Electrode tips geometry and penetrating in narrow gap welding

Abstract

The problem of sidewall incomplete fusion in narrow gap tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding could be well solved when the proper magnetic field was added. However, the various tungsten electrode tips seriously affect the distribution of arc pressure and the quality of welding seams. In addition, it is a 350 A GTA, as this is in a regime in which finger penetration is common. This paper studies the distribution of arc pressure of five different styles of tungsten electrode tips: 30° circular cone, 60° circular cone, 60° circular cone with truncated cone of 2 mm diameter, terrace of 2×2 mm and terrace of 2×0·8 mm with the same welding parameters. The character of arc pressure is verified by assaying the seam cross-section under the controlling magnetic field condition in narrow gap welding. The measuring equipment that we designed independently is creative and applicative in narrow gap TIG welding under magnetic fields.     

The element transfer behavior of gas pool coupled activating TIG welding

This paper deals with a novel dual shield TIG welding method named gas pool coupled activating TIG( GPCA-TIG)welding. The welding method divides the shielding gas into two layers. Inert gas such as Ar is adopted as the inner layer gas to protect the tungsten electrode and the molten pool metal. Pure O_2,N_2 or mixture of them are used as the outer layer gas to increase the weld penetration and improve the low temperature toughness of weld metal. Through analyzing the interaction between outer gas and arc and the distributions and existing forms of oxygen and nitrogen elements,the transfer behaviors of nitrogen and oxygen from arc to pool were investigated. The results show that,the interaction between the outer gas and arc plasma makes the arc slightly constrict. The incoming oxygen enriches on the molten pool surface and exists in the form of iron oxide,chromium oxide,manganese oxide and silicon oxygen compounds. The incoming nitrogen evenly distributes in the molten pool and exists in the form of nitrogen atom.     

耦合电弧钨极TIG焊电弧压力的测量与分析

开发了一种耦合电弧钨极,可显著降低电弧压力,消除咬边和驼峰焊道等缺陷,实现较高速度的TIG焊接.针对这种钨极进行了TIG电弧压力测量,研究了主要工艺参数对电弧压力分布的影响规律.结果表明,与传统TIG电弧相比,在相同参数下耦合电弧钨极TIG电弧压力峰值明显降低,并且随着弧长的增加、钨极伸出长度的增加、焊接电流的减小、电极槽宽的增大以及钨极直径的增大,耦合电弧钨极TIG焊的电弧压力峰值减小.对电弧压力的影响由大到小依次为焊接电流、钨极伸出长度、弧长和钨极直径、电极槽宽.     

气体熔池耦合活性TIG焊方法

提出了一种新型活性TIG焊方法——气体熔池耦合活性TIG焊,即GPCA-TIG焊.该焊接方法将气体分两层流动,内层气体采用惰性气体起到保护熔池的作用;外层气体则为含活性元素O的气体,将活性元素O引入熔池金属,达到增加熔深的目的.文中以SUS304不锈钢为焊接母材,研究了GPCA-TIG焊接法对焊接电弧及焊缝成形的作用,以及该方法主要工艺参数对焊缝熔深和深宽比的影响.结果表明,在相同参数下,与常规TIG焊方法相比,GPCA-TIG焊可不开坡口一次性焊透8 mm不锈钢板,焊接效率明显提高.同时采用该方法,可以有效避免钨极的氧化烧损.     

双钨极氩弧焊耦合电弧压力分析

双钨极氩弧焊(twin-electrode TIG, T-TIG)的耦合电弧是由设置在同一个焊枪中的两个相互绝缘的钨极各自产生的电弧耦合而成的.这个耦合电弧在物理特性上不同于传统单钨极TIG电弧.以试验为基础,分析了耦合电弧的电弧压力特性,并对比单钨极电弧就焊接电流、电弧弧长、钨极间距和钨极形状对耦合电弧压力分布的影响进行了研究.     

