浮升力对管内水过冷流动沸腾传热特性的影响研究

基于已知的2087组水的过冷流动沸腾传热实验数据,通过努塞尔数(Nu)和格拉晓夫数(Gr)的关系探讨了不同流动方向和加热方式下浮升力对过冷流动沸腾传热性能的影响。对上壁面单边加热水平矩形管内过冷流动沸腾传热进行了实验研究。实验结果表明,向上的浮升力阻碍了气泡向流体中的扩散,使得传热恶化。在增加流速、增大压力和减小过冷度的条件下,Nu均随Gr增加,使过冷流动沸腾传热得到强化。     

基于流动沸腾传热机理的分段式微通道结构优化研究

列车牵引变流器功率模块IGBT的散热问题近年来备受关注.本文以微通道内流动沸腾换热的"M"型曲线峰值点传热强化理论为依据,通过实验研究微通道长度和结构对冷板表面温度的影响,发现短通道能够有效控制通道内蒸汽干度水平,使得微通道冷板内以弹状流或薄膜环状流为主流流型,从而获得较高传热系数.在一定面积的冷板内设置短通道组合的分...     

有液滴卷吸时的环状流换热系数的预测模型

本文对垂直上升光管中环状流流动沸腾的理论模型进行了分析,以液膜紊流的动量方程和能量方程为基础,推导了环状流的数学模型,通过求解动量方程和能量方程,获得了流动沸腾换热系数的预测模型,并对该预测模型进行了数值求解,将预测的换热系数同实验值作了比较。     

Thermalhydraulic Characteristics in Annular Pebble Beds with Axial and Radial Gas Flows

The purpose of this article is to determine the heat transfer and hydraulic drag in thin annular pebble beds with axial gas flow and investigate the flow distribution along annular pebble beds with radial flow. The experimental investigations showed that in thin annular pebble beds heat transfer values, equal to those for large (unlimited) pebble beds, could be achieved. The observed distributions of the radial flow in annular pebble beds demonstrated that regulation of flow distribution is possible by changing the permeability of the inner wall (outlet header) of the annular channel.     

Flow boiling heat transfer enhancement under ultrasound field in minichannel heat sinks

The enhancement of the heat transfer assisted by ultrasound is considered to be an interesting and highly efficient cooling technology, but the investigation and application of ultrasound in minichannel heat sinks to strengthen the flow boiling heat transfer are very limited. Herein, a novel installation of ultrasound transducers in the flow direction of a minichannel heat sink is designed to experimentally study the characteristics of heat transfer in flow boiling and the influence of operation parameters (e.g., heat flux, mass flux rate) and ultrasound parameters (e.g., frequency, power) on the flow boiling heat transfer in a minichannel heat sink with and without ultrasound field. Bubble motion and flow pattern in the minichannel are analyzed by high-speed flow visualization, revealing that the ultrasound field induces more bubbles at the same observation position and a forward shift of the onset of nucleation boiling along the flow direction, as ultrasonic cavitation produces a large number of bubbles. Moreover, bubbles hitting the channel wall on the left and right sides are found, and the motion speed of the bubbles is increased by 31.9% under the ultrasound field. Our results demonstrate that the heat transfer coefficient obtained under the ultrasound field is 53.9% higher than in the absence of the ultrasound field under the same conditions, and the enhancement ratio is decreased in the high heat flux region due to the change of the flow regime with increasing heat flux. This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of an ultrasound field in minichannel heat sinks for the enhancement of flow boiling heat transfer.     

Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer in Two-phase Flow Boiling

In this article, an experimental investigation is performed to measure the boiling heat transfer coefficient of water flow in a microchannel with a hydraulic diameter of 500 μm. Experimental tests are conducted with heat fluxes ranging from 100 to 400 kW/m², vapor quality from 0 to 0.2, and mass fluxes of 200, 400, and 600 kg/m²s. Also, this study has modified the liquid Froude number to present a flow pattern transition toward an annular flow. Experimental results show that the flow boiling heat transfer coefficient is not dependent on mass flux and vapor quality but on heat flux to a certain degree. The measured heat transfer coefficient is compared with a few available correlations proposed for macroscales, and it is found that previous correlations have overestimated the flow boiling heat transfer coefficient for the test conditions considered in this work. This article proposes a new correlation model regarding the boiling heat transfer coefficient in mini- and microchannels using boiling number, Reynolds number, and modified Froude number.     

Two-phase flow boiling heat transfer of FC-72 in parallel micro-channels

Experimental research is performed on two-phase flow boiling heat transfer in micro-channels. FC-72 is used as the working fluid. In order to analyze the heat transfer mechanism during two-phase flow boiling, the dimensionless parameters, e.g., boiling number and convection number, are used, and the effect of these parameters on the heat transfer can be confirmed during flow boiling in the micro-channel. In addition, the transition criterion from bubbly/slug flow to annular flow is proposed from the modified Weber number. Based on the boiling heat transfer mechanism obtained from the experiments, a new correlation is proposed to predict the heat transfer coefficient. The new correlation predicts well the experimental results within a mean absolute error of 5.2%.     

