外输油气计量

外输油气计量是油田产品进行内外交接时经济核算的依据。计量要求有连续性,仪表精度高。外输原油采用高精度的流量仪表连续计量出体积流量,乘以密度,减去含水量,求出质量流量,综合计量误差±0.35%。原油流量仪表用相应精度等级的标准体积管进行定期标定。另外也有用油罐检尺（量油）方法计算外输原油体积，再换算成原油质量流量。外蝓油田气的计量，一般由节流装置和差压计构成的差压流量计，并附有压力和温度补偿，求出体积流量，综合计量误差±3％。     

离心泵内部非定常数值模拟与压力脉动研究

利用雷诺时均方程、双方程湍流模型并结合SIM-PLEC算法对离心泵内部三维不可压湍流场进行数值模拟,得出其内部的压力分布及监测点的压力脉动情况,在模拟的基础上,进行了外特性试验,试验证明了模拟结果的正确性。研究表明:由于蜗壳的非对称性使离心泵内部流动具有非对称及非定常特性,压力以叶片旋转频率发生周期性变化;额定流量时,监测点的压力波动幅度比偏工况时脉动幅值要小。     

变速给水泵适应除氧器滑压运行的探讨

除氧器采用滑压运行,会带来一些新问题,其中除了除氧器在升压时,引起给水除氧效果稍有恶化外,最主要的是在降压时引起水泵的汽蚀威胁。在设计中采取了一些防止措施,即把除氧器压力的突降缓和为稳降,减小除氧器压力的下降速度,把给水泵汽水     

降低供汽管网压力损失的措施

介绍在供汽管网上采取的减温器改造、旁通外压式膨胀节改造、旋转膨胀节代替横向波纹膨胀节、弯管流量计取代孔板流量计等节能措施及其应用效果,分析计算由于减低管道压力损失所带来的节能效益。     

二种关于平炉胆强度计算方法的比较

对于主要受外压静载荷的圆筒壳体,强度计算有二项:一是抗弹性失稳计算;另一是抗塑性变形计算。JB3622—84《锅壳式锅炉受压元件强度计算》对承受外压力的圆筒形平炉胆的最小壁厚计算给出下列二个公式:     

柱塞相位配流海(淡)水泵的动力学仿真研究

柱塞相位配流海(淡)水泵在压水过程中,不同时刻压水腔的压力、外泄漏和柱塞运动位置为变化量,从而导致作用于柱塞和球头连杆上的力发生变化.在建立泵的数学模型基础上,应用动力学分析软件ADAMS对作用于球头连杆轴向力、曲轴斜轴中心点受力及压水腔水压力进行动态仿真,其仿真结论可为柱塞相位配流海(淡)水泵的研制提供一定的理论依据.     

不同大气压力下掺烧10%体积含量生物柴油对共轨柴油机燃烧和排放的影响

对高压共轨柴油机在不同大气压力下掺烧10%体积含量生物柴油(B10)和石化柴油的燃烧和排放特性进行了试验研究。试验结果表明:外特性工况下,与原机相比,3 200r/min和1 200r/min时B10的最高燃烧压力、峰值压升率略低,峰值放热率略高;2 200r/min时B10的最高燃烧压力、峰值压升率和放热率均略高;HC和CO排放均降低;大气压力81kPa时B10的NOx排放降低1.2%～10.0%,碳烟减少4.8%～20.4%,大气压力100kPa时NOx排放增加1.0%～4.3%,碳烟减少6.2%～16.8%。等功率工况下,与原机相比,B10的最高燃烧压力、峰值压升率和放热率略高,碳烟和NOx排放有不同程度的降低。外特性工况下,与大气压力81kPa时相比,100kPa下原机和B10的最高燃烧压力、峰值压升率和放热率均略高;NOx排放增加12.0%～369.2%,碳烟减少23.2%～34.6%。等功率工况下,与大气压力81kPa时相比,100kPa下原机和B10的最高燃烧压力、峰值压升率和放热率均略高,NOx排放增加14.5%～330.7%,低转速的增加幅度较大,碳烟减少4.6%～74.4%,HC和CO排放均增加。关键词:内燃机;高压共轨柴油机;生物柴油;燃烧;不同大气压力;排放     

醇类-汽油混合燃料的喷雾特性

在试验台上,研究了使用汽油醇类混合燃料,其中醇类燃料体积分数分别为10％的乙醇-汽油、30％的乙醇-汽油、10％的正丁醇-汽油和30％的正丁醇-汽油时,直喷汽油机多孔喷油器的喷油率和喷雾特性.结果表明,随着喷油压力的提高,醇类-汽油混合燃料的瞬时喷油率增大,且瞬时喷油率波动性依赖于燃料.同时,喷油压力的提高使得喷雾贯穿距离加大,单次喷油后同一时刻的喷雾差异性变大.在高背压,相同喷油压力下醇类-汽油混合燃料的贯穿距离与汽油接近.背压大小对不同燃料喷油初期的喷雾锥角影响较大.低背压时,汽油的喷雾锥角高于醇类-汽油混合燃料,而高背压时,除了30％乙醇-汽油燃料外,醇类-汽油混合燃料的喷雾锥角更大.     

Unsteady flows of a scroll expander under various types of expansion process

本工作采用计算流体力学（CFD）的方法对适应于微型压缩空气储能（micro-CAES）系统的涡旋膨胀机工作过程进行非定常数值模拟,得到膨胀机内部压力场、速度场和温度场的分布,研究了相同排气背压下外膨胀比对涡旋膨胀机非稳态性能的影响规律及工作腔流场结构分布,结果显示：排气背压一定时,外膨胀比的变化对进气质量流量的脉动规律影响较小,外膨胀比的增加,增大了出口质量流量脉动程度、增大了膨胀机内压缩空气的热量利用程度、增大了膨胀机非稳态驱动力矩、增大了背压腔内二次流旋涡的强度和尺度,背压腔中存在明显局部高温区。     

古田溪四级大坝坝基扬压力综合分析

为确保大坝渗流安全,从扬压力角度定性分析了古田溪四级大坝坝基扬压力监测资料,计算了高 水位时段的渗压系数,并运用逐步回归分析法建立了扬压力统计模型对其进行定量分析。结果表明,扬 压力受上游水位、降雨、温度和时效的影响,其中时效分量在各分量中占主导因素。扬压力纵向分布除 渗#1测压孔外,总体呈河床坝段低、岸坡坝段高的特点,横向分布为从上游至下游测压孔水位逐渐降低 ,扬压力变化规律正常,对坝基稳定不构成威胁。但渗#1测压孔扬压水位明显异常增大,需进一步分析 论证。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。