胰腺囊性肿瘤的诊断与治疗

胰腺囊性肿瘤（cystic tumors of the pancreas）是较少见的肿瘤,术前常难于确诊,常见的几种肿瘤为胰腺囊腺瘤和囊腺癌、胰腺实性假乳头肿瘤和胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤。胰腺囊性肿瘤发病率以黏液性囊腺瘤或囊腺癌最高,浆液性囊腺瘤次之。近年来,胰腺实性假乳头状瘤（或称囊实性肿瘤）和导管内乳头状黏液瘤的文献报道增多。熟悉这几种肿瘤的临床特点,特别是影像学特征,能提高诊断准确率,确定正确的治疗方案,从而提高治疗效果。     

胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤的诊断与治疗

目的提高对胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤(IPMTs)的认识,以改善其诊治水平。方法对1993年5月至2003年12月收治的15例IPMTs病人的临床、影像学表现及病理资料作回顾性分析。结果15例中男性12例,女性3例。年龄33～76岁,平均58岁。上腹痛为最常见症状。B超和CT检查,均提示有不同程度的胰管扩张和囊实性占位。11例行ERCP检查,发现十二指肠乳头肿大和黏液溢出者7例。14例行手术治疗(胰十二指肠切除术12例,胰体尾切除1例,全胰切除1例)。术后病理诊断胰头导管内乳头状黏液性腺癌3例、导管内乳头状黏液性腺瘤伴局部癌变6例、胰头导管内乳头状黏液性腺瘤伴不典型增生3例、胰头导管内乳头状黏液性腺瘤2例,术后除1例因肝广泛转移而死亡外,其余病人均健在,存活期最长1例已13年。结论胰腺有囊实性占位伴胰管全程扩张的病人应考虑IPMTs,ERCP发现十二指肠乳头增大有黏液溢出者可确诊该疾病。手术切除是最有效的治疗,术后预后良好。     

胰腺囊性肿瘤的诊治98例报告

目的探讨胰腺囊性肿瘤的常见类型、诊断及合理手术方式的选择。方法对2000年1月至2008年12月期间收治98例胰腺囊性肿瘤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果本病无特征性的临床表现,B超、CT和Mill等影像学检查也能发现胰腺囊肿病灶但不能确定具体类型。本组胰腺囊腺瘤57例（浆液性囊腺瘤32例,黏液性囊腺瘤25例）,黏液性囊腺癌13例,实性假乳头状瘤19例,导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤9例。所有患者均手术治疗,胰十二指肠切除26例,保留十二指肠胰头切除28例,胰腺节段切除术7例,胰体尾切除加脾脏切除25例,肿瘤摘除术12例。术后均进行随访,3例胰腺囊腺癌患者于术后6个月到4年期间死于癌转移或其他疾病,1例囊腺癌患者术后9个月肿瘤复发,再次手术后现仍生存,其他均存活。结论B超,CT和MRI等影像学技术是胰腺囊性肿瘤的主要诊断方法。手术切除为治疗该肿瘤的最有效手段。正确的诊断和合理手术方式的选择是提高其临床治愈率的关键。     

胰腺囊性肿瘤的诊治研究

目的 初步探讨胰腺囊性肿瘤的诊治策略.方法 回顾性分析我院近十年来收治的21例胰腺囊性肿瘤的病例资料.结果 21例胰腺囊性肿瘤患者中胰腺浆液性囊腺瘤11例,黏液性囊腺瘤6例,胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤2例,胰腺实性假乳头状瘤2例;其中仅7例患者伴有相应的症状和体征,其他均为健康体检时所发现.所有患者均经手术治疗,其中8例行胰十二指肠切除术、5例行胰体尾切除术、1例行腹腔镜下胰尾切除术、2例行胰腺肿瘤摘除术、4例行胰腺节段切除术;1例囊腺癌患者仅可行姑息手术,其余20例患者随访11～96个月,均未出现肿瘤复发或转移.结论 任何影像学检查都不能准确判断胰腺囊性肿瘤的具体病理类型;及时手术探查是防止肿瘤癌变的重要手段,除了已经获得明确诊断、肿瘤较小且无明显症状的浆液性囊腺瘤之外,都应该积极手术治疗.     

