基于生态系统的适应与减灾理论在国外城市气候规划中的实践研究

随着气候变化问题日益凸显,应对气候变化已成为城市可持续发展的关键.在此背景下,基于生态系统的适应(EbA)与基于生态系统的减灾(Eco-DRR)理论逐渐产生并受到关注.当前EbA与Eco-DRR作为新兴概念,在国外的生态、气候变化、城市设计等领域的研究方兴未艾,其概念、内涵等理论内容已逐步成形并走向实践研究;而国内对E...     

基于自然的解决方案：利用自然应对可持续发展挑战的综合途径

人类的可持续发展正面临着诸如气候变化、城市化、粮食安全、水资源供应以及灾害风险等诸多挑战。为了应对这些复杂的挑战,既需要依靠技术策略以解决发展中的工程问题,同时还需要通过全面管理社会生态系统,以提高生态系统的服务能力;这些综合的方案被统称为"基于自然的解决方案"。首先对如何定义基于自然的解决方案进行探究,接着从实施途径到效益评估的角度,阐述基于自然的解决方案是如何落地的,并借助荷兰德尔福兰德的沙滩引擎项目,结合ChristopherM.Raymond的七阶段实施指导流程,具体阐释基于自然的解决方案是如何开展实践与评估。最后文章指出,尽管基于自然的解决方案已投入广泛的实践,但其仍处于探索阶段,存在着一定的发展障碍与知识缺口。为了更好地利用自然应对当下的严峻的挑战,亟须确立该术语的定义框架,制定统一的实施与评估流程,以提高基于自然的解决方案的可操作性。     

基于自然的解决方案的欧盟经验及其对我国的启示

面对日益复杂的环境问题,通过生态系统管理、提高其服务水平来实现可持续发展的方法逐渐兴起,这一系列综合的办法被统称为"基于自然的解决方案"。梳理了这一概念的缘起和定义,利用CiteSpace软件分析了当前的实践和研究趋势。介绍了欧盟的NbS研究议程以及柏林市的实践项目,认为突破行政边界、建立统一标准和吸纳生态服务的思想是欧盟NbS实践对我国生态建设的有益启示。     

城市绿地系统的规划探讨

本文通过对城市绿化规划思想的演变和城市绿地规划工作中存在问题的分析研究,提出了城市绿地系统规划新的理论框架.     

促进人群健康的社区环境与规划策略研究

现代城市环境给人类健康带来严峻挑战,慢性疾病和精神疾病呈逐步上升趋势,城市人群面临的身体与精神两方面的健康困扰日益凸显。本文认为不良的现代生活方式是其重要诱因;同时在分析社区环境促进人群健康的作用机制与影响效果的基础上,提出良好的社区环境建设是促进人群健康的重要途径,并从交通环境、游憩环境、建筑环境和绿地环境四个要素出发对促进人群健康的社区环境规划策略进行了探讨。     

论城市绿地系统规划理论与方法的时俱进

城市绿地系统规划是影响城市可持续发展的重要专项规划之一，直接与城市总体规划和土地利用总体规划相衔接。本文论述了我国城市绿地系统规划工作中目前存在的主要问题，结合国情对习用的一些规划编制理论与方法进行了反思，提出可持续发展的城市规划应当贯彻“生态优先、绿地优先、开敞空间优先”的规划原则，并需要在规划指标、规划方法和规划管理方面与时俱进，求实更新。     

促进人群健康的住区绿地环境研究

现代快节奏的生活背景下,不良的生活方式对人群健康造成了巨大潜在的危害。已有研究表明,缺乏足够的体力活动和社会交往是人群疾病高发的重要原因之一,也是导致人群慢性疾病盛行重要因素。住区绿地环境对促进人群步行等体力活动和社会交往具有积极作用。文章在分析住区绿地环境促进人群健康的作用机制与影响效果的基础上,尝试从多样性、可达性、安全性和舒适性等4个因子构建促进人群健康住区绿地环境,证实了良好的住区绿地环境是有效缓解当前严峻人群健康形势的重要途径。     

论城市绿地系统规划理论与方法的与时俱进

城市绿地系统规划是影响城市可持续发展的重要专项规划之一,直接与城市总体规划和土地利用总体规划相衔接。本文论述了我国城市绿地系统规划工作中目前存在的主要问题,结合国情对习用的一些规划编制理论与方法进行了反思,提出可持续发展的城市规划应当贯彻“生态优先、绿地优先、开敞空间优先”的规划原则,并需要在规划指标、规划方法和规划管理方面与时俱进,求实更新。     