变极性TIG焊电弧压力分析

采用压力传感器获取不同条件下的变极性钨极氩弧焊(VPTIG)横焊时的电弧压力,研究分析了电弧压力在径向上的分布规律,对比研究了直流TIG焊、反极性期间占5%,15%的变极性TIG中心电弧压力.结果表明,变极性TIG焊电弧压力的径向分布属于双面指数分布.焊接电流在100~140 A范围内,在电流均值相等的情况下,由于反极性期间电子发射机制和电弧发散等原因,随着一个周期内钨极为正半波的时间比例增加,电弧压力逐渐减小,且焊接电弧积分力与电流的平方近似成正比例关系.     

耦合电弧AA-TIG焊电弧压力测量与分析

针对耦合电弧AA-TIG焊接法(arc assisted activating TIG welding),采用基于不锈钢作阳极的静态小孔法对其电弧压力进行了测量,研究了主要工艺参数对电弧压力分布的影响规律.与常规钨极氩弧焊相比,在相同条件下耦合电弧AA-TIG焊的电弧压力峰值明显降低,并随着焊接电流的减小、钨极间距的增大、弧长的增大、辅助电弧中氧含量的减小而减小.在2mm钨极间距时,电弧压力服从高斯分布,随着钨极间距的增大电弧压力向双峰分布过渡.     

Influence of arc pressure on the forming of molten pool in tungsten inert gas arc butt welding with micro gap for tantalum sheet

0IntroductionHaving better plasticity and workability, high meltingpoint, and excellent resistance to a lot of sour, ethanol,chloride, sulphuret and other chemical articles, tantalumis a rare and important strategic material and nowhas beenwidely applied in some fields such as chemical, aero-space, atomic, electronic industrial, etc[1]. For continu-ous tungsten inert gas welding of tantalum sheet, becauseof high welding speed, thin thickness of workpiece andcertain butt gap, some shaping defec…     

不锈钢高频复合双钨极氩弧焊接工艺方法

针对双钨极TIG焊存在的电弧压力小、焊缝熔深浅等问题,提出了一种新型焊接工艺方法——高频复合双钨极TIG焊(high frequency hybrid twin-electrode TIG welding, HFHT-TIG焊),在双钨极氩弧焊的一个钨极上通以高频脉冲电流,达到提高电弧压力和挺度、搅拌熔池、细化晶粒、改善接头组织和力学性能的目的. 采用HFHT-TIG焊进行了6 mm厚奥氏体不锈钢焊接工艺试验,并与双钨极TIG焊接头进行对比. 结果表明,HFHT-TIG焊能够显著提高电弧挺度和电弧压力,焊缝表面成形更佳,横截面对称性更好,焊缝区的树枝晶组织更加细小,断口韧窝更加均匀和细密,接头的抗拉强度和断后伸长率分别提高了12.1%和30.2%.     

交流脉冲TIG焊波成形过程数值分析

考虑到电弧驱动力的影响,建立了在交流脉冲钨隋性气体（TIG）焊过程中焊波成形的三维瞬态数值分析模型。为避免焊丝熔化成熔滴后对电弧熔池表面波动的影响,当电弧在2024铝合金基板上扫描时,送丝机不送丝。结果表明,当电流在基值与峰值之间切换时,熔池表面呈周期性的波动,且随着电弧的移动,熔池后沿逐渐凝固。在大温度梯度下冷却的熔池表面在恢复平整前就已经凝固,从而形成焊波。焊波形成频率与电流脉冲频率相同,且相邻焊波间距约等于电弧扫描速度与电流脉冲频率的乘积。     

An introduction to physical phenomena in arc welding processes

As is well known, arc discharges have been applied to various processes such as welding, cutting, spray coating, melting and refining. Unlike electrodeless discharge methods such as high frequency discharge of inductive coupling type (eg. RF discharge), arc discharge is a polarized discharge in which the arc is generated between the positive and negative electrodes.¹ Accordingly, when the arc discharge is applied to welding processes, the material becomes one of the electrodes. In TIG welding, the material, that is, the molten pool, generally acts as the anode to the tungsten cathode. As shown in Fig. 1, TIG welding processes are based on the close energy balance between the 'electrode-arc plasma-molten pool'. On the other hand, for the formation of the molten pool, energy transfer from the arc is also important, but energy transfer in the molten pool after that is extremely important, too. In TIG welding of steels, in which energy transfer by convection current becomes dominant rather than thermal conduction,² the penetration at the weld joint has hugely different geometries according to the difference in convective current phenomena at the molten pool. As a driving force of convective current in the molten pool in TIG welding, four forces have been considered,^2-6 as shown in Fig. 1. They are the drag force (friction force) caused by plasma jet (cathode jet) generated by the arc, the buoyancy force induced by the density difference inside the molten pool, the electromagnetic force induced by the current flow inside the molten pool and Marangoni Force induced by the surface tension gradient of the molten pool. These four forces can be said to be also based on the close force balance of the 'electrode-arc plasma-molten pool', as with the energy balance.     