胰腺囊性肿瘤35例诊治分析

目的 探讨胰腺囊性肿瘤的诊断和治疗.方法 对35例胰腺囊性肿瘤病例资料进行回顾性分析.结果 术前诊断率:B超为28.6%(10/35),CT为44.4%(12/27),MRI为70%(7/10).28例行手术治疗,并为术后病理确诊,其中浆液性囊腺瘤2例,黏液性囊腺瘤9例,囊腺癌7例,胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤3例,胰腺实性假乳头状瘤7例.获得随访23例:胰腺囊腺瘤术后5年存活率为62.5%(5/8),无复发病例;胰腺囊腺癌完整切除者最长存活5年8个月,未能完整切除者最长存活6个月;胰腺实性假乳头状瘤4例,均健在,最长已存活4年.结论 胰腺囊性肿瘤术前诊断较困难,CT及MRI对本病的诊断帮助较大.外科切除是最有效的治疗手段.加强各科医师之间的交流与合作、及早发现、恰当的手术方法,有助于提高本病的诊治效果.     

无症状胰腺肿瘤的诊断与治疗

目的:探讨无症状胰腺肿瘤的诊断与治疗经验。方法:回顾性分析意外发现的无症状胰腺肿瘤的临床资料。结果:本组38例,男14例,女24例。肿瘤位于胰头者17例,胰体尾者21例。所有病例均行手术切除,包括胰十二指肠切除术11例,保留十二指肠的胰头切除术3例,肿瘤局部切除术1例,节段性胰腺切除术8例,胰体尾、脾切除术15例。术后病理:胰腺导管癌5例,无功能胰岛细胞瘤13例(其中2例恶性),浆液性囊腺瘤8例,黏液性囊腺瘤8例,囊腺癌1例,恶性胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤2例,胰腺实性假乳头状瘤1例。恶性肿瘤共10例,占26.3%(10/38)。随访表明,除3例胰体癌术后6个月后死于肝转移外,其余已健康生存11个月～8年至今。结论:无症状胰腺肿瘤大部为良性肿瘤,部分为恶性肿瘤,应予积极手术治疗。手术切除率高,预后良好。     

胰腺囊性肿瘤19例诊治分析

目的探讨胰腺囊性肿瘤的诊断及外科治疗方法。方法对我院2003年4月至2012年4月期间收治的19例胰腺囊性肿瘤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果本组19例患者中浆液性囊腺瘤8例,黏液性囊腺瘤5例,导管内乳头状黏液瘤4例,实性假乳头状瘤1例,囊腺癌1例。行B超或CT发现胰腺占位病变。位于胰头部5例,胰体部8例,胰尾部6例。行肿瘤摘除术4例,保留脾脏的胰体尾切除术5例,胰体尾＋脾脏切除手术3例,胰十二指肠切除术6例,1例囊腺癌患者困肝脏转移伴腹腔广泛转移、侵犯大血管而肿瘤不能切除仅行胃空肠、胆肠吻合。术后发生胰瘘2例,腹腔感染1例,经保守治疗后康复出院。无同手术期死亡病例。19例患者均进行了随访,随访时间6～80个月,平均45．2个月。1例囊腺癌合并肝脏转移患者于术后7个月死亡,其余良性肿瘤患者均未见复发,最长已存活5年。结论胰腺囊性肿瘤主要靠影像学检查发现,手术切除是理想的治疗方法,选择合适的术式有助于避免术后并发症的发生和改善预后。     

胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤的诊治进展

胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤（IPMN）1982年由日本Ohhashi等首先报道，以后陆续有少量病例报道，近十年以来报道的病例数明显增加，目前国外文献中上百例报道也有数篇，但国内仅见1篇8例报道。对该肿瘤曾有过多种不同命名，如产黏液癌、高分泌黏液癌、导管内乳头状肿瘤、导管高分泌黏液肿瘤、导管内癌、导管产黏液肿瘤、导管扩展型黏液性囊腺瘤和囊腺癌、黏液性导管扩展症、胰管扩展型产黏液肿瘤等。1996年WHO颁布IPMN的诊断标准，以期将其与胰腺黏液性囊腺瘤或胰腺黏液性囊腺癌区分开来。在临床与病理方面，IPMN与后者也有明显的差异。     

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胰腺良性及低度恶性肿瘤主要包括胰腺囊性肿瘤(浆液性囊腺瘤、黏液性囊性肿瘤和导管内乳头状黏液瘤)、实性假乳头状肿瘤及无功能胰岛细胞瘤等.     