探究城市绿地景观规划的理论与方法

2012年11月,党的十八大从新的历史起点出发,做出了“大力推进生态文明建设”的战略决策,从十个方面绘出了生态文明建设的宏伟蓝图。城市绿地景观规划是大力推进生态文明建设额重要项目。作为走上城市可持续化发展道路的重要途径,科学合理的城市绿地景观规划必不可少。本文根据我国目前的国情,从走生态文明建设的实际需求出发,探讨了城市绿地景观规划的理论与方法,以期帮助推进城市生态化建设。     

新冠肺炎(COVID-19)疫情下居住区绿地对居民心理健康影响的实证研究

As one of the frequently used green spaces of urban residents, residential green spaces have a positive effect on people’s mental health status. In order to understand the impact of residential green spaces on citizens’ mental health during the COVID-19 epidemic, this study collected the sociodemographic data of 556 residents from 15 residential communities in Hefei New Municipal and Culture District, Anhui Province, China in March, 2020 through online questionnaires, then adopted the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10 Scale) to evaluate the residents’ mental health status, and used GIMP Grid to quantify the green view index of residential green spaces outside the windows. Besides, a multiple linear regression model was used to explore the correlations between residential green spaces and residents’ mental health status. The findings show that green coverage ratio, satisfaction of the landscapes of green space, green view index outside the window, and green viewing duration of the residential green spaces have positive effects on residents’ mental health status. The study verifies the benefits of residential green spaces to promoting resident’s mental health status under COVID-19, providing a scientific guidance for the future practice of urban construction.     

以人群健康为导向的小型公共绿地建成环境要素分析——以江苏省南京市老城区为例

Urban public green spaces significantly impact public health level, where physical, social, and recreational outdoor activities play an important role in improving people’s physical and mental health. In this paper, a total of 35 samples of small public green spaces were selected, and the data of built environment factors and healthy activities of each sample were collocted through ArcGIS analysis, field survey, and mapping. This paper then analyzes the impact of built environment factors on public healthy activities from a planning and design perspective by establishing a ridge regression model, which adopts location factors and functional / spatial factors in small public green spaces as independent variables, and the frequency density of healthy activities as dependent variables. The research reveals that: To location factors, the small public green spaces located near dense residential areas have a much greater impact on promoting public health activities than the ones sitting in dense mixed land use areas; To functional / spatial factors, facilities are the dominant factor that positively impacts users’ healthy activities, particularly the seating density; Reasonably designed small public green spaces or the ones with more open interfaces can effectively encourage people’s healthy activities, while which would be significantly decreased when the green space rate or the path density is excessively high. Finally, the paper proposes suggestions on the planning and design of small public green spaces.     

中国城市老旧社区非正式绿地改造及其公众感知研究

Existing large-scale urban green spaces in a low distribution density can hardly meet citizens’ diverse and growing needs for convenient access and sharing modes, especially to those living in old communities. Compared with formal green spaces, informal green space (IGS) is a new urban green infrastructure contributing to the city’s coconstruction, co-governance, and co-sharing. This study was conducted based on a typical old residential community in the historic city center of Beijing, namely Beitaipingzhuang Neighborhood, acquired residents’ opinions, evaluation, and willing to participate in IGS governance, and investigated their preference of IGS renovation, activity, and the positive / negative perception of IGS scenarios through virtual renovation proposals upon the real scenes. According to the survey result, most residents have been aware of the existing IGS in communities as well as the advantages and disadvantages, and shown their support to IGS cogovernance; residents’ preference of IGS renovation scenarios is significantly affected by environmental factors—residents prefer the green spaces with a higher plant richness, a larger crown size, and a more complete leisure facility system. Therefore, residents’ positive perception can be enhanced through enriching plant species, adjusting green space ratio, and introducing proper planting patterns and facility types. Finally, the authors put forward several research interests for following up so as to provide targeted guidelines for the optimization of urban living environment.     

QUANTIFYING THE CARBON STORAGE CAPACITY AND ITS SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS OF GREEN SPACES IN A METROPOLITAN AREA: A CASE STUDY OF SEOUL,SOUTH KOREA

As a significant habitat type in cities, green spaces can provide various ecosystem services. Among them, the carbon storage of green spaces would effectively alleviate greenhouse effect, which is particularly important under the global warming. Due to difficulities in accessing high-resolution spatial data, previous research has summarized green spaces into different land use types to calculate carbon storage. However, since different vegetation communities have different characteristics, carbon storage capacities of green spaces vary. Focusing on the Seoul City, South Korea, this research aims at exploring the carbon storage capacities of varied green spaces and its distribution patterns. Based on the high-resolution habitat data of Seoul City in 2005 and 2015, the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model is used to estimate and visualize the carbon storage capacities of 17 types of green spaces to reveal the distribution patterns of carbon storage of different communities in the city’s green spaces. This study not only provides a scientific basis for ecological protection practices and sustainable land planning and management in Seoul and other similar regions, but also offers a reference for urban ecosystem service assessment and green space renewal strategy development in China.     