电弧力对TIG焊接熔池液面形态影响的数值模拟

在建立TIG焊接熔池液面三维形状模型基础上,对电弧力作用于熔池液面进行了表征,采用Surface Evolver有限元分析软件进行数值模拟,研究了电弧力对TIG焊接熔池液面三维形态的影响.得到了有电弧作用时,熔池的三维形态和熔池各液面参数随电弧力大小变化的规律.结果表明,在熔池形状一定时(正面、背面熔化区域半径和板厚一定),电弧力的作用深度增加会引起熔池上、下液面和固液面的表面积均增加,其中电弧力的大小对TIG焊接熔池的上液面影响程度大于下液面.这些分析结果为探讨TIG焊接熔池的各类问题提供了基础.     

Two-dimensional arc stagnation pressure measurements for the double-electrode GTAW process

Double-electrode gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) is a relatively new GTAW variant that has been studied and developed over recent years, with the aim being to achieve a robust high-speed and high-current process with subsequent productivity improvements. In this present study, two-dimensional arc stagnation pressure measurements were performed, allowing a broad visualisation of the arc pressure distribution at the area above the welding torch, with a 0.5?mm resolution. The influence of the distance between the electrodes was evaluated and the results were compared with the conventional GTAW process. It was found that this distance greatly modifies the resulting arc morphology and, consequently, the arc pressure distribution. The results showed that the double-electrode process has much lower pressure than the single-electrode GTAW, for example, using the minimal possible distance between the electrodes results in about half of the maximum pressure measured for the single electrode, which would enable the development of high productivity applications.     

Thermal and force effects of the arc on the weld pool in non-consumable electrode (TIG) welding in inert gas mixtures

The results of investigations of the relationship of the distribution of the arc pressure on the weld pool with the composition of the shielding gas and the characteristics of cathode processes are presented. It is shown that the most favourable pressure curve from the viewpoint of formation of defect-free welded joints is produced using the electrodes forming a diffuse cathode spot and by increasing the helium concentration in the shielding gas in welding with a conical electrode.     

铝合金TIG焊接熔池状态多传感器数据协同感知算法

针对铝合金钨极惰性气体保护电弧焊(tungsten inert gas arc welding,TIG焊)过程中,焊接工艺参数的实时状态与焊缝熔池三维尺寸间的非线性对应关系,研究建立一种基于信息物理融合的多传感器TIG焊过程熔池状态协同感知计算方法. 首先,构建由红外温度传感器、电弧形态传感器、电弧能量传感器和焊接位置传感器组成的TIG焊过程熔池状态信息物理融合系统架构. 其次,考虑焊接过程中焊枪电弧的运动特性和测量噪声影响,设计基于温度、位置、能量传感器信息交互的熔池长宽深三维参数状态感知策略,并基于多传感器数据的异步和异构特性,提出了基于无迹卡尔曼滤波的焊接过程中熔池状态的多传感器数据协同感知算法. 针对7075超硬铝合金TIG焊过程进行熔池参数在线测量与辨识试验,结果表明,所提算法能够根据TIG焊过程多传感器数据实时计算熔池参数结果,焊缝宽度和焊缝高度计算结果误差基本上控制在10%以内,该算法响应时间基本控制在0.3 s内,能够较为准确地评估焊接过程中熔池的实时状态.     

