抗凝血灭鼠剂对贵阳市褐家鼠的毒效实验室效果

目的了解贵阳市褐家鼠对杀鼠灵、杀鼠迷、敌鼠钠盐和溴敌隆等抗凝血灭鼠剂的适口性和各种药剂的灭鼠效果，为制定有效的灭鼠措施提供依据。方法从现场捕获的褐家鼠中筛选出80只健康鼠（雌雄各半），随机分为4组，采用有选择性摄食和无选择性摄食试验进行评估。结果4种抗凝血灭鼠剂对贵阳市褐家鼠的毒杀率在90％以上，摄食系数依次为杀鼠迷1．49，溴敌隆0．67，敌鼠钠盐0．62，杀鼠灵0．37。结论4种抗凝血灭鼠剂对贵阳市褐家鼠均有较好的毒杀效果，其中杀鼠迷适口性最好，溴敌隆适口性有所下降。     

黄胸鼠对抗凝血灭鼠剂交叉抗药性试验观察

目的：观察黄胸鼠对抗凝血灭鼠剂交叉抗药性。方法：在实验室作无选择性摄食试验。分别摄食0．025％杀鼠灵，0．025％敌鼠钠盐，0．005％氯敌鼠，0．0375％杀鼠迷，0．005％溴敌隆毒饵4d。结果：黄胸鼠死亡比分别为0／5，0／5，1／5，2／5，2／5。黄胸鼠对溴敌隆抗性发生率为50％（5／10）。摄食溴敌隆或杀鼠灵或杀鼠迷存活鼠，对杀鼠灵抗性发生率为100％（10／10），杀鼠灵抗药性试验存活鼠对大隆抗性发生率为62．5％（5／8）。结论：发现黄胸鼠对抗凝血灭鼠剂产生了交叉抗药性。     

3种抗凝血灭鼠剂实验室及现场灭鼠效果比较

目的比较杀鼠迷、溴鼠灵和敌鼠钠盐3种毒饵实验室及现场灭鼠效果，为今后灭鼠工作提供科学依据。方法用单笼饲养有选择给饵法测定3种毒饵的适口性及实验室毒杀效果，计算摄食系数和实验室校正死亡率；选择定边县一养鸡场、西安市南郊2个疗养院作为灭鼠现场，用粉迹法测定鼠密度，采取一次性投饵，计算3种毒饵的现场校正灭鼠率。结果杀鼠迷、溴鼠灵、敌鼠钠盐毒饵的摄食系数分别为0．61、0．24和0．51，分别达到A级、B级和A级，实验室校正死亡率均为100％，达到A级；现场校正灭鼠率为91．34％、80．94％和88．39％，分别达到A级、B级和B级。结论3种抗凝血灭鼠剂均具有较好的适口性及实验室毒杀效果，但杀鼠迷毒饵灭鼠效果优于其他2种。     

三种抗凝血剂毒饵毒杀养鸡场褐家鼠的效果观察

采用抗凝血灭鼠剂溴敌隆、杀鼠迷和敌鼠钠盐对养鸡场褐家鼠进行了现场灭效试验。结果表明，试验到第２３ｄ，三种抗凝血剂毒饵的摄食点数比值分别是０．３３（６／１８）、０．４１（７／１７）和０．５０（１０／２０），以溴敌隆效果最好，杀鼠迷次之，敌鼠负 盐最差。三种抗凝血灭鼠剂毒饵其有鼠摄食饵点数的比值划第７ｄ后超出９５％可信限上限。整个试验期间没有完全控制鼠情，分析其原因可能与试验鸡场地形复杂、鼠密度过高，     

济南部队褐家鼠抗药性及抗凝血剂灭鼠研究

目的：测定褐家鼠的抗药性,观察抗凝血剂灭鼠效果。方法：抗药性调查,采用毒饵消耗法;灭效观察,采用３ｄ饱和投饵法。结果：济南市和许昌市部队驻地褐家鼠对杀鼠灵的抗药性发生率分别为２０４％和４１７％;潍坊市和辉县市虽未发现抗性鼠,但部分敏感褐家鼠个体对杀鼠灵的药物耐受性已经明显增强。溴敌隆、杀鼠迷和敌鼠钠盐３种抗凝血灭鼠剂对褐家鼠的实验室毒杀效果,无选择摄食试验毒杀率均为１００％;而有选择摄食试验毒杀率分别为９２８６％,６１５４％和３８４６％,摄食系数依次为０７０、０４５和０２２;现场灭鼠试验,溴敌隆和杀鼠迷毒饵盗食率明显高于敌鼠钠盐,灭鼠率则分别为８５１１％、８７３３％和８１５５％,三者间差异无显著性。结论：今后应加强抗药性监测,合理指导灭鼠用药,以减少褐家鼠抗药性的进一步发生     

