Thermal Failure of Nanostructured Thermal Barrier Coatings with Cold-Sprayed Nanostructured NiCrAlY Bond Coat

Nanostructured thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) were deposited by plasma spraying using agglomerated nanostructured YSZ powder on Inconel 738 substrate with cold-sprayed nanostructured NiCrAlY powder as bond coat. The isothermal oxidation and thermal cycling tests were applied to examine failure modes of plasma-sprayed nanostructured TBCs. For comparison, the TBC consisting of conventional microstructure YSZ and conventional NiCrAlY bond coat was also deposited and subjected to the thermal shock test. The results showed that nanostructured YSZ coating contained two kinds of microstructures; nanosized zirconia particles embedded in the matrix and microcolumnar grain structures of zirconia similar to those of conventional YSZ. Although, after thermal cyclic test, a continuous, uniform thermally grown oxide (TGO) was formed, cracks were observed at the interface between TGO/BC or TGO/YSZ after thermal cyclic test. However, the failure of nanostructured and conventional TBCs mainly occurred through spalling of YSZ. Compared with conventional TBCs, nanostructured TBCs exhibited better thermal shock resistance.     

Thermal Fatigue Behavior of Thick and Porous Thermal Barrier Coatings Systems

High-temperature thermal fatigue causes the failure of thermal barrier coating (TBC) systems. This paper addresses the development of thick TBCs, focusing on the microstructure and the porosity of the yttria partially stabilized zirconia (YPSZ) coating, regarding its resistance to thermal fatigue. Thick TBCs, with different porosity levels, were produced by means of a CoNiCrAlY bond coat and YPSZ top coat, both had been sprayed by air plasma spray. The thermal fatigue resistance of new TBC systems and the evolution of the coatings before and after thermal cycling was then evaluated. The limit of thermal fatigue resistance increases depending on the amount of porosity in the top coat. Raman analysis shows that the compressive in-plane stress increases in the TBC systems after thermal cycling, nevertheless the increasing rate has a trend which is contrary to the porosity level of top coat. This article is an invited paper selected from presentations at the 2007 International Thermal Spray Conference and has been expanded from the original presentation. It is simultaneously published in Global Coating Solutions, Proceedings of the 2007 International Thermal Spray Conference, Beijing, China, May 14-16, 2007, Basil R. Marple, Margaret M. Hyland, Yuk-Chiu Lau, Chang-Jiu Li, Rogerio S. Lima, and Ghislain Montavon, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 2007.     

Study of microstructure and thermal shock behavior of two types of thermal barrier coatings

Gas turbines provide one of the most severe environments challenging material systems nowadays. Only an appropriate coating system can supply protection particularly for turbine blades. This study was made by comparison of properties of two different types of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) in order to improve the surface characteristics of high temperature components. These TBCs consisted of a duplex TBC and a five layered functionally graded TBC. In duplex TBCs, 0.35 mm thick yittria partially stabilized zirconia top coat (YSZ) was deposited by air plasma spraying and ～0.15 mm thick NiCrAlY bond coat was deposited by high velocity oxyfuel spraying. ～0.5 mm thick functionally graded TBC was sprayed by varying the feeding ratio of YSZ/NiCrAlY powders. Both coatings were deposited on IN 738LC alloy as a substrate. Microstructural characterization was performed by SEM and optical microscopy whereas phase analysis and chemical composition changes of the coatings and oxides formed during the tests were studied by XRD and EDX. The performance of the coatings fabricated with the optimum processing conditions was evaluated as a function of intense thermal cycling test at 1100 °C. During thermal shock test, FGM coating failed after 150 and duplex coating failed after 85 cycles. The adhesion strength of the coatings to the substrate was also measured. Finally, it is found that FGM coating has a larger lifetime than the duplex TBC, especially with regard to the adhesion strength of the coatings.     