城市儿童公共空间 —广州俄罗斯方块商业广场景观设计

Tetris Square is a commercial plaza located in a corner of a large mixed-use development in Tianhe District, Guangzhou. Designers treated the site as an urban public space rather than a commercial place simply for children play, with focus on younger users and core families. Landscape architects attempt to respond to a series of community demands with a smarter proposal. Instead of a direct use of finished play equipment, designers create many flexible spaces for diverse play experience, and “hide” a grove by integrating it into the play facilities, which introduces an urban oasis attracting more visitors to the square. This does not follow the conventional design principle of commercial spaces which is to plant as few trees as possible for a maximum storefront display. The grid modules of squares make facility fabrication and installation much easier, helping save the costs and ensure the construction quality. Assembled precast concrete outdoor furniture was used extensively in the whole complex. Landscape architects designed only two basic precast concrete modules, which could be assembled into more than twenty combinations. Now Tetris Square is an urban playground for children and their parents, as well as a public space for other residents in adjacent communities. The project provides children with fun and happiness through user-friendly and naturalized design, encouraging children’s cognitive learning from the external world, and simulating their imagination and creativity in play.     

城市公共领域微更新驱动的整体提升行动——《广州天河中央商务区整体提升行动纲要》

By analyzing master planning of the Overall Improvement Initiative for Tianhe Central Business District, Guangzhou, this paper focused on the overall improvement initiative driven by micro regeneration in the urban public realm. To deal with challenges such as a variety of issues, multiple stakeholders, and long time span in this initiative, the planning team came up with a systematic roadmap including three stages, i.e. fundamental principals, design strategies, and implementation measures. In response, they built a goal-oriented Holistic Quintuple-Value System, drew Three Urban Public Realm Maps on urban governance, and launched the pilot action projects based on the “Influence-Complexity Matrix”. Additionally, the team valued public participation and feedback, and played diverse roles, e.g., consultant and organizer for public participation events, promoter for communication of communities, and propellant for project implementation. The Initiative has been reviewed and legalized in 2019, wherein, the implemented ones by stage since 2020, not only enhance the regional governance in Guangzhou, but offer references to urban governance and space quality improvement of the built areas in downtown metropolis of the same kind.     

特大城市包容性城中村改造理论架构与机制创新——来自北京和广州的考察与思考

城中村是中国特大城市现代化发展最后的堡垒,对城中村进行空间、经济与社会功能的结构性乃至系统性再造是特大城市"十三五"期间面对的历史性挑战。目前中国特大城市城中村改造的多种模式存在着共性的问题:"排斥性"、高成本、低效率、逆垄断、不可持续等,中国特大城市迫切需要建立包容性城中村改造模式。本文以北京市海淀区及广州市城中村改造调查研究为基础,试图构建中国特大城市包容性城中村改造的理论架构和实施机制,特别提出特大城市需要并可能将非户籍常住人口可支付健康住房纳入城中村改造规划,极大降低特大城市非户籍常住人口市民化成本,为"十三五"期间中国特大城市城中村改造提供参考。     

ANTICIPATED AIR POLLUTION TOLERANCE OF SOME PLANT SPECIES CONSIDERED FOR GREEN BELT DEVELOPMENT IN AND AROUND AN INDUSTRIAL/URBAN AREA IN INDIA: AN OVERVIEW

Vegetation naturally cleanses the atmosphere by absorbing gases and some particulate matter through leaves. Plants have a very large surface area and their leaves function as an efficient pollutant‐trapping device. Some plants have been classified according to their degree of sensitivity and tolerance towards various air pollutants. Sensitive plant species are suggested to act as bio‐indicators. Levels of air pollution tolerance vary from species to species, depending on the capacity of plants to withstand the effect of pollutants without showing any external damage. In this study, the air pollution tolerance index (APTI) of 30 plant species has been evaluated. High values of APTI were recorded in Mangifera indica, Moringa pterydosperma, Cassia renigera and Ailanthus excelsa. The anticipated performance index (API) of 30 plant species has also been evaluated for green belt (GB) development in and around an industrial urban area in India. Using APTI and this performance rating, the most tolerant plants have been identified.