石中和法处置单位污酸的总成本约为气液硫化法的27倍。     

城市垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属在盐酸中的浸出行为

系统研究城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属湿法冶金浸出行为,主要包括两个过程：水洗和酸浸。研究发现,在最佳条件下,水洗可以提取出飞灰中86%Na、70%K和12%Ca,水洗飞灰在盐酸浸出时约有86%Pb、98%Zn、82%Fe、96%Cd、62%Cu和80%Al可被一次性提取出来。浸渣的主要成分为Ca2PbO4、CaSi2O5、Pb5SiO7、Ca3Al2Si3O12、SiO2。     

Integrated utilization of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash and bottom ash for preparation of foam glass-ceramics

For the purpose of solid waste co-disposal and heavy metal stabilization,foam glass—ceramics were produced by using municipal solid waste incineration(MWSI)bottom ash and fly ash as main raw materials,calcium carbonate(CaCO_3) as foamer and sodium phosphate(Na_3PO_4) as foam stabilizer.The influences of the raw material composition,foaming temperature and foaming time on the properties were investigated.Porosity,bulk density,mechanical property and leaching of heavy metals were analyzed accordingly.The product,foamed at 1150℃ for 30 min with 14% fly ash and 74% bottom ash,exhibits excellent comprehensive properties,such as high porosity(76.03%),low bulk density(0.67 g·cm~(-3)) and high compressive strength(10.56 MPa).Moreover,the amount of leaching heavy metals,including Cr,Pb,Cu,Cd and Ni,in foam glass-ceramics is significantly lower than that of the US EPA hazardous waste thresholds.This study not only realizes the integrated utilization of bottom ash and fly ash,but also addresses a new strategy for obtaining foam glass-ceramics.     

High temperature corrosion of metallic materials in simulated waste incineration environments at 300–600 °C

The durability of the materials employed in waste incineration plants is affected by different factors that together result in severe degradation of the materials. The effects of alloying elements, as well as deposit composition and temperature range are investigated in this work. Different alloys were exposed in laboratory experiments to a specifically simulated waste incineration atmosphere N₂ – 8 vol.% O₂ – 2000 vppm HCl – 15 vol.% H₂O – 200 vppm SO₂ at 300–600 °C. The samples are covered with different salt mixtures especially chlorides and sulphates. Experiments with PbCl₂‐KCl‐ZnCl₂ at 450 °C, which is molten, showed catastrophic corrosion, but this was not observed in the case with KCl, which is solid. Mixtures of five different sulphates did not cause significant mass losses at 600 °C, but sulphate‐chlorided mixtures caused bigger mass losses. The presence of Al and Si in the alloys decreased mass change effects, the presence of Mo in alloys tested showed a negative effect.     

Evaluation of high‐temperature corrosion life using temperature gradient corrosion test with thermal cycle component in waste combustion environments

In energy conversion facilities such as boilers and pyrolysis reactors that burn waste, fossil fuel, biomass and other materials, many corrosion factors, such as gas temperature and fluctuations in gas temperature, the condition of deposits, and gas composition, influence the high‐temperature corrosion rate of materials in a complex manner. In order to evaluate the corrosion behavior and corrosion life time of materials rapidly and accurately, a temperature gradient corrosion test (TGT) was developed and applied to waste incineration environments. The TGT with thermal cycle was carried out without corrosive deposits in order to investigate the basic effect of gas temperature and fluctuation on corrosion behavior, especially in terms of the stability of protective oxide layers. As a result, it was clarified that gas temperature enhances the environmental factors such as the deposition rate of ash and penetration of corrosive species, while thermal cycle mainly enhances material factors such as the breakdown of protective scales. Furthermore, three application case studies of TGTs for corrosion life estimation were carried out with a comparison between TGT and field corrosion data. From these studies, a good correspondence of corrosion rates between TGTs and field tests was obtained. This correspondence of corrosion rate was explained by the breakdown of the protective oxide layer and the penetration of corrosive species in a corrosion front. The reproducibility and applicability of TGTs in the evaluation of the corrosion life time of materials were clarified based on the consideration of various corrosion mechanisms.     

Prediction of the distribution of alkali and trace elements between the condensed and gaseous phases generated during clinical waste incineration

The mobilisation of alkali and trace elements present in clinical waste can lead to accelerated deterioration of the plant and to environmental damage. The damage can be caused by transfer of low levels of trace elements, which are difficult to monitor, and a model of the underlying processes which predicts the degree of mobilisation of each element from waste of specified characteristics is thus desirable. The Equilibrium module of the FACT suite of computer programs has been used to make predictions for alkali and trace element mobilisation from a typical waste composition with variation in the S/Cl ratio which influences the volatilisation/condensation processes. Although thermodynamic data for some of the potential melts are incomplete, predictions made using the various oxide melt models, matte, salt and solid solution models available in FACT are combined to allow meaningful comment on Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni and Cr distributions. Separate consideration is given to mobilisation in primary (pyrolysis) and secondary combustion (oxidation) chambers. Comparisons are made with published data from municipal waste incineration plants. An interesting feature of the predictions for condensation during cooling of the waste gases is that if solution of Pb, Zn and Cu chlorides is permitted in alkali chloride or Pb sulphate into sulphate melts then Pb and Cu are predicted to be largely removed from the gas stream into these melts.     

