云接入网络中基于容量最大化的射频拉远头选择算法设计

不同于传统的LTE-Advanced网络,云接入网络(C-RAN)通过前程链路将复杂数据处理从射频拉远头(RRH)转移至基带单元池(BBU Pool)。然而,由于C-RAN前程链路容量有限,系统总吞吐量并不一定能显著提升。在本文中,我们通过优化RRHs选择实现吞吐量的最大化。更准确地说,本文在前程容量约束条件下设计了一种选择活动RRHs集的优化算法,以实现系统容量的最大化。此外,本文分别推导了低信噪比（Low SNR）与高信噪比(High SNR)下,选择RRHs数目的渐进最优的闭合表达式。仿真结果表明,比起其他方案,本文所提出的RRH选择方案能够在有限的前程容量限制与任意给定RRHs数量下,有效实现吞吐量的提升。      

Adaptive Energy Detection Based Solution for Fronthaul Problem in C-RAN

It hasbeen anticipated that the fifth generation (5G) wireless systems will deliver an efficient growth of the energy and spectral efficiency. To accomplish these goals, centralized radio access networks (C-RAN) is presented as the advanced wireless access networks paradigm with centralized baseband units (BBUs) and remote radio heads (RRHs). Although it is affected by Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI) limitations which requires high bandwidth for existing BBU/RRH interfaces. Moreover, the fronthaul links the BBU and RRH. But CPRI limits the deployment of C-RAN for fronthaul networking due to its fixed-rate fronthaul interface which transmit CPRI streams even in the absence of traffic load. However, this causes data transmission inefficient. So, the classical fronthauling method demands high bandwidth and the failure of fronthaul will cause losing a very high bandwidth. The purpose of this paper is to develop energy detection (ED) based algorithm which permits the secondary users to use the channel without interfering the primary users, so that the bandwidth in the fronthaul can be used in an efficient manner. A dynamic threshold with noise uncertainty based ED algorithm is proposed in this paper. It compares the fixed threshold with dynamic threshold by comparing probability of detection with probability of false alarm. Finally, by using this proposed algorithm, it can be concluded that performance of the probability of detection improves even with the presence of noise uncertainty.     

一种分布式天线系统的最大化能源效率传输优化算法

为实现绿色通信,考虑在每个远端射频头的发送功率受限、前端链路容量受限和保证用户目标速率的情况下,研究分布式天线系统的最大化能源效率传输优化算法。受分布式前端链路容量表达式及能源效率分式形式的约束,所考虑优化问题是非凸优化问题,难以获得其最优解。针对此优化问题,通过分式规划和凸近似方法将原始非凸问题转化为凸优化问题,提出了有效的二层迭代优化算法,并理论分析证明了所提算法的收敛性。仿真结果表明,所提算法优于传统算法,且随着远端射频头调度的用户数减少,能效压缩预编码策略的能源效率增大。      

A programmable optical network testbed in support of C-RAN: a reliability study

With both mobile network services and related data traffic volume on the rise, reliability of the radio access network is of the essence. A number of radio functional splits are defined by 3GPP to offer increased flexibility of implementation and feasibility of new mobile network services. For example, it is possible to implement certain radio functions in the Cloud, an architectural solution referred to as C-RAN. C-RAN solutions require highly reliable backhaul and fronthaul network designs. This paper describes PROnet, a programmable optical software-defined network testbed, which has been upgraded to offer backhaul and fronthaul transport capabilities in support of C-RAN functionalities with increased reliability. The testbed is upgraded with a specially designed 1 + 1 protection mechanism at the Ethernet layer in order to meet the stringent network round-trip requirements imposed by one of the C-RAN functional split options on the fronthaul.