三种抗凝血灭鼠剂适口性实验室效果观察

本文报告０．００５％溴敌隆、０．０２５％杀鼠迷和敌鼠钠盐３种抗凝血灭鼠剂对大白鼠、小白鼠的适口性实验室摄食试验结果。４天无选择试验，３种抗凝血剂对大白鼠均获得１０／１０毒杀比，小白鼠分别获得１０／１０、８／１０、７／１０毒杀比；４天有选择试验，对溴敌隆，大白鼠、小白鼠的撮食系数为０．７９、０．６５，毒杀比为１０／１０和９／１０．适口性好，毒杀率高；杀鼠迷的摄食系数为１．０２和０．３６，毒杀比为１０／１０、７／１０，对大白鼠的适口性好，毒杀率高，而小白鼠则较差；敌鼠钠盐的摄食系数为０．１７和０．２１，毒杀比为８／１０和３／１０，适口性差，且对小白鼠的毒杀率低。     

抗凝血灭鼠剂对家栖鼠的抗药性和药效比较

目的：探讨家栖鼠对抗凝血灭鼠剂的抗药性及毒效。方法：有选择性和无选择性摄食试验。结果：10年来圻春3种家栖鼠抗性发生率无大变化,反而试鼠的纯药平均致死剂量明显下降,但平均致死天数有所延长。4种抗凝血灭鼠剂对褐家鼠的毒杀率均在91%以上,单个笼养和围栏群养摄食系数依次为杀鼠迷0.85和1.58、溴敌降0.76和0.69、杀鼠灵0.38和0.31、敌鼠钠盐0.35和0.25。结论：两次抗性测定均表明圻春3种家栖鼠对抗凝血灭鼠剂具有高度敏感性,无抗药性种群发生,4种灭鼠剂对褐家鼠均有较高的毒杀效果,其中以杀鼠迷的适口性最好。     

溴敌隆和杀鼠迷毒饵的适口性比较

目的比较0．005％溴敌隆和0．038％杀鼠迷毒饵的适口性,为城市社区灭鼠剂的选择提供依据。方法对大白鼠和小白鼠进行集体群养有选择性试验,观察和比较0．005％溴敌隆和0．038％杀鼠迷毒饵的摄食系数。结果大白鼠对0．005％溴敌隆和0．038％杀鼠迷毒饵的摄食系数分别为1．14和0．75。小白鼠对0．005％溴敌隆和0．038％杀鼠迷毒饵的摄食系数分别为2．79和0．47。结论两种毒饵的摄食系数均大于0．3,适口性均达“好”的标准,溴敌隆适口性高于杀鼠迷,可推荐溴敌隆作为城市社区首选灭鼠剂。     

北京地区黑线姬鼠对杀鼠灵抗药性的测定

目的检测北京市顺义区黑线姬鼠对第一代抗凝血灭鼠剂杀鼠灵的抗药性。方法实验室配制0．02％杀鼠灵玉米粉毒饵，采用6d无选择摄毒法。结果杀鼠灵对33只黑线姬鼠毒杀率为63．64％，死亡鼠平均食毒（76．91±34．76）mg／kg，平均致死时间（7．23±2．51）d；存活鼠平均食毒（106．79±26．68）mg／kg；抗性发生率为36．36％。结论（1）直接使用第二代抗凝血灭鼠剂20年后，北京市顺义地区黑线姬鼠对第一代抗凝血灭鼠剂杀鼠灵也产生了抗性，并形成抗性种群；（2）试鼠对杀鼠灵的敏感区间雌鼠大于雄鼠；幼体鼠与老体鼠抗性发生率显著高于亚成年及成年试鼠。建议推广6d无选择摄毒抗性检测法，以监测害鼠对抗凝血类灭鼠剂的抗性发生情况；采用多种方法综合控制鼠害以减轻对药物的依赖性，延长抗凝血类灭鼠剂使用寿命。     