胰腺囊性肿瘤24例诊治分析

目的探讨胰腺囊性肿瘤的诊断及治疗策略。方法回顾性分析本院1998至2011年收治的24例胰腺囊性肿瘤患者的诊治资料。结果所有患者均经手术治疗,其中浆液性囊腺瘤11例;粘液性囊腺瘤5例;囊腺癌5例;导管内乳头状粘液性肿瘤2例,其中恶性1例;实性假乳头状瘤1例。5例行胰十二指肠切除术,10例行胰腺体尾部切除术,7例行胰腺肿瘤切除术,2例术中发现腹腔内转移,仅行活检术。无围手术期死亡病例,22例获得随访,随访6个月～11年,死亡5例,存活17例。结论胰腺囊性肿瘤无特征性临床表现,B超、CT、CA19—9有助于诊断,提高对本病的认识,积极的手术切除是改善其预后的主要措施。     

Mucin-producing neoplasms of the pancreas. Intraductal papillary and mucinous cystic neoplasms.

OBJECTIVE: The authors compared the clinicopathologic features of the intraductal papillary and mucinous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas and clarified the similarities as well as the differences between these two tumors. In addition, they reviewed 104 cases of the intraductal papillary neoplasm in the English literature to provide a global view of the condition. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Controversy about the term and clinicopathologic entity still exist regarding intraductal papillary neoplasm of the pancreas. Currently, with only a few cases of this rare tumor in each report, there continues to be inadequate knowledge available regarding the tumor and methods by which to distinguish it from the mucinous cystic neoplasm. METHODS: Multiple demographic and clinicopathologic parameters were compared between intraductal papillary and mucinous cystic neoplasms identified from 1985 to 1994 in the Medical Center, Veterans General Hospital--Taipei. RESULTS: There were four intraductal papillary adenocarcinomas and 10 mucinous cystic neoplasms (8 cystadenocarcinoma and 2 cystadenoma). The sex, age, size, tumor location, and pathologic findings were quite different between these two groups. Clinical presentation of intraductal papillary adenocarcinomas were similar to those of periampullary tumors. The most common presentations of mucinous cystic neoplasm were epigastric pain and abdominal mass. All four intraductal papillary adenocarcinoma showed mucin secretion from a patulous orifice of the ampulla of Vater and filling defects in the dilated main pancreatic duct by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Accurate preoperative diagnosis was not easy regarding either group. Serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) was more useful for diagnosis in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The intraductal papillary neoplasm is a unique clinical entity but not a variant of mucinous cystic neoplasm in terms of sex, age, size, tumor location, or pathologic picture. The pathognomonic findings of ERCP should lead to diagnosis. Very aggressive surgical procedures should be attempted for these two mucin-producing neoplasms with low-grade malignancy.     

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目的　探讨胰腺囊性肿瘤的诊断和治疗。方法　对 1978年以来 19例胰腺囊性肿瘤的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果　肿瘤位于胰头部 4例 ,胰体尾部 15例。行不同术式的肿瘤切除 13例 ,外引流 1例 ,内引流 2例 ,剖腹探查、肿瘤活检 3例。无手术死亡。随访囊腺瘤 3例 ,分别随访 6个月、16年和 2 1年仍生存 ;囊腺癌 9例 ,生存时间 <6个月 3例 ,6个月至 2年 4例 ,3年 4个月 1例 ,最长 1例 8年仍生存。结论　B超和CT是诊断胰腺囊性肿瘤的有效方法 ,二者结合使用可提高诊断率。该病切除率高 ,预后较好。应首选手术治疗。     

CYSTIC TUMOURS OF THE PANCREAS: A DIAGNOSTIC DILEMMA

Background : Cystic neoplasm of the pancreas is an uncommon entity that encompasses a range of tumours with varying potential for malignancy. These tumours are frequently misdiagnosed as pseudocysts and are inappropriately managed. Methods : A retrospective review was undertaken of 18 cases of cystic tumours of the pancreas over an 8-year period in two large hospitals in Singapore. Results : All patients were Asian, with a younger age group (mean 43.5 years) and a lesser degree of female predominance (3.5:1 ratio) compared to other series. Pain was the most common symptom. Pre-operative diagnosis using ultrasound and computed tomography was not diagnostic in half of the cases and misdiagnosed as pseudocyst in a sixth. There were five serous cystadenomas, four mucinous cystadenomas, two mucinous cystadenocarcinomas, one mucinous cystadenocarcinoma with cystic degeneration in a ductal adenocarcinoma, three Frantz tumours, one acinar cell tumour, one glucagonoma, and one benign epithelial cyst. Two-thirds of tumours were malignant or had the potential to become malignant. Resection was curative in all cases, and no recurrence was noted at a mean follow-up of 34.5 months. Conclusions : The difficulties with pre-operative diagnosis, the high incidence of tumours with potential malignancy, and the good outcome with resection, suggest that all suspected cystic tumours of the pancreas should be resected.     