In situ corrosion testing of various nickel alloys at Måbjerg waste incineration plant

The majority of waste in Denmark is disposed via waste to energy (WTE) incineration plants which are fabricated from carbon steel. However, due to the increasing corrosiveness of waste over the years, more corrosion resistant alloys are required. In Denmark, Inconel 625 (UNSN06625) is the weld overlay material currently being used to give improved corrosion resistance. In order to assess the use of alternative nickel alloys, test panels have been manufactured and inserted into Måbjerg waste incineration plant. Inconel 625 as a 50% weld overlay, two layered weld overlay and as a spiral weld overlay was exposed. Other nickel materials exposed were weld overlay Alloy 686, Alloy 50 and Sumitomo Super 625 coextruded tube. Exposure has been undertaken from 2003 to 2009 in the first pass and 2005–2009 in the second pass, and sections have been removed and investigated during this period. The composition of the deposits from the exposed waterwall panels was also analysed each time sections were removed. This paper will compare the various nickel alloys in the two areas and assess the results of the long‐term testing project.     

Life cycle engineering of lightweight structures

Lightweight structures are increasingly necessary to meet current engineering requirements. Weight reduction in diverse applications such as automobiles or machine tools is achieved either by using less material or by substituting material with a lighter one, which provides more functionality per unit of weight. To be an effective enabler for sustainability, lightweight structures should result in lower environmental impacts per functional unit when compared to conventional structures on a life cycle basis. However, applying new materials and manufacturing processes often leads to an increase in environmental impacts from the raw materials and production stage of the life cycle. Furthermore, end-of-life disassembly and recycling may become more difficult. In addition, the expected efficiency gains from the use of lightweight structures depend on how the overall market and technical systems respond to them. Consequently, the environmental evaluation of lightweight structures in engineering entails various methodological challenges. Organised around a life cycle engineering framework with a focus on eco-effectiveness, this paper provides a comprehensive review of lightweight structure applications and the challenges and opportunities they present in a life cycle engineering context.     

Corrosion of 15Mo3 carbon steel superheater tubes in waste incineration plants: A comparison between a field-returned tube and laboratory tests

In this study, a field-returned superheater tube of carbon steel 16Mo3 (1.5415) was analyzed in detail. In addition to cross-section analysis, different scales were investigated layer by layer using microscopic, diffraction, and spectroscopic techniques. The corrosion products can be divided into three layers: The layer adjacent to the metallic tube surface was an iron- and chlorine-rich scale, followed by an FeS layer present at the gas flow side, and the outermost layer was an iron oxide scale consisting of Fe₃O₄ and α-Fe₂O₃. The different mechanisms responsible for the structure of such scale formation and the different corrosion products formed at the tube are discussed. Furthermore, the root cause for the disability to form a protective scale under such conditions was identified by comparison with results from laboratory tests.     

Life cycle management of production facilities using semantic web technologies

High added value along the life cycle stages design, installation, operation, adaptation and disposal of production facilities is achieved by services. Activities like commissioning, maintenance, reuse or training are knowledge intensive and require efficient ways of managing relevant knowledge. Distributed semantic web knowledge bases enable companies or networks to make knowledge explicitly available to all involved agents at the right place and on the right time. This paper presents a semantic web based approach for the life cycle management of production facilities, and verifies it on a reuse planning case study of an automotive body-in-white facility.     

中国材料生命周期分析数据库开发及应用

生命周期分析作为广泛使用的环境管理工具,用于定量化评价产品系统整个生命周期内的潜在环境影响,其具体应用需要大量的不同层次、不同地区和不同技术水平的相关环境负荷数据和评价方法体系数据的支撑。在系列国家科技计划的支撑下,调研了典型材料生产的环境负荷数据,开展了中国材料环境数据库(SinoCenter)的研究,建立了中国材料生命周期分析数据库平台。数据库包含公用系统,典型材料(钢铁、建筑材料、有色金属、高分子材料、联接材料)等70多个数据集,近十万条环境负荷数据,并简要介绍了数据库的主要功能及数据库的技术和商业应用。     

面向产品全生命周期的协同制造模型构建

制造业的发展需要不断创新理念。在分析我国制造业的发展需求后,探索企业在协同制造的发展方向,借助互联网+协同制造的概念,构建面向全生命周期的协同制造方案,建立起由市场信息层、设计数据层、智能制造层、售后服务层、供应链共享层等5个层组成的协同制造平台。在此基础上,分析包含商务、设计、生产、服务、供应链等5个企业工作过程的运行操作模式,获得协同制造的模型。并以装备制造业为例,分析协同制造的操作策略,为相关企业提供操作参考。     