四种急性灭鼠剂中毒的防治

目前在全国不少地方的农村集贸市场 ,城市的街头巷尾仍有急性鼠药出售。据有关专家统计 ,我国每年约有 10万人发生急性中毒 ,其中急性鼠药中毒有 5万～ 7万人 ,死亡人数为同期多种传染病死亡人数总和的 3 84倍 ,严重危害了公众的健康和生命安全。1　急性和慢性灭鼠剂灭鼠剂按其作用速度和需要投饵的次数可分为两类 :一类是速效药或称急性单剂量灭鼠剂 ,包括磷化锌、毒鼠磷、毒鼠强、氟乙酸钠、氟乙酰胺、甘氟、灭鼠优、灭鼠宁、灭鼠安、安妥、毒鼠硅等 ;另一类是缓效药或称慢性多剂量灭鼠剂 ,包括敌鼠钠盐、杀鼠灵、杀鼠迷、氯敌鼠、溴敌隆…     

The susceptibility of Bandicota bengalensis from Rangoon, Burma to several anticoagulant rodenticides.

The baseline susceptibility of the lesser bandicoot rat, Bandicota bengalensis, from Rangoon, Burma, to five anticoagulant rodenticides was established with no-choice feeding in the laboratory. The susceptibility of lesser bandicoots to the several poisons (brodifacoum, difenacoum, diphacinone, coumatetralyl, and warfarin) was such that they were offered at a 0.001% concentration. B. bengalensis was most susceptible to brodifacoum, and in descending order, difenacoum, coumatetralyl, diphacinone and warfarin. In comparison with Rattus norvegicus on warfarin at 0.005%, B. bengalensis proved more susceptible. Feeding tests at 0.005% concentration indicated that a 1-day feeding on brodifacoum and difenacoum would result in complete mortality, whereas coumatetralyl and warfarin would require 4 days feeding to a 100% kill. Brodifacoum and difenacoum are recommended at 0.002-0.005% bait concentrations and coumatetralyl at 0.005--0.01% concentrations for the control of B. bengalensis in the field in Rangoon. The use of any anticoagulant material in rat control should be alternated with acute toxicants to retard the possible development of anticoagulant resistance.     

Laboratory trials of seven rodenticides for use against the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus).

The efficacy of seven rodenticides for use against Sigmodon hispidus was investigated in the laboratory. The poisons (warfarin, coumatetralyl, difenacoum, brodifacoum, bromadiolone, calciferol and zinc phosphide) were all toxic at the concentrations normally used against Rattus rattus and R. norvegicus and all were palatable. Trials are now needed to confirm the efficacy of these poisons in the field, but it seems likely that, if used in suitable bait formulations, they would all be useful for the practical control of S. hispidus.     

Laboratory test of seven rodenticides for the control of Mastomys natalensis.

Laboratory feeding tests were carried out to assess the efficacy of seven rodenticides against Mastomys natalensis. The poisons (warfarin, coumatetralyl, difenacoum, brodifacoum, bromadiolone, calciferol and zinc phosphide) were all toxic at the concentrations normally used against Rattus norvegicus (Berk.), although several were unpalatable. Trials are now needed to demonstrate the relative efficacy of these poisons in the field, but it is likely that, given suitable bait formulations, they would all be useful as practical control agents.     

2种灭鼠剂混配毒饵对黄胸鼠的毒杀效果观察

目的了解含0.015%敌鼠钠盐和0.002%溴敌隆的2种抗凝血灭鼠剂混配毒饵对黄胸鼠的实验室毒杀效果。方法采用无选择摄食试验和有选择摄食试验方法,试鼠单笼饲养分别摄食混配毒饵和单剂毒饵。结果有选择摄食试验试鼠对混配毒饵(1号方)、0.015%敌鼠钠盐(2号方)和0.002%溴敌隆(3号方)的摄食系数分别为0.93、0.70、0.99,毒杀率分别为100%、46.7%、66.7%;无选择摄食试验中1～3号方对试鼠的毒杀率分别为100%、50%、70%。试鼠对1号方4 d摄食量与2～3号方统计学分析,无统计学意义;1号方对黄胸鼠毒杀效果优于2、3号方,三者毒杀率有统计学意义。结论使用2种抗凝血灭鼠剂较低浓度混配制成的毒饵对黄胸鼠适口性和毒杀效果好,可用于家鼠的防治。     