三维微肋螺旋管内流动沸腾流型与传热性能

采用三维微肋螺旋管进行了制冷剂R134a在管内的流动沸腾传热与流型可视化实验。随着流量和干度的变化,流型可划分为泡状流、塞状流、分层波状流、间歇流以及环状流。在Taitel-Dukler流型图上给出了流型的分区及其转变曲线,讨论了螺旋管内两相流动流型转变的特性。传热实验揭示了质量流量、热流密度及蒸汽干度对传热性能的影响,三维微肋螺旋管的强化因子为1.5-2.1。     

Flow boiling heat transfer of water in microchannel heat sink

The flow boiling heat transfer of water in a microchannel heat sink with variable initial vapor quality at the inlet is investigated. The stainless steel microchannel heat sink contains ten 640 × 2050 μm channels with a length of 120 mm; the wall roughness is 10 μm. The data on the local heat-transfer coefficient distribution in heat sink length are obtained in the range of mass fluxes from 30 to 90 kg/m²s, heat fluxes from 40 to 170 kW/m², and vapor qualities from 0 to 1. The heat transfer instability associated with dry spots resulting from insufficient wetting of channel walls introduces substantial contribution to the heat transfer mechanism and leads to decreasing heat transfer in heat sink length downward the flow. The developed method for calculating the flow boiling heat transfer of water in a microchannel heat sink allows more accurate prediction of heat transfer drop than available methods.     

DNS of turbulent flow with hemispherical wall roughness

The present study of the effect of roughness density on the mean flow turbulence parameters is motivated by the need for new generation of boundary conditions for multiphase computational multiphase fluid dynamics (CMFD) models applied to boiling flows. Effect of roughness element density on the turbulent flow in a channel is quantified through direct numerical simulations (DNSs). The Navier--Stokes equations are solved using finite element method and bubbles are approximated as rigid near-hemispherical obstacles at the wall. Six different cases were analysed including channel flow with smooth wall and channel flow with rough wall for five different bubble nucleation site densities. Friction factor and the law of the wall was calculated and compared with the previously published results. Existing correlations for nucleating bubble site density dependency on a wall heat flux were used to obtain a relation between the heat flux and the friction factor, leading to the law of the wall dependency on the heat flux. This separate effect study provides new guidelines on how the heat flux in subcooled boiling regime affects the turbulence behaviour near the wall and guides the computational fluid dynamics model development for boiling two-phase flows.     

Experimental investigation of subcooled flow boiling of a 50/50 ethylene glycol/water mixture in finned rectangular aluminum channels

Subcooled flow boiling heat transfer experiments were performed with a 50/50 ethylene glycol/water mixture in a finned aluminum channel. The channel represented a hybrid electric vehicle power electronic cold plate receiving a 50/50 mixture from the radiator at 105°C and 2 atmospheres. Experiments used a range of mixture flow rates and both top- and bottom-heating situations. Boiling curves were generated, and subcooled flow boiling heat transfer coefficients were determined including the test channel fin effects. Subcooled flow boiling heat transfer coefficients showed a 25–30% increase compared to single-phase convection.     

环形管环状流临界热负荷解析模型

根据环形管内流动与传热的特点,重新定义了环形管的水力直径和热周直径,基于圆管环状流CHF解析模型,得到了环形管内环状流临界热负荷解析模型。该模型可以预测环形管内沸腾两相流环状流时在不同加热方式下发生的临界热负荷,加热方式包括有内侧加热、外侧加热、两侧同时加热等。数值预测结果与文献数据比较表明本文的解析模型在P=0.57-15.01.MPa,G=198-3789.5 kgm-2s-1,xc=0.068-0.855,L/Dhe=19.3-539.5范围内预测良好。     

环形狭缝中过冷沸腾空泡率的研究

以环形狭缝通道中流动沸腾传热的实验数据为初始条件,运用四阶龙格-库塔法对过冷沸腾空泡率的机理模型进行了数值求解,并对计算结果进行了分析。     

Disintegration of flows of superheated liquid films and jets

This paper represents results on investigating the dynamics of boiling and disintegration of superheated liquid films and jets. The first part deals with experimental study of boiling liquid outflow through short cylindrical and slit channels. Evolution of disintegration of a hot water jet flow is observed both at low and moderate superheating and at high and limit superheating, and also for vaporization mechanisms corresponding to these superheatings. Peculiarities of disintegration of jets through slit and cylindrical channels are noticed. Results on measuring the reactive thrust of the jet through a slit channel under different geometrical conditions behind the channel outlet are represented. The 1/f fluctuations in transient regimes of superheated liquid boiling and in transient regimes of behavior of the jet shape are found. The second part of this article represents results on experimental investigation of nonsteady heat transfer and dynamics of the development of crisis phenomena at boiling of a falling subcooled liquid film in the conditions of stepwise heat release. The experimental data were obtained using synchronized high-speed infrared thermography and video. It is shown that with growth and condensation of vapor bubbles, on the liquid film interface appear large-amplitude waves that lead to considerably increasing local intensity of heat transfer. New data on the boiling incipience temperature in a subcooled liquid film, depending on the heat flux density, are obtained. It is found that the development of boiling crisis is a result of appearance of local dry patches and their subsequent growth by the mechanism of longitudinal thermal conductivity in the heat transfer wall as the equilibrium heat flux density is exceeded.     