EFFECT OF VACUUM HEAT TREATMENT ON OXIDATION BEHAVIOR OF SPUTTERED NiCrA1Y COATING

A bond coat for thermal barrier coating (TBC), NiCrAlY coating, is subjected to vac-uum heat treatment in order to remove internal stress before ceramic top coat is de-posited. The effect of vacuum heat treatment on the oxidation behavior of the sputteredNiCrAlY coating has been investigated. The as-sputtered NiCrAlY coating consists ofγ-Ni and β-NiAl phases. After vacuum heat treatment, the sputtered NiCrAlY coatingmainly consists of γ-Ni3Al, β-NiAl, γ-Ni, and trace of α-Al2O3 phases. The isother-mal oxidation of sputtered NiCrAlY coating with and without vacuum heat treatmenthas been performed at 1000C. It is shown that α-Al2O3 formed during vacuum heattreatment acts as nuclei for the formation of α-Al2O3, and the protective α-Al2O3scale is formed more rapidly on the vacuum heat treated NiCrAlY coating than thatformed on the untreated coating. Also the α-Al2O3 scale has a better adherence to thevacuum heat treated NiCrAlY coating. Therefore the vacuum heat treatment improvesthe oxidation resistance of sputtered NiCrAlY coating.     

32Cr2MoV钢表面电泳沉积氧化铝和氧化锆涂层*

采用电泳沉积法以硝酸铝和硝酸钇为溶胶原料,在溶胶制备过程中加入钇稳氧化锆(YSZ),然后利用电泳沉积和热压滤烧结相结合方法在32Cr2MoV钢表面制备氧化铝和氧化锆涂层。用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对涂层表面及界面形貌进行观察,利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)对涂层物相组成进行分析,采用热循环氧化试验研究涂层对基体在900℃空气中高温氧化行为的影响。结果表明,利用电泳沉积法在32Cr2MoV钢表面制备了一层致密陶瓷涂层,经热压滤烧结后涂层由表层α-Al2O3和ZrO2、次表层Fe的氧化物以及靠近基体的Fe、Mo、Cr氧化物层组成,经900℃热循环氧化试验表明,陶瓷复合涂层对基体32Cr2MoV钢起到了一定的抗氧化保护作用。     

Microstructure Analysis of Initial Alumina of Pt-Modified Aluminide Coatings on Ni-Based AlloyEI北大核心CSCD

NiPtAl coatings are widely used as overlaying coatings besides bondcoats for thermal barrier coating (TBC) systems within high temperature environment. Oxidaiton behavior of NiPtAl coatings is mainly contribution for the failure of TBC systems or overlaying coatings. An initial oxide layer growth characteristics play a key role in extending lifetime of TBC system or overlaying coatings. In this work, the oxidation experiments of the Pt modified aluminide coating on CMSX-4 Ni-based alloy were carried out at 1150 degrees C for 1 h in 80% Ar+20%O-2. The microstructures of oxide on the NiPtAl coatings are studied by OM, SEM, TEM and Raman spectroscopy. The results indicated that the oxide layer on the NiPtAl coatings included stable and met-stable Al2O3 after 1 h oxidation, and part of spalled oxide layer as well as pores within the oxide layer. The 0.5 mu m thickness whisker-like theta-Al2O3 could form on NiPtAl coating during the initially oxidation stage. At the initial oxidation stage theta-Al2O3 fastly grew which resulted beta-NiAl to gamma'-Ni3Al transformation. The Pt particles formed on the inter-surface between alpha-Al2O3 and theta-Al2O3 layer due to a less Pt solid solubility in gamma'-Ni3Al compared to beta-NiAl in the coating. Fast growth of initial Al2O3 could induce pores formation within the alumina layer. The pores and stress due to oxidation and phase transformation could decrease the alumina adherence, and at last result in the oxide spallation.     

Development and Investigation on New Composite and Ceramic Coatings as Possible Abradable Seals

To improve gas turbine performance, it is possible to decrease back flow gases in the high-temperature combustion region of the turbo machine by reducing the shroud/rotor gap. Thick and porous thermal barrier coating (TBC) systems and composite CoNiCrAlY/Al₂O₃ coatings made by air plasma spray and composite NiCrAlY/graphite coatings made by laser cladding were studied as possible high-temperature abradable seal on shroud. Oxidation and thermal fatigue resistance of the coatings were assessed by means of isothermal and cyclic oxidation tests. Tested CoNiCrAlY/Al₂O₃ and NiCrAlY/graphite coatings after 1000 h at 1100 °C do not show noticeable microstructural modification. The oxidation resistance of the new composite coatings satisfied original equipment manufacturer (OEM) specifications. Thick and porous TBC systems passed the thermal fatigue test according to the considered OEM procedures. According to the OEM specifications for abradable coatings, the hardness evaluation suggests that these kinds of coatings must be used with abrasive-tipped blades. Thick and porous TBC coating has shown good abradability using tipped blades.     