Cystic pancreas neoplasias

For the treatment of cystic changes of the pancreas, it is essential to distinguish cysts and pseudocysts from neoplasm. Since clinical parameters are usually not characteristic, only morphologic analysis will prove a diagnosis. Nowadays, the cystic pancreatic neoplasms are described as: microcystic adenoma (rich-in-glycogene cystadenoma), and mucinous cystic neoplasms (cystadenocarcinoma or cystadenoma). Morphology, etiology, clinical findings, and treatment are discussed on 3 cases. The new classification of cystic pancreatic neoplasms is important for prognosis in two aspects: 1) On the clinical finding of a pseudocyst, every surgeon should think of a mucinous cystic neoplasm and look for solid tumours digitally. 2) For the pathologist, any mucinous neoplasm should cause him to analyse such cysts macroscopically and, if possible, also microscopically, to rule out an adenocarcinoma.     

Adenoid cystic/basal cell carcinoma of the prostate: clinicopathologic findings in 19 cases

Adenoid cystic/basal cell carcinoma (ACBCC) of the prostate has been considered to have indolent biologic potential. However, outcome data are scant, with only one documented metastasis and death. We describe clinicopathologic features of ACBCC in 19 patients and document outcome in 15. Patients ranged in age from 43 to 83 years. All but one presented with urinary obstruction. ACBCC was diagnosed by transurethral resection in 15 cases, by needle biopsy in 3 cases, and unexpected in 1 case. Four patients had concurrent acinar adenocarcinoma. Histologically, cribriform or adenoid cystic patterns predominated in 12 cases and basal cell carcinoma pattern in 7. Five cases had prominent perineural invasion. ACBCC was immunoreactive for p63 and cytokeratins 7 and 34 beta E12 but not cytokeratin 20. After diagnosis, 5 patients underwent radical prostatectomy, 2 underwent pelvic exenteration, and the rest had no treatment. ACBCC showed extraprostatic extension in 5 cases and involved the bladder margin in 3. Metastases developed in 4 (21%) patients: liver (2), lung (2), bowel (1), and corpus cavernosum (1). In 15 cases with follow-up (0.3-11.8 years), two patients died of cancer (at 1.5 and 3 years after diagnosis), 3 remain alive with cancer, and 10 have no evidence of cancer. Thus, ACBCC of the prostate is a potentially aggressive neoplasm requiring ablative therapy.     

囊性肾癌诊治体会

目的 提高囊性肾癌的诊治水平. 方法 回顾分析10例囊性肾癌患者术前影像学特点、病理特征和治疗方法.男7例,女3例.年龄38～74岁,平均56岁.患侧腰酸3例,体检偶然发现7例,有肾囊肿病史者2例.囊腔直径3.5～8.2 cm.术前B超检查诊断为肾癌6例,CT诊断为肾癌7例.8例术中行冰冻病理:肾细胞癌6例,未发现恶性倾向2例.10例均行根治性肾切除术. 结果 术后病理诊断:肾透明细胞癌9例,颗粒细胞癌1例.病理学分型:肾癌囊性坏死6例,多房囊性肾癌2例,肾囊肿恶变型2例.8例随访6个月～5年,6例无瘤存活,2例分别于术后13、20个月死于肿瘤转移. 结论 重视囊性肾癌独特的影像学特点、病理学特征,术中行冰冻病理检查,是提高囊性肾癌诊治水平的关键.     