     

面向5G前传的open-WDM新型技术架构

5G前传网络架构发生重大变化,C-RAN有望成为5G前传网络的主流组网方式。结合5G前传网络的新需求,在分析光纤直驱、无源WDM、有源WDM/OTN等现有方案的基础上,提出了面向5G前传网络的开放式波分复用（open-WDM）系统。该系统采用波分复用技术,缓解光纤资源压力;基于半有源架构,部署灵活;采用低成本管控技术,保障前传网络的可管可控和高效运维。     

高铁场景下基于缓存的无线云接入预下载机制研究

云接入网（Cloud Radio Access Network,C-RAN）中有限带宽的前程链路无法有效应对高铁场景下乘客大量集中式的网络资源请求.针对这一不足,本文对C-RAN架构中的射频拉远头（Remote Radio Head,RRH）配置缓存设备使其具有存储转发资源的功能,利用列车运行信息可预知的先验条件,针对乘客数据通信提出基于缓存机制的预下载方案以提升网络系统的吞吐量.仿真结果表明,在前程链路拥挤情况下,基于缓存的预下载方案可明显提升资源的平均传输速率和高铁通信网络的吞吐量,进而提升了乘客的在途通信服务质量（Quality of Service,QoS）.     

基于C-RAN组网方式的5G传输承载方案研究和实践

为降低运营成本，移动公司计划将基站C-RAN集中化组网建设，对传输承载网提出很大挑战，结合移动城域传输网现状，分析前传和回传承载方案，提出可能的传输组网方案，其中C-RAN集中化将消耗较多光纤资源，为降低C-RAN传输接入建设的光纤消耗量，拟采用粗波分复用技术、彩光技术等方案进行研究、实践。     

无源波分在5G前传接入中的应用研究

5G基站的大规模建设将消耗大量的前传光纤基础资源,给运营商带来建网成本、能耗的压力.通过比较各种前传方案,从技术、建设周期及成本效益等方面进行分析,提出在纤芯不足的区域采用无源波分方案,可大大节省建设成本、缩短建设周期、减少机房动力改造投资、降低运营成本.该方案能使综合TCO最优,高效解决5G前传难题,提高网络竞争力.     

正交频分复用信号峰均比抑制技术研究

正交频分复用(OFDM)系统存在峰值平均功率比(PAPR)较高的缺点.通过对PAPR相关特性的深入讨论分析,针对峰值抵消波峰因子降低(PC?CFR)算法引入的非线性失真较大的问题,提出了一种可降低信号非线性失真的峰均比抑制算法,即PC?CFR算法与部分传输序列(PTS)算法联合改进的PAPR抑制方案.仿真结果表明,该方...     

带缓存的云接入网络中最小化传输时延设计

为了更好适应下一代通信网络以内容为中心的特性，在云接入网络（Cloud Radio Access Network，Cloud-RAN）中考虑射频拉远头（Remote Radio Heads，RRHs）具备缓存功能也变得必要。本文考虑在Cloud-RAN中设计优化算法，并通过有效设计缓存方案减少系统传输时延。基于混合式自动重传请求(hybrid automatic repeat request, HARQ)的重传机制，前程链路与下行链路频谱信道的正交性，系统采用马尔可夫链理论建立了最小化系统传输时延的优化问题。考虑只能通过递归方式得到优化目标函数表达式，头脑风暴优化(brain storm optimization，BSO)算法被引入解决非凸问题，获得最优缓存方案。仿真结果表明，比起其他缓存方案，本文提出的优化算法可以有效地减少系统传输时延，满足未来通信需求。      

CU placement over a reconfigurable wireless fronthaul in 5G networks with functional splits