DZ125定向凝固合金疲劳-蠕变性能与寿命预测研究

对DZ125合金分别进行了980℃的无保载（PP型）、压缩保载（PC型）、拉伸保载（CP型）和拉伸一压缩都保载（CC型）应变控制的疲劳一蠕变试验研究。试验结果表明：在980℃下,PP型载荷形式下该材料的循环应力响应行为不明显。CP型、PC型和CC型载荷形式下该材料表现出明显的循环软化现象,循环应力响应行为与应变水平有明显的相关性。在相同的总应变范围下,疲劳寿命存在NPP〉NCPP〉NPC〉NCC的关系,疲劳寿命的差别在应变水平越低时越明显。对DZ125合金疲劳一蠕变寿命预测研究发现：三参数能量方法的寿命预测结果无论是从标准差,还是分散带角度都明显比应变范围区分法的寿命预测精度大大提高。     

机械装备制造业中刀具全寿命周期管理的研究

文章丰富和完善了刀具全寿命周期管理的理论,将刀具的管理覆盖到从刀具入库到机加工车间机床上使用以及刀具下线后再次入库或者刃磨直至报废的全寿命周期管理.文章详细的论述了刀具全寿命周期管理中的刀具库存管理、刀具使用流程管理以及刀具计划调度管理等功能模块.并提出基于刀具理想切削过程的刀具成本核算的具体算法以及采用计算刀具剩余磨损寿命这一途径来预测刀具剩余寿命状态的方法.     

焊接热循环曲线及相变点测试系统的实现

介绍了一种焊接热循环参数测试及分析系统。该系统可以测定热循环冷却曲线及其上的温度相变点．建立新材料的SH—CCT图，为制定、评定和优化焊接工艺提供重要的参考依据，为分析HAZ的相变机理及组织性能提供有力的证据，从而提出了利用焊接冷却相变在热循环曲线上具有温度点的现象来研究HAZ相变机理与组织性能的新思路。     

浅析外套变形量对胶管总成使用寿命的影响

攀钢集团冶金工程技术有限公司实业开发分公司液压附件厂总结出了一套特有的工艺方法,产品质量日趋稳定。影响胶管总成使用寿命的因素有许多,原材料、胶管接头质量、扣压设备、扣压人员技术、外套变形量的多少、现场环境、胶管总成现场安装角度等。本文重点介绍外套变形量对胶管总成使用寿命的影响。     

分接开关主驱动轴低周疲劳行为及断裂特性

针对分接开关主驱动轴球墨铸铁部件,系统研究了其低周疲劳性能及断裂特性。结果表明,EN-GJS-700-2球墨铸铁的疲劳寿命强烈依赖于施加的循环应变幅。进一步研究发现,疲劳寿命主要取决于循环应变幅中的塑性分量,以至于疲劳寿命与循环总应变幅满足Coffin-Manson方程。SEM断口形貌显示,不论是低应变幅还是高应变幅下,球墨铸铁表面处的球状石墨/珠光体界面是疲劳裂纹的优先萌生位置,并呈现出多源特征。在随后的裂纹扩展过程中,高应变幅断口平坦,解理断裂特征明显,难于观察到疲劳条纹。但在低应变幅下,球形石墨和珠光体显著参与塑性变形,疲劳条纹变得明显。     

Development of a Productive Service Module Based on a Life Cycle Perspective of Maintenance Issues

In this paper will be presented an ongoing research into the functional integration of maintenance within the product life cycle, based on experience obtained from work undertaken relating the integration of maintenance with production planning. Taking into account the needs of both production planning and maintenance systems, a planning and control model, called a productive services module (PSM), was developed. This module is able to manage the maintenance and production functions while also accommodating the product reliability forecasting, as an important input. The new model under development integrates the history of production failures and its use is extended to life cycle management of the production equipment.     

中国人为主导的铝循环分析(英文)

采用铝产品生命周期的铝流程图进行中国人为主导的铝循环分析。人为主导的铝循环主要包括4个阶段:氧化铝及电解铝的生产、铝制品的加工和制造、铝制品的使用和报废铝制品的回收。采用加权平均法确定我国铝制品的平均使用寿命。基于中国2003-2007年的铝循环分析,发现了铝工业发生的一些变化。氧化铝生产阶段的原料自给率从95.42%下降到55.50%,原铝生产阶段的原料自给率从52.45%上升到79.25%,但整个铝工业的原料自给率基本维持在50%左右。在2007年铝工业中,国内自产废铝和进口废铝的使用比例分别占总原料的5.38%和9.40%。在此阶段,净进口各类含铝资源和铝产品生命周期中铝的损失量都是上升的,同时,社会蓄积量中铝的存量及铝的循环量都是增加的。提出了改善铝循环的对策、建议以及中国铝工业的进出口政策和降低铝产品生命周期铝损失量的措施。     

中国电解铝工业的多因素综合生命周期评价

以货币量化为手段计算了电解铝工业生命周期内的主要污染排放造成的环境成表，并综合电解铝工业的生产成表、整个生命周期内能源耗费、环境成表衡量了电解铝厂的经济发展状况。