烧结/堆积床多孔介质流动沸腾换热实验研究

本文实验对比研究了0.3 mm、0.5mm、0.7 mm三种粒径的铜颗粒烧结与堆积床多孔介质中的流动沸腾换热,主要研究了入口流速、热流密度、加热方位及粒径对流动沸腾换热的影响,以及多孔介质中的沸腾滞后。实验结果表明:大入口流速、低热流密度、下方加热以及小粒径时加热壁面的过热度较低,即有利于沸腾换热;本实验所用烧结多孔介质壁面过热度高于堆积床多孔介质,其原因是内部含有闭孔。     

BOILING HEAT TRANSFER OF WATER AND R-11 ON HORIZONTALLY SMOOTH AND ENHANCED TUBES ENCLOSED BY A CONCENTRIC OUTER TUBE WITH TWO HORIZONTAL SLOTS

An experimental investigation was carried out on the boiling heat transfer characteristics of water and R-11 on the outside of a horizontal heated tube in narrow spaces. Two kinds of heat transfer surfaces (roll-worked and smooth surfaces) were tested. The test section consisted of a narrow annular space formed by enclosing the heated tube in an isolated concentric outer tube with two horizontal slats on the top and bottom. The nucleate boiling heat transfer characteristics were investigated experimentally at atmospheric pressure. The experimental results indicated that a single roll-worked tube in bulk liquid showed better boiling heat transfer than a single smooth tube. In the narrow spaces, the boiling heat transfer coefficients for the smooth tube were considerably enhanced when the gap size was so selected as to take an optimum value. There was no clear optimum gap size for heat transfer enhancement for the roll-worked tube in the narrow spaces. Enhancement of boiling heat transfer in the narrow spaces for the roll-worked tube was not clearly observed in this experiment. Finally, the critical heat flux (CHF) for boiling heat transfer in narrow spaces can be predicted by using a proposed CHF correlation.     

低温液体核态流动沸腾传热的机理模型

对核态沸腾表面上的各种传热机理进行了分析和量化,建立了低温液体核态流动沸腾传热的机理模型,并将该模型纳入双流体模型实现了数值求解,数值预测的结果详细地反映出了壁面上各参数随流动的变化情况。该机理模型的计算结果表明,气泡挣脱后液体与过热壁面间的激冷效应是导致壁面上各参数在OSV处突变的根本原因。     

Subcooled Flow Boiling Heat Transfer to Water and Ethylene Glycol/Water Mixtures in a Bottom-heated Tube

Subcooled flow boiling heat transfer experiments were performed with water and ethylene glycol/water mixtures at five flow velocities and four fluid inlet temperatures. Both turbulent flow and laminar flow were tested in a special test facility with its experimental test section heated from the bottom surface only. Boiling curves and subcooled flow boiling heat transfer coefficients of the tested fluids were determined from the experimental measurements. Predictive correlations of the subcooled flow boiling heat transfer coefficients were developed based on the experimental data. Comparisons are presented of wall temperatures between the experimental measurements and the correlation predictions.     

Heat transfer and force balance approaches in bubble dynamic study during subcooled flow boiling of water–ethanol mixture

In this paper, the subcooled flow boiling heat transfer coefficient of pure water, water–ethanol mixture and pure ethanol is determined experimentally in horizontal rectangular channels for various parameters like heat flux, mass flux and channel inlet temperatures. Flow visualization is carried out using high speed camera. The bubble departure diameter, growth period and waiting period of bubbles are determined. Correlations are developed for subcooled flow boiling Nusselt number of water–ethanol mixture based on force balance approach and heat transfer approach. The parameters considered for correlation are grouped as dimensionless numbers by Buckingham π-theorem. The significance of each dimensionless number on heat transfer coefficient is discussed. The correlations developed for subcooled flow boiling heat transfer coefficient are validated with the experimental data. They are found to be in good agreement with the experimental data. It is found that the correlation based on force balance approach predicts the subcooled flow boiling Nusselt number well when compared with that of heat transfer approach correlation.     

竖直微槽道内沸腾换热CHF实验研究

对于沸腾换热,一个主要的约束条件就是临界热流密度(Critical Heat Flux,简称CHF)。这个约束条件对沸腾换热量有一个最高值的限制。文中对矩形微槽道中的流动沸腾临界热流密度进行了实验研究。实验数据是在不同尺寸(0.15mm;0.4mm;1mm)微槽道中,在较大范围的面积质量流速和不同进口过冷度下,以去离子水为工质得到的。实验过程中发现,达到CHF时,靠近出口壁面温度会突然升高,此时传热效率迅速下降。实验数据分析结果表明:CHF随质量流量的增加而增加;进口过冷度对CHF没有明显影响;CHF随着出口干度的增加而降低。