Mobile network operators are currently facing a tremendous increase in the level of data traffic. Although cell size reduction is one of the most common ways used to accommodate such traffic demand, densely deployed small cells also dramatically increase the level of intercell interference. By centralizing baseband signal processing at powerful computing infrastructures, called centralized unit (CU) pools, cloud radio access network (C‐RAN) enables advanced coordination algorithms to be employed in dense small cell networks. In C‐RAN, due to stringent bandwidth and latency requirements at the fronthaul links, the optical fiber, thanks to its bandwidth and latency characteristics, continues to be the most prevalent fronthaul medium option. Nevertheless, the optical fiber is one of the fronthaul options, while C‐RAN (physical layer radio frequency [PHY‐RF] split) is one of the functional splits that can be defined each coming with different fronthaul requirements. In this paper, we formulate and solve a dynamic CU placement problem for mobile networks as an integer linear programming (ILP) problem. In the considered network, CU pools are placed at the edges of the network, and a reconfigurable millimeter wave (MMW) wireless fronthaul links are used in order to provide decentralized units (DUs) with connectivity. We study the impact of different functional splits on the placement cost and on the acceptance ratio using different substrate networks. Lastly, we propose and evaluate a CU placement heuristic algorithm using a numerical simulator. The results reveal that the optimal functional split selection can lead to significant resource utilization benefits in the RAN.     

Design and analysis of cooperative wireless data access algorithms in multi-radio wireless networks

In the future, most mobile nodes will have multiple radio interfaces, and this feature can be exploited to reduce the transmission cost in wireless data access applications. In this work, we propose cooperative poll-each-read (CoopPER) and cooperative callback (CoopCB) wireless data access algorithms with strong consistency in multi-radio wireless networks. In addition, we investigate CoopPER and CoopCB in heterogeneous wireless networks where CoopPER and CoopCB nodes are mixed. Extensive simulations are done to show the effects of access-to-update ratio, data access pattern, cache size, and cooperation range. Simulation results demonstrate that CoopPER and CoopCB can significantly reduce the expensive transmission cost over wireless links.     

Physical layer security strategies for downlink heterogeneous cloud radio access networks

Cloud radio access networks （C-RANs） were proposed as promising solutions to increase both spectrum and energy efficiency performance in next generation wireless communication systems. Much works discussed the concrete implementation technology to justify the huge development potential of C-RAN. However, only a few litterateurs focused on characterizing the physical layer security in the downlink. The authors studied the physical layer security in downlink heterogeneous C-RAN systems in the article. To characterize the random deployment of remote radio units （RRUs） with single antenna configuration, the stochastic geometry is based to evaluate the proposals＇ secrecy transmission capacity performances, where the closed-form expressions are derived. Furthermore, two security strategies based on eavesdropper neutralization region to protect the target RRU user against eavesdropping were presented and analyzed. Simulation illustrates the secrecy transmission capacity performance limits on different system parameters. The presented security strategies show a significant enhancement on the secrecy performance.     

Long-Term Spectrum Monitoring with Big Data Analysis and Machine Learning for Cloud-Based Radio Access Networks

Spectrum monitoring is important for efficient spectrum sharing and resource management in cloud-based radio access networks (C-RAN). In this paper we show how data obtained from long-term spectrum monitoring together with machine learning (ML) operating on big data (BD) can be used in a C-RAN scenario for spectrum management purposes. We propose an approach for spectrum occupancy forecasting which can be used to reduce the delay in making dynamic spectrum allocation decisions and improve the cognitive and management functionalities of cloud-based architectures such as C-RAN. The spectrum occupancy and usage activity in a predefined frequency band is based on the statistical processing of a large amount of collected data and the introduction of a frequency–time resources indicator as a measure of spectrum usage. Furthermore, we apply ML algorithms to predict spectrum usage and compare the predicted with actual measured data. Taking into consideration that the accuracy of the prediction depends on the volume of collected data and the time of prediction on the BD and ML approach, we propose the development of a cloud-based generic processing architecture to solve the “accuracy versus latency” trade-off problem. The proposed architecture is appropriate for deployment in cognitive C-RAN.     