TIG and A-TIG welding experimental investigations and comparison with simulation

Abstract

In this part II, the comparison of physical mechanisms between tungsten inert gas (TIG) and active TIG (A-TIG) welding is shown. The plasma was monitored by a high speed camera to present the arc constriction phenomena while passing from TIG to A-TIG. The elemental analysis and the arc temperature measured by optical emission spectroscopy were performed according to the type of welding and the different fluxes in A-TIG welding. The two-dimensional axial symmetric model presented in part I was used to simulate the flow behaviour in the melting pool realised on a stainless steel disc (304L) melted by a stationary heat source and to study the influence of energy density.     

不锈钢电弧辅助活性TIG焊

针对不锈钢,提出了一种新型活性YIG焊方法--电弧辅助活性TIG焊,即AA-TIG焊(arc assisted activating TIG welding).该焊接方法通过在正常TIG焊前以活性混合气体作为保护气体,采用小电流钨极电弧预熔待焊焊道表面,可使熔深显著增加,焊接效率大大提高,而且具有可全自动化焊接和工艺可重复性好等优点.分别采用O2+Ar,CO2+Ar,空气作为小电流钨极电弧的保护气体进行了单弧AA-TIG焊.与传统TIG焊比较,发现O2+Ar,CO2+Ar和空气都可显著增加熔深,减小熔宽,焊缝表面成形良好.采用CO2+Ar作为活性混合保护气体进行双弧AA-TIG焊,焊缝成形良好,熔深显著增加.熔深随着焊枪间距减小而增大.     

空心钨极TIG焊电弧特性数值模拟

建立了内径2 mm的空心钨极TIG焊电弧数值模型,用Fluent软件用户自定义函数(UDF)功能加载了氩气电导率、动量方程和能量方程的源项,计算了稳态下焊接电流为60 A时电弧的温度场、流场以及电弧压力,并与相同条件下实心钨极TIG焊电弧作了对比. 结果表明,空心钨极TIG焊电弧呈钟罩形,空心钨极圆环放电和钨极中心气流的冷却作用使得电弧温度分布云图顶部下凹;电弧等离子体在钨极下方运动速度较快,阳极表面电弧压力呈柱状分布,弧柱区空间压力分布比较均匀;与相同电流条件下TIG焊相比,空心钨极TIG焊电弧峰值温度降低17.3%,钨极下方2 mm位置处峰值温度降低27%,等离子体最大运动速度降低40%,电弧压力峰值降低57%,堆焊焊缝熔宽增加30%,熔深减小27.9%.     

不预热情况下的紫铜TIG焊熔池温度场的数值模拟

焊接过程是一个迅速而又极不均匀的物理化学冶金过程,焊接熔池一直是焊接模拟的一个重要领域.根据能量守恒的基本原理和钨极氩弧焊(TIG)工艺的特点,建立了运动电弧作用下紫铜非稳态TIG焊接熔池形态的数值分析模型,分析中引入了热焓的概念和表面双椭圆分布的热源模型,较好地满足了TIG焊接数值模拟的要求.在不预热的情况下采用Ar N2对厚壁紫铜进行了TIG焊接的研究,并在不同工艺参数下将试验值与计算值进行了比较.结果表明,计算的结果与实际测量的结果较为吻合,证明了模型的可靠性和正确性.     

不同驱动力对熔池表面变形行为影响的数值模拟

基于流体动力学方程，采用焓-孔隙度法来处理液-固相变，采用VOF方法追踪熔池自由表面变形，建立了固定电弧下的三维瞬态TIG焊熔池数学模型，求解获得了在浮力、Marangoni力、电磁力和电弧压力单独作用时的熔池表面变形行为及其温度场与速度场的分布.模拟结果表明，在大电流（I≥250 A）时，在浮力、表面张力温度系数为正时的Marangoni力、电磁力单独作用于熔池上表面将会产生凸起变形，在电弧压力、表面张力温度系数为负时的Marangoni力单独作用下，熔池上表面将会产生凹陷变形.在大电流下，TIG焊和活性TIG焊熔池均产生凹陷变形.TIG焊熔池的中心区域形成向内的涡流，边缘部位形成向外的涡流，而活性TIG熔池在熔池中心和熔池边缘则分别形成两种成因不同的内向涡流.熔池表面变形量并不是各个驱动力作用的简单叠加.