氮沉降对长白山苔原植被影响的试验研究

为了探讨氮沉降增加对苔原植被的影响,特别是对草本植物侵入苔原的作用,在长白山高山苔原带进行了连续4 a的人工氮沉降模拟实验,测定3种设定的氮沉降水平下牛皮杜鹃(Rhododendron chrysanthum)、笃斯越橘(Vaccinium uliginosum)和小叶章(Deyeuxia angustifolia)的生长状况和群落结构变化。研究结果表明:1与牛皮杜鹃、笃斯越橘等苔原本地种相比,氮沉降量增加更有利于侵入的小叶章生长;牛皮杜鹃生长对氮沉降量变化响应微弱,氮沉降量增加能明显抑制笃斯越橘的生长。2无小叶章侵入的牛皮杜鹃和笃斯越橘斑块在不同氮沉降量条件下,群落结构变化不明显,氮沉降增加不是小叶章侵入苔原带的直接原因。3在小叶章侵入牛皮杜鹃和笃斯越橘斑块后,氮沉降量增加强化了小叶章的竞争能力,逐渐取代牛皮杜鹃或笃斯越橘,成为优势种,推动高山苔原向高山草甸转化。因此,随着氮沉降量的不断增加,长白山苔原带将面临退化与草甸化。     

沙地小叶锦鸡儿群落持续经营的对策

主要研究了极度干旱对小叶锦鸡儿生长的影响及小叶锦鸡儿人工固沙林的密度和现有林的经营利用对策,探讨了干旱条件下土壤水分与植株密度、植被盖度的关系。结果表明:天然群落表现出对干旱条件极强的适应性,人工群落则出现了生长衰退甚至大面积枯萎现象,这主要是由于人工群落密度过大所造成的。轻度放牧可以增加小叶锦鸡儿可食部分,是持续经营利用小叶锦鸡儿群落的有效途径。     

小叶章对氮沉降的生理生态响应

在非淹水(W1)和淹水(W2)条件下,分4个氮处理[分别相当于氮沉降率0 g/(m2·a)、1 g/(m2·a)、3 g/(m2·a)和5 g/(m2·a)]模拟了氮沉降对三江平原典型湿地植物小叶章(Calamagrostis angustifolia)生长及其碳、氮代谢等生理生态指标的影响.结果表明,随着氮沉降量的增加,小叶章的叶面积、株高、植株分蘖数、生物量(叶、茎、根)均呈增加趋势.两种水分条件下,氮沉降处理平均小叶章叶绿素、叶片可溶性蛋白和游离氨基酸含量分别较对照处理增长20.37%、10.52%和19.18%,而可溶性糖含量则下降了14.69%.1 g/(m2·a)、3 g/(m2·a)和5 g/(m2·a)氮沉降处理的净同化率分别为对照处理的1.10倍、2.80倍和3.81倍.与非淹水条件相比,淹水条件下小叶章对氮沉降率的适应能力较强,氮沉降显著促进了小叶章的碳、氮代谢水平.     

长白山孤山屯泥炭沼泽活性有机碳研究

土壤活性有机碳既是土壤微生物的活动能源,又是土壤养分循环的主要驱动力。2013年5~10月中旬,在吉林省辉南县孤山屯泥炭沼泽中,对瘤囊薹草(Carex schmidtii)—小叶章(Calamagrostis angustifolia)群落、薹草(Carex spp.)群落和薹草—柳叶绣线菊(Spiraea salicifolia)群落泥炭沼泽0~40 cm深度土壤微生物量碳和水中可溶性有机碳含量分布及其影响因素进行了研究。研究结果表明,各植物群落泥炭沼泽0~20 cm深度土层中的微生物量碳质量浓度在92.40~478.96 g/m~3范围内变化,瘤囊薹草—小叶章群落泥炭沼泽土壤中的微生物量碳含量最低;20~40 cm深度土层中的微生物量碳质量浓度在48.45~348.88 g/m~3范围内变化,在20~40 cm深度土层,各采样日都是薹草—柳叶绣线菊群落泥炭沼泽土壤的微生物量碳质量浓度相对最大,其它依次为薹草群落、瘤囊薹草—小叶章群落;各植物群落泥炭沼泽0~20 cm和20~40 cm深度水中的可溶性有机碳质量浓度的变化范围分别为28.99~53.69 mg/L和22.20~66.71 mg/L;6个采样日,薹草群落和薹草—柳叶绣线菊群落泥炭沼泽0~20 cm深度土层微生物量碳含量明显大于20~40 cm深度土层,而薹草群落泥炭沼泽20~40 cm深度水中的可溶性有机碳含量都高于上层;微生物量碳含量的对数与可溶性碳含量的对数为负相关关系;土壤微生物量碳含量的主要影响因素是土壤有机碳含量、全氮含量、全磷含量、氮磷比、硝态氮含量和水位,水中可溶性有机碳含量的主要影响因素是总氮含量、总磷含量和0 cm土壤温度。     