Laboratory tests of seven rodenticides for the control of Meriones shawi

The response of Meriones shawi to seven rodenticides was investigated in laboratory feeding tests. The species proved to be much less susceptible to anticoagulants than most other species of rodent pests. Brodifacoum (at 0.005%), although giving complete mortality after only 8 days' continuous feeding, was more toxic than warfarin (0.025%), coumatetralyl (0.0375%), difenacoum (0.005%) and bromadiolone (0.005%). Calciferol (0.1%), though toxic, was significantly unpalatable. Zinc phosphide (5.0%) presented for 2 days in a choice test against unpoisoned food gave 80% mortality and appears to be the most suitable of these compounds for the control of M. shawi in the field.     

Laboratory tests of seven rodenticides for the control of Meriones shawi.

The response of Meriones shawi to seven rodenticides was investigated in laboratory feeding tests. The species proved to be much less susceptible to anticoagulants than most other species of rodent pests. Brodifacoum (at 0.005%), although giving complete mortality after only 8 days'' continuous feeding, was more toxic than warfarin (0.025%), coumatetralyl (0.0375%), difenacoum (0.005%) and bromadiolone (0.005%). Calciferol (0.1%), though toxic, was significantly unpalatable. Zinc phosphide (5.0%) presented for 2 days in a choice test against unpoisoned food gave 80% mortality and appears to be the most suitable of these compounds for the control of M. shawi in the field.     

在农村用急性灭鼠剂一次投药的试验观察

本文报告了在同一村庄用两种急性灭鼠剂一次投药的八种试验处理的现场灭鼠效果,试验以析因分析设计。0.1%杀鼠嘧啶对120个农户大、小家鼠的防治效果明显优于2.5%磷化锌。磷化锌毒饵加入5%糖可使灭鼠效果有所提高;施用三天前饵,两种鼠药都能取得更好的结果。本文建议,在农村环境下用急性灭鼠剂,应该推行前饵法。毒饵放置时间以一昼夜为宜。     

The susceptibility of Tatera indica, Nesokia indica and Bandicota bengalensis to three anticoagulant rodenticides.

Three South-Asian rodent past species were tested for susceptibility to anticoagulant rodenticides. Wheat fluor containing 0-025% warfarin 0-0375% coumatetralyl or 0-005% difenacoum was fed to 260 Tatera indica, 140 Nesokia indica and 81 Bandicota bengalensis for 1-56 days. Tatera was about as susceptible to anticoagulants as Rattus has been reported to be. Nesokia and Bandicota were extremely variable: though the majority were highly susceptible, the slopes of the dose-mortality curves were close to zero. The difenacoum diet appeared to be more toxic than the warfarin diet to all three species, but less toxic than the coumatetralyl diet to Tatera and Nesokia. All of the anticoagulants were eventually lethal to all of the animals tested.     

几种抗凝血杀鼠剂对东方田鼠的毒杀试验

目的为寻求适合东方田鼠的防控技术,应用5种抗凝血杀鼠剂对该鼠进行毒杀试验。方法试鼠全部捕自洞庭湖湖滩,将捕获的东方田鼠随机分组,每种杀鼠剂处理组分别供给5、10、20、40、60g毒饵。结果敌鼠钠盐、特杀鼠2号、杀鼠迷、溴敌隆、溴鼠灵5种抗凝血杀鼠剂对东方田鼠的致死高峰期在2-6d,对东方田鼠的毒杀率达80%以上。结论试验结果表明,5种杀鼠剂均可作为防治东方田鼠的药剂,尤以特杀鼠2号和溴鼠灵为佳。     

几种灭鼠药物现场毒杀黑线姬鼠效果比较

多年来,我国农田灭鼠惯用急性杀鼠剂,造成大批非靶动物中毒死忘,且灭效不理想。抗凝血灭鼠剂能否用于农田灭鼠,关键在于鼠类能否连续吃到毒饵。我们选用急性毒力较强的抗凝血灭鼠剂,采用一次性少量多点投饵方法毒杀黑线姬鼠,灭效均高于急性灭鼠药磷化锌。其中以大降灭效最高,校正灭鼠率达80.96%;其次为敌鼠钠盐和溴敌降,灭效分别达87.01%和85.45%:磷化锌灭效最低,为70.16%,几种抗凝血灭鼠剂与磷化锌灭效相比较,都具有显著性差异。