Malignant potential of solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas

BACKGROUND: Solid pseudopapillary neoplasms of the pancreas are rare malignant lesions of the pancreas that typically occur in young women. Large series from any one centre are notably absent in the literature. The aim of this study was to determine long-term outcomes of operative therapy. METHODS: The records of all 14 patients diagnosed with pseudopapillary neoplasms of the pancreas over 17 years were reviewed. RESULTS: Thirteen of the 14 patients were female and the mean age at diagnosis was 30 years. Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm was suspected in only half of these patients before operation. On computed tomography, ultrasonography and/or magnetic resonance imaging, three lesions were solid, three were largely cystic, and five had solid and cystic components. All 14 patients underwent surgical exploration and curative resections were possible in 13, including distal pancreatectomy in nine, pancreaticoduodenectomy in three and resection of a local intraperitoneal recurrence in one patient. After follow-up ranging from 3 months to 20 years, 12 patients were alive, including one who had undergone re-exploration and resection of local and subcutaneous recurrences 9 years previously. CONCLUSION: Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any solid or partly cystic pancreatic mass in women aged less than 35 years. An attempt at en bloc resection without formal lymphadenectomy should be undertaken, including resection of synchronous or metachronous distant metastases.     

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??Surgical diagnosis and treatment for pancreatic cystic lesions??161 resected cases summary LI Ji, WANG Xiao-yi, FU De-liang, et al. Department of Pancreatic Surgery of Huashan Hospital; Pancreatic Disease Institute; Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
Corresponding author: FU De-liang, E-mail: surgeonfu@163.com
Abstract Objective To explore strategies of the diagnosis and treatment for pancreatic cystic lesions by retrospectively analyzing the clinical and pathological data over the last decade in a single-center institution. Methods Clinical data regarding diagnosis and treatment of cystic diseases of the pancreas, their surgical treatment and follow-up, from years 2002 to 2012 in Huashan Hospital, Fudan University was retrospectively analyzed. Decisions and trends of surgical treatment for the pancreatic cystic diseases by incorporating with their clincopathological classifications were discussed. Results A total of 161 cases of pancreatic cystic lesion underwent surgery, including about half the cases in Pancreatic Surgical Department in the past three years. Postsurgical pathology revealed pancreatic pseudocyst (14.9%), congenital cysts (11.8%), serous cystic neoplasm (18.6%), mucinous cystic neoplasm (11.2%), intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (19.3%) and solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (24.2%). Overall postoperative pancreatic fistula rate was 45.96% with Grade A 19.2%, Grade B 25.5% and Grade C 1.2%. There was no perioperative deaths. Conclusion The diagnosis of pancreatic cystic lesions has increased significantly in past ten years, specialized diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cystic lesions should be taken seriously because of their potential malignancy. Abdominal ultrasonography and abdominal CT/MR are effective diagnostic tools. Surgical resection is not only the preferred but also safe and effective treatment, especially with the preoperatively suspected pancreatic mucinous cystic neoplasm, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm and solid pseudopapillary neoplasm.     

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??Analysis of clinical and pathological features of asymptomatic cystic neoplasms of pancreas DAI Meng-hua*, XU Tao, ZHANG Tai-ping et al. *Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing 100730, China
Corresponding author: ZHAO Yu-pei, E-mail: zhao8028@263.net
Abstract Objective To analyze and study clinical and pathological features of incidental cystic neoplasms of pancreas. Methods The clinical data of 126 cases of pancreatic resection performed for cystic neoplasms between January 1984 and June 2008 at Peking Union Medical College Hospital were evaluated retrospectively. Results Among 126 cases of cystic neoplasms of pancreas, 60 cases were asymptomatic including 56 cases of benign and 4 cases of malignant. The benign cases included 28 cases of serous cystic neoplasms, 25 cases of mucinous cystic neoplasms and 3 cases of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms. The malignant cases inclued 3 cases of mucinous cystic adenocarcinoma and 1 case of invasive intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm. Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that gender, tumor size and radiological features(solid component and main duct dilation) were significant different between benign and malignant cystic neoplasm of pancreas. Gender was a predictor of malignant pathology, with male cases having a higher incidence of malignancy (3/11, 27.3%) compared with female cases (1/44, 2.27%; P=0.001). The presence of radiographic features (solid component and main pancreatic duct dilation) was associated with malignancy of cystic neoplasms. Tumor size less than 3cm in diameter was more common in benign, asymptomatic cystic neoplasms of pancreas. Conclusion Among asymptomatic cystic neoplasms of pancreas, the incidence of malignant cases is lower. The study suggests that if tumor size in asymptomatic cases is less than 3cm in diameter without malignant radiographic features (solid component and main pancreatic duct dilation) observation and regular folllow-up can be selected.