不同地表水水位下莫莫格湿地植物群落物种组成和数量特征

在莫莫格湿地,选择常年积水、季节性积水和常年无积水的3块湿地作为采样点,进行地表水水位观测和植物群落调查。结果表明,莫莫格湿地植物群落物种组成和数量特征受地表水水位的显著影响。常年积水的哈拉塔采样点的植物以水生植物为主,形成单优物种的芦苇(Phragmites australis)群落,其群落高度和平均生物量显著高于其它两个采样点(p0.05);季节性积水的哈尔挠采样点以湿生植物为主,物种丰富度和群落密度都高于其它两个采样点(p0.05);而地表湿润的哈拉火烧采样点的植物生长缓慢,其群落高度、盖度和生物量都较低。另外,莫莫格湿地植物群落组成和数量特征季节变化明显。哈拉塔和哈尔挠采样点的物种丰富度在7月(水位最高时)达到最高,而后开始降低。与此同时,哈尔挠采样点优势种由小叶章(Calamagrostic angustifolia)取代薹草(Carex sp.),生物量降低,水位高度与物种多样性显著正相关(R2=0.519,p0.05)。莫莫格湿地不同区域的地表水水位差异导致植物群落的物种组成和数量特征发生改变。     

乌裕尔河滨河湿地不同退耕还湿方式下土壤养分恢复特征

以乌裕尔河滨河湿地退耕还湿示范区为研究对象,在自然恢复和人工修复的湿地恢复方式下,研究典型湿地植物群落土壤的p H、有机质含量、速效氮含量、速效磷含量、速效钾含量和电导率的变化。结果表明,随着退耕时间的增加,与人工修复方式相比,自然恢复方式对土壤的改良作用更显著;在不同植物群落中,小叶章(Calamagrostis angustifolia)群落对实验区湿地的土壤养分恢复更具促进作用。     

水位变化对康巴诺尔湖湿地地上植被及种子库影响研究

在调查康巴诺尔湖地上植被的基础上,通过设置不同的水位条件,研究水位变化对康巴诺尔湖湿地地上植被及种子库的影响;同时,试验移植土壤种子库对荒滩上开挖的新湖淖(新建子湖)进行湖滨带乡土植被构建的可行性研究。结果表明:(1)康巴诺尔湖地上植被共计22种,隶属10科19属,以禾本科植物为主,优势种有芦苇、披碱草和水麦冬;(2)地上植被在不同水位下的分布表现为:高水位由水生植物主导,中水位由湿生植物主导,低水位由盐生植物主导;(3)地上植被的Shannon-wiener多样性指数和Margarlef丰富度指数随着水位的降低依次减小,Pielow均匀度指数随着水位的降低依次升高;(4)土壤种子库(新建子湖)优势种有芦苇、知风草、山苦荬、披碱草等。不同水位下1′号、3′号样带(移植植物加土壤样带)植株数量从多到少依次为:高水位>低水位>中水位;2′号样带(移植土壤)种子萌发量从多到少依次为:低水位>中水位>高水位;(5)种子库与地上植被的相似性指数随着水位的下降而降低。水位变化会直接影响湿地植物群落的空间分布及规模,这也是造成土壤种子库形成集群分布的主要原因。移植土壤种子库方法对新建子湖的植被恢复是可行的。     