High temperature properties of thermal barrier coatings obtained by detonation spraying

NiCrAlY/YPSZ and NiCrAlY/NiAl/YPSZ thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) were successfully deposited by detonation spraying. The results indicated that the detonation sprayed TBCs included a uniform ceramic coat containing a few microcracks and a bond coat with a rough surface. The lamellar structure and the presence of cracks and impurities could reduce the thermal conductivity of the ceramic coat. Oxidation kinetics at 1000–1150 °C of detonation sprayed TBCs have been measured and discussed. The role of a Ni–Al intermediate layer in improving the oxidation resistance of duplex TBCs has also been studied.     

Correlation of microstructure and high temperature oxidation resistance of plasma sprayed NiCrAl, NiCrAlY, and TiAlO composite coatings on Ti−6Al−4V

In the present study Ni−18Cr−6Al, Ni−22Cr−10Al−1Y and TiAlO composite powders were coated on Ti−6Al−4V substrates by atmospheric plasma spraying, and the coated specimens were evaluated by isothermal and cyclic oxidation resistance tests at 800°C. The oxidation kinetics of the plasma sprayed NiCrAl, NiCrAlY, and TiAlO composite coated specimens obey a parabolic rate law. The oxidation resistance of the plasma sprayed NiCrAl and NiCrAlY coatings is superior to that of plasma sprayed TiAlO composite coating. The best oxidation resistance was observed in the plasma sprayed NiCrAlY coatings. This is mainly attributed to the formation of Y−Al−O complex oxides and Ni₃Al with higher thermal stability on the coatings.     

Formation and behavior of thermal barrier coatings on nickel-base superalloys

Plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) have been used to extend the life of combustors. Electron beam physical vapor deposited (EB-PVD) ceramic coating has been developed for more demanding rotating as well as stationary turbine components. Here 3 kW RF magnetron sputtering equipment was used to gain zirconia ceramic coatings on hollow turbine blades and vanes, which had been deposited NiCrAIY by cathodic arc deposition. NiCrAlY coating surface was treated by shot peening; the effects of shot peening on the residual stress are presented. The results show that RF sputtered TBCs are columnar ceramics, strongly bonded to metal substrates. NiCrAlY bond coat is made of β, γ‘ and Cr phases, ZrO2 ceramic layer consists of t‘ and c phases. No degradation occurs to RF ceramic coatings after 100 h high temperature oxidation at 1150℃ and 500 thermal cycles at 1150℃ for 2 min, air-cooling.     

Thermal cycling behavior of EBPVD TBC systems deposited on doped Pt-rich γ–γ′ bond coatings made by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS)

In the last decade, an increasing interest was given to Pt-rich γ–γ′ alloys and coatings as they have shown good oxidation and corrosion properties. In our previous work, Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) has been proved to be a fast and efficient tool to fabricate coatings on superalloys including entire thermal barrier coating systems (TBC). In the present study, this technique was used to fabricate doped Pt-rich γ–γ′ bond coatings on AM1® superalloy substrate. The doping elements were reactive elements such as Hf, Y or Zr, Si and metallic additions of Ag. These samples were then coated by electron beam physical vapour deposition (EBPVD) with an yttria partially stabilized zirconia (YPSZ) thermal barrier coating. Such TBC systems with SPS Pt rich γ–γ′ bond coatings were compared to conventional TBC system composed of a β-(Ni,Pt)Al bond coating. Thermal cycling tests were performed during 1000-1 h cycles at 1100 °C under laboratory air. Spalling areas were monitored during this oxidation test. Most of the Pt rich γ–γ′ samples exhibited a better adherence of the ceramic layer than the β-samples. After the whole cyclic oxidation test, cross sections were prepared to characterize the thickness and the composition of the oxide scales by using scanning-electron microscopy. In particular, the influence of the doping elements on the oxide scale formation, the metal/oxide roughness, the TBC adherence and the remaining Al and Pt under the oxide scale were monitored. It was shown that RE-doping did not improve the oxidation kinetics of the studied Pt rich γ–γ′ bond coatings, nevertheless most of the compositions were superior to “classic” β-(Ni,Pt)Al bond coatings in terms of ceramic top coat adherence, due to lower rumpling kinetics and better oxide scale adherence of the γ–γ′-based systems.     