基于非正交多址接入的网络切片联合用户关联和功率分配算法

为了满足网络切片多样化需求,实现无线虚拟资源的动态分配,该文提出在C-RAN架构中基于非正交多址接入的联合用户关联和功率资源分配算法。首先,该算法考虑在不完美信道条件下,以切片和用户最小速率需求及时延QoS要求、系统中断概率、前传容量为约束,建立在C-RAN场景中最大化长时平均网络切片总吞吐量的联合用户关联和功率分配模型。其次,将概率混合优化问题转换为非概率优化问题,并利用Lyapunov优化理论设计一种基于当前时隙的联合用户调度和功率分配的算法。最后采用贪婪算法求得用户关联问题次优解;基于用户关联的策略,将功率分配的问题利用连续凸逼近方法将其转换为凸优化问题并采用拉格朗日对偶分解方法获得功率分配策略。仿真结果表明,该算法能满足各网络切片和用户需求的同时有效提升系统时间平均切片总吞吐量。     

Resource allocation on secrecy energy efficiency for C-RAN with artificial noise

In this paper, we devote to maximize the secrecy energy efficiency (SEE) for a cloud radio access network where exists an eavesdropper wiretapping information from remote radio head. We first establish the system model and then formulate the power optimization problem to maximize the SEE of the system subject to the fronthaul capacity and transmit power constraints. To address this nonconvex problem, we first convert the fractional objective function into a subtractive form and two algorithms are then proposed to solve it. Simulation results indicate that the proposed the iterative optimization algorithms can obtain higher SEE and present the merit of AN in enhancing the system performance when compared with conventional methods.

     

基于分块动态归一化的最优标量量化数据压缩

数据压缩的方法很多,实际应用中多采用变换加编码的方法,在允许一定的误差的范围内可以获得比无损压缩高得多的压缩率,而且常常大大简化处理算法。采用一种分块的动态归一化将需要压缩的数据收缩到[-1,1]的区间内,再采用Llyod算法对归一化的数据进行非线性标量量化编码降低每个采样点的比特位宽。算法简单,易于硬件实现,解码时只需查找码书和动态恢复。在50%压缩比情况下EVM值在1%以内。并针对该算法进行了MATLAB仿真和硬件代码的编写。     

An error protected 16 kbit/s voice transmission for land mobileradio channel

Robust speech coding and an efficient error correction coding is indispensable for toll-quality voice transmission in mobile radio because of degradation due to multipath fading. A decision procedure for the bit-selective forward-error-correction (BS-FEC) scheme is proposed as a promising solution to this problem, and backward-type prediction speech coding is shown to be more robust against transmission errors than forward-type prediction. Combinations of BS-FEC (channel coding) and backward-type prediction speech coding are designed, and improvements in the SNRs of transmitted voice signals are examined. Simulation results show that BS-FEC can provide good speech quality even at a bit error rate (BER) of 10^-2 in Rayleigh fading environments, at the cost of a slight degradation in the SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) at low BERs     

Link adaptation algorithms for improved delivery of delay- and error-sensitive packet-data services over wireless networks

Link Adaptation is a radio resource management technique that assesses the channel conditions and selects a transport mode, from a set of possible options, which is optimised for these conditions according to a predefined criterion. The optimum transport mode is commonly determined so as to maximise the throughput. Although this approach may be appropriate for best-effort services, its suitability for multimedia services, usually characterised by tight delay and error performance constraints, has been questioned. As a result, a number of alternative algorithms have been proposed in the literature. In this context, this paper presents and evaluates in a dynamic radio environment several Link Adaptation algorithms designed to enhance the provision of delay- and error-sensitive multimedia packet-data services over wireless systems. The obtained results demonstrate that significant improvements in terms of throughput, transmission delay, error performance and operation of Link Adaptation itself can be obtained with the proposed schemes.     

C-RAN协作通信系统中基于正交预编码的同步算法

在C-RAN( Centralized,Cooperative,Cloud RAN)无线网络架构中,协作多点传输受到符号定时偏差和载波频率偏差的影响。为了降低联合传输协作系统对异步信号的敏感性,将正交预编码的同步算法应用到联合传输协作系统中。首先,发射机发送经过重复编码和正交预编码矩阵处理后的数据信息;然后,接收机利用特定的接收矩阵,实现分离相互叠加的异步协作信号;最后,完成对协作信号载波频率偏差和符号定时偏差的估计和补偿。理论分析和仿真结果表明：该方法能够有效解决协作传输中信号异步问题,改善系统性能。