基于高效液相色谱法测定心可宁胶囊中丹参素的含量

目的建立测定心可宁胶囊中丹参素含量的方法。方法以甲醇-1%冰醋酸（12：88）为流动相,色谱柱为HYpersilODS2柱,丹参素钠作内标,波长280mm处检测。结果丹参素钠的线性范围为0.256～1.278μg/ml,r=0.9999。平均回收率为101.99%,RSD=1.30%。结论方法灵敏、准确,可满足心可宁胶囊的检测工作。     

高效液相色谱法测定冠脉宁胶囊中丹参素的含量

目的 建立高效液相色谱法测定冠脉宁胶囊中丹参素的含量。方法 采用Lichrospher-C18柱（250 mm×4.6mm,5μm）,甲醇-水-冰乙酸（8∶92∶1）为流动相,流速为1.0mL/min,紫外检测波长为280nm,柱温为30℃。结果 丹参素在8.64~43.2μg/mL范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系（r=0.9999）,平均回收率为103.1%,RSD=1.3%（n=6）。结论 该方法准确、精密度高、重复性好,可用于测定冠脉宁胶囊中丹参素的含量。     

高效液相色谱法测定冠脉宁胶囊中丹参素的含量

目的测定冠脉宁胶囊中丹参素（C9H10O5）的含量。方法采用高效液相色谱法,Shim-pack VP-ODS C18色谱柱（150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）,0.5%冰醋酸-甲醇（93∶7）,为流动相,流速为0.8 ml/min,检测波长280 nm。结果丹参素对照品在3.54～31.86μg/ml范围内呈良好的线性关系（r=0.9998）,平均回收率为98.76%（n=6）,RSD为1.18%。结论定量方法简便、可靠、准确,可用于冠脉宁胶囊中丹参素的含量测定。     

HPLC法同时测定多维元素胶囊中烟酰胺、维生素B6、维生素B1和维生素B2的含量

目的建立多维元素胶囊中烟酰胺、维生素B6、维生素B1和维生素B2的HPLC含量测定方法。方法采用DiamonsiL C18柱（5μm,4.6mm×250mm）,流动相为庚烷磺酸钠溶液（取庚烷磺酸钠0.6g,1000mL水溶解,加三乙摘要：目的建立多维元素胶囊中烟酰胺、维生素B6、维生素B1和维生素B2的HPLC含量测定方法。方法采用DiamonsiL C18柱（5μm,4.6mm×250mm）,流动相为庚烷磺酸钠溶液（取庚烷磺酸钠0.6g,1000mL水溶解,加三乙胺2.8mL,用冰醋酸调节pH值至3.0）-甲醇（体积比6∶1）;流速：1.0mL·min^-1;检测波长：选择280nm;柱温：40℃;进样量：20μL。结果烟酰胺在30.0-152.0μg·mL^-1（r=0.9997）、维生素B6在1.0-5.0μg·mL^-1（r=0.9998）、维生素B1在10.5-52.5μg·mL^-1（r=0.9998）、维生素B2在10.5-52.0μg·mL^-1（r=0.9997）范围内均呈良好的线性关系,平均回收率分别为99.95%（RSD=0.43%）、100.50%（RSD=1.33%）、100.30%（RSD=0.88%）和100.50%（RSD=0.90%）。结论建立的方法灵敏度高、准确度和重现性好,可作为多维元素胶囊的质量控制方法之一。     

健肝灵胶囊质量标准研究

目的建立健肝灵胶囊的质量标准。方法采用TLC法鉴别五味子、灵芝、丹参。HPLC法测定五味子甲素、五味子乙素的含量,选择C18柱,乙腈-水-醋酸（80∶19∶1）为流动相,流速：1.0mL.min-1,检测波长：249nm。结果TLC色谱中可明显鉴别五味子、灵芝、丹参,五味子甲素线性范围0.095-0.76μg,r=0.9998,平均回收率为99.6%,RSD=0.8%;五味子乙素线性范围0.1084-0.8672μg,r=0.9998,平均回收率为100.4%,RSD=0.9%。结论定性、定量方法简便、可靠、准确、专属性强,可用于该药品的质量控制。     