空心阴极电弧镀NiCrAlY涂层的抗氧化性能

采用空心阴极电弧离子镀技术制备NiCrAlY涂层,研究涂层的高温抗氧化性能。结果表明涂层组织致密,与合金结合状态良好。电弧离子镀NiCrAlY涂层在1 100℃恒温氧化100h后增重只有2.22mg/cm2,在100次循环氧化后仍没有失重现象,其抗恒温氧化和抗循环氧化性能远优于成分相近的超音速火焰喷涂、爆炸喷涂和大气等离子喷涂的NiCrAlY涂层。电弧离子镀NiCrAlY涂层在恒温氧化和循环氧化过程中表面均形成了连续致密、粘附性的氧化铝保护膜。氧化膜没有翘起和剥落现象,涂层组织在氧化后仍然完整致密。热喷涂NiCrAlY涂层在上述氧化过程中则生成了保护性较差的Ni、Cr和Al混合氧化物,并发生了氧化膜剥落,同时有严重的内氧化现象。     

Multilayered thermal barrier coating for land-based gas turbines

Multilayered thermal barrier coatings (TBC) with different functions were proposed for the hot section components of land-based gas turbines. This article describes a multilayered TBC with an oxidation resistant layer. A conventional duplex TBC and a triplex TBC, in which an aluminized layer was added to the conventional duplex TBC to increase oxidation resistance, were prepared. It was confirmed by a burner rig test that the triplex TBC with the aluminized layer is resistant to oxidation and shows high durability in a thermal cycle test, compared with the conventional duplex TBC. The spalling in the thermal cycle test of each TBC specimen occurred at the same position, when the thickness of the oxidation layer was 11 to 13 μm. The mechanism of spalling of the coating in the thermal cycle test was discussed in terms of stress in the coating. Stress in the direction of spalling occurred by an uneven interface between the bond and top coat and increased with growth of the oxidation layer. It is thought that the high durability of the triplex TBC in the thermal cycle test is derived from suppressing the growth of the oxidation layer and decreasing the stress due to the addition of the aluminized layer.     

The Protectiveness of Thermally Grown Oxides on Cold Sprayed CoNiCrAlY Bond Coat in Thermal Barrier Coating

This paper presents the results of an oxidation behavior study for a thermal barrier coating (TBC) with air plasma sprayed yttria-stabilized zirconia top coat and CoNiCrAlY bond coat deposited using low pressure plasma spray (LPPS) and cold spray (CS). The TBC is subjected to isothermal oxidation and creep tests at 900?°C and evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry transmission electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction. The thermally grown oxide (TGO) developed in the TBC with the LPPS bond coat was composed of only ??-Al₂O₃ and the TGO developed in the TBC with a CS bond coat is composed of ??-Al₂O₃ and ??-Al₂O₃. Despite the presence of this metastable ?? phase, the TGO in the CS specimens exhibits a dense microstructure and lower amounts of mixed oxides. The correlation between ??-Al₂O₃ and the formation of mixed oxides was investigated through the measurement of ??-Al₂O₃ thickness ratio and mixed oxides coverage ratio. It was found that the mixed oxides coverage ratio is inversely proportional to the ??-Al₂O₃ thickness ratio.     

GH4169表面电火花沉积NiCrAlY涂层的制备

采用电火花沉积技术在GH4169合金上制备不同铝含量的NiCrAlY涂层，通过真空退火处理高铝的NiCrAlY涂层厚度.测试电火花沉积涂层的增重曲线，用扫描电子显微镜观察涂层的组织，用X射线分析仪测试涂层的物相组成，研究退火以及不同涂层的元素含量对NiCrAlY涂层组织的影响规律.结果表明,高铝含量的NiCrAlY涂层存在涂覆极限厚度；退火处理后再次涂覆可进一步增加涂层厚度.在四次涂覆+退火后涂层达到极限厚度，厚度约为45 μm.低铝含量的NiCrAlY涂层没有涂覆到极限厚度.对高铝含量的NiCrAlY涂层XRD结果表明,退火前主要物相为NiAl，退火后出现Ni3Al，涂层可以继续涂覆.低铝的NiCrAlY涂层物相为Ni3Al，没有涂覆极限.和NiAl相比，Ni3Al和GH4169的线膨胀系数接近，使含有Ni3Al相的涂层能够继续涂覆.     