不同厂家香丹注射液中丹参素钠和原儿茶醛含量的比较

目的：建立以高效液相色谱法同时测定香丹注射液中丹参素钠和原儿茶醛含量的方法,并比较不同厂家生产的香丹注射液中丹参素钠和原儿茶醛含量的差异,以控制香丹注射液的质量。方法：色谱柱为AlltimaC18柱（150mm×4.6mm,5μm）,流动相为甲醇-0.5%冰醋酸（90∶10）,检测波长为280nm。结果：丹参素钠、原儿茶醛的进样量分别在0.26～1.58μg（r=0.9995）、0.12～0.73μg（r=0.9996）范围内与各自峰面积的积分值呈良好的线性关系;丹参素钠、原儿茶醛的平均回收率分别为99.8%、99.7%,RSD分别为0.4%（n=6）、0.4%（n=6）。共测定12家企业生产的16批香丹注射液,丹参素钠、原儿茶醛含量范围分别为1.02～2.08mg·mL^-1、0.24～0.51mg·mL^-1。结论：该方法简便、准确、无干扰,可用于同时测定香丹注射液中丹参素钠和原儿茶醛的含量;不同厂家生产的香丹注射液之间存在显著质量差异,建议厂家重视原药材质量,改善制剂工艺,提高产品质量。     

高效液相色法谱测定舒冠胶囊中丹参素钠含量

目的：建立测定舒冠胶囊中丹参含量的测定方法。方法：采用HPLC测定丹参中丹参素钠的含量,色谱柱C18柱（4.6mm×250mm）,检测波长280nm,流速1.0mg·min-1,流动相为甲醇-水-冰醋酸-二甲基甲酰胺（5：90：5：2）。结果：丹参素钠在0.48μg～8.15μg浓度范围内与峰面积积分值呈良好线性关系,平均回收率99.91%,RSD为0.38%（n=5）。结论：该方法简便快速、重现性好,结果准确可靠、操作方便,可用于舒冠胶囊的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定复方丹参喷雾剂中丹酚酸B和丹参酮ⅡA的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定复方丹参喷雾剂中丹酚酸B和丹参酮ⅡA的含量。方法采用高效液相色谱法测定,测定丹酚酸B色谱柱为ultimate XB-C18柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）,流动相为甲醇-乙腈-甲酸-水（29∶9∶1∶61）,流速为1 mL.min-1,检测波长为286 nm,柱温为室温;测定丹参酮ⅡA色谱柱为ultimate XB-C18柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm,流动相为甲醇-水（76∶24）,流速为1 mL·min^-1,检测波长264 nm,柱温为室温。结果丹酚酸B在7.2-460μg·mL^-1与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0.999 9,平均回收率为97.0%,RSD为6.0%（n=6）;丹参酮ⅡA在3.8-245μg·mL^-1与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0.999 5,平均回收率为97.3%,RSD为8.3%（n=6）。结论该方法灵敏、准确、重复性好,可作为评价复方丹参喷雾剂质量的方法。     

冠脉宁片的制备与质量标准完善

目的：制备冠脉宁片,完善其质量标准。方法：采用薄层色谱法对鸡血藤进行定性鉴别。采用HPLC法对丹参中丹参素进行定量分析,色谱柱为Diamonsil C18柱（200mm×4.6mm,5μm）,流动相为甲醇-1%冰乙酸（10∶90）,流速1.0ml/min,检测波长280nm。结果：该制备工艺简便可行。鸡血藤的薄层色谱斑点清晰,专属性强。在10.71~96.39μg/ml范围内,丹参素浓度与色谱峰面积线性关系良好（r=0.999 9）,平均回收率为98.72%,RSD为0.82%（n=3）。结论：本研究所建立的定性定量方法简便、准确、重复性好,可作为冠脉宁片的质量控制方法。     

HPLC同时测定疗筋涂膜剂中5种大黄成分的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法同时测定疗筋涂膜剂中5种成分的含量。方法采用Hypersil ODS-C18柱（250mm×4.6mm,5μm）,甲醇-0.05%磷酸（85∶15）为流动相,流速：0.8mL·min^-1,柱温：34℃,检测波长：254nm。结果芦荟大黄素在9.11～145.76μg·mL^-1（r=0.9994）,大黄酸在5.63～90.08μg·mL^-1（r=0.9993）,大黄素在5.44～87.04μg·mL^-1（r=0.9999）,大黄酚在6.13～98.08μg·mL^-1（r=0.9999）,大黄素甲醚在2.72～43.52μg·mL^-1（r=0.9998）线性良好;平均回收率分别为97.64%、98.14%、99.52%、99.36%、98.43%;RSD分别为1.29%、1.81%、1.40%、0.59%、1.58%。结论该方法简便、可靠、准确,可用于疗筋涂膜剂的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.