Nano-phenomena during exposure of plasma-sprayed ceria stabilised zirconia coatings to oxygen rich environments

Plasma-sprayed zirconia coatings are widely used for oxidation protection. Up-to-date, microstructural stabilisation of such coatings is mainly achieved with yttrium oxide; however recent scientific attempts indicated that ceria stabilised zirconia coatings could be a very promising alternative. In the present work, a coating of this kind has been deposited onto a Ni-based superalloy with the interference of a NiCrAlY bond coating by plasma spraying. Its oxidation resistance was estimated with thermogravimetric analysis with exposure at 1100 °C in air. The microstructure of the as-sprayed coating was studied with X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy before and after oxidation. From this examination it was deduced that ceria stabilised zirconia (CSZ) coating is rather stable at the temperature under question. However reduction of ceria takes place at larger exposure periods.     

Effects of defects on the thermal fatigue behavior of detonation-gun sprayed thermal barrier coatings

The effects of coating defects, such as pores and cracks, on the thermal fatigue behavior of zirconia based thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) have been investigated. Duplex TBCs, which are composed of an 8 wt.% Y₂O₃ stabilized ZrO₂ (YSZ) layer on top of a NiCrAlY bond layer were produced by detonation gun spraying. Thermal fatigue tests were conducted on three different TBC specimens, the YSZ layers of which were varied in terms of porosity and crack morphology, and failure analyses were subsequently carried out on the tested specimens. From these results, the roles of the defects on the thermal and mechanical degradation behavior of the TBCs were investigated.     

等离子喷涂YSZ热障涂层的热腐蚀行为研究

为了研究YSZ热障涂层在热腐蚀环境下的服役情况,采用等离子喷涂工艺在K38高温合金基体上分别制备了Y2O3稳定的ZrO3（YSZ）热障涂层和MgO稳定的ZrO2热障涂层（MSZ）,利用热重分析、X-射线衍射和带能谱的扫描电镜等手段,研究分析了这2种涂层在850℃含氯硫酸盐膜下的热腐蚀行为。结果表明：MSZ涂层在850℃热腐蚀时发生了相变,引起陶瓷外层开裂和剥落,影响了涂层的抗高温性能和使用寿命;而YSZ涂层在850℃腐蚀后没有相变发生,表现出了比MSZ涂层更佳的抗热腐蚀性能。     

The Oxidation and Interdiffusion of a Chromia Forming Multilayered TBC System

Current thermal barrier coating systems (TBCs) rely on an alumina-forming bond coat to provide protection against oxidation. At bond coat temperatures below 900 °C, however, optimum protection against oxidation and hot corrosion is best achieved by a chromia layer. TBC systems using this approach are currently being developed and an example is examined in this paper. The multilayered bond coat in the present TBC system consisted of: a NiCrAlY layer aluminised at its surface; a 50:50 NiCr layer (containing 1.8 wt% Si); an air plasma sprayed yttria stabilised zirconia top coat. These samples were oxidised in laboratory air at 750, 800 and 850 °C for durations up to 1,000 h. Post-test characterisation was undertaken using SEMs and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to determine the growth rate of the TGO and to investigate interdiffusion within the layered coating structure. The interdiffusion process was also modelled using the ODIN finite difference code.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on the Bond Coat Cyclic Oxidation Behaviour in an Air-plasma-sprayed Thermal Barrier Coating System

THE METALLIC BOND COAT is an importantconstituent in a TBC system.It enhances the adhesionof the ceramic thermal barrier layer(the topcoat)to thesubstrate and also provides oxidation protection to thesubstrate metal.The composition of the bond coat,generalized as M-Cr-Al-Y,where M represents Ni,Coand/or Fe,generally allows a layer of alumina(A12O3)to form during high temperature exposure.If acontinuous scale of A12O3forms along the interfacebetween the bond coat and the ceramic to…