三江平原毛苔草沼泽和小叶章沼泽化草甸湿地水体中可溶性铁的分布特征

2006年5月至10月期间,对三江平原典型的毛苔草(Carex lasiocarpa)沼泽和小叶章(Calamagrostis angustifolia)沼泽化草甸湿地表层积水中可溶性铁(Fe2 ,Fe3 )含量进行了现场采样和测试分析,同步测定了水体氧化还原电位(Eh)、电导率(EC)、pH值等指标。结果表明,除8月份的几次观测外,生长季内小叶章沼泽化草甸湿地水体中可溶性铁含量明显高于毛苔草沼泽湿地;两种湿地水体中可溶性铁存在的主要形态为Fe3 ,且Fe2 与Fe3 含量之间呈显著正相关;受水温和降水的影响,湿地水体中可溶性铁含量具有明显的季节性差异,其中小叶章沼泽化草甸湿地水体中的可溶性铁含量呈单峰型季节变化,而其在毛苔草沼泽湿地水体中呈双峰型季节变化。统计分析表明,Fe2 含量与水体的Eh值具有负相关关系,Fe3 含量与水体的Eh值的相关性较小,而且其含量并未随着还原性Fe2 的增加而减少;pH值对沼泽湿地水体中铁的形态分布无显著影响;Fe2 含量与EC值相关性显著。     

室内模拟水位下退耕还湿地表层土壤温室气体排放研究北大核心CSCD

在中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所的科研温室中,进行了实验期为60 d的室内模拟实验,在-5 cm、0 cm和5 cm的模拟水位下,测定和计算出采集自洪河国家级自然保护区的2010年、2014年、2016年弃耕的退耕还湿地和天然小叶章沼泽表层(0~20 cm深度)土壤的CO2、CH4和N2O排放通量。研究结果表明,随着水位的上升,2010年、2014年、2016年弃耕的退耕还湿地和天然小叶章沼泽表层土壤的CO2和N2O排放通量在减小;与-5 cm和5 cm的模拟水位下相比,0 cm水位下表层土壤的CH4排放通量相对最大;随着实验天数的增加,2014年、2016年弃耕的退耕还湿地和天然小叶章沼泽表层土壤CH4排放通量在波动增大;水位越高,其对退耕还湿地表层土壤CO2、N2O总排放量和温室气体的全球增温潜势的抑制作用越明显。     

室内模拟水位下退耕还湿地表层土壤温室气体排放研究

在中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所的科研温室中,进行了实验期为60 d的室内模拟实验,在-5 cm、0 cm和5 cm的模拟水位下,测定和计算出采集自洪河国家级自然保护区的2010年、2014年、2016年弃耕的退耕还湿地和天然小叶章沼泽表层(0～20 cm深度)土壤的CO_2、CH_4和N_2O排放通量。研究结果表明,随着水位的上升,2010年、2014年、2016年弃耕的退耕还湿地和天然小叶章沼泽表层土壤的CO_2和N_2O排放通量在减小;与-5 cm和5 cm的模拟水位下相比,0 cm水位下表层土壤的CH_4排放通量相对最大;随着实验天数的增加,2014年、2016年弃耕的退耕还湿地和天然小叶章沼泽表层土壤CH_4排放通量在波动增大;水位越高,其对退耕还湿地表层土壤CO_2、N_2O总排放量和温室气体的全球增温潜势的抑制作用越明显。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.     

THE MOST PERFECT EXAMPLE OF AN ALIEN ECOLOGY EVER CONSTRUCTED

Much science-fiction literature is based upon the creation and exploration of alternative environments. Stanley G. Weinbaum's short story, “Parasite Planet,”introduces an unusual environment that may be wrong in the light of recent evidence on Venus but still stimulates the geographical imagination.     

Metals and models: Diagenic modelling in freshwater lacustrine sediments

This review aims to distill and synthesize the existing information on the use of models to describe and predict the distribution and movement of metals in lacustrine sediments. As such it examines the causes of metal diagenesis, the origin and form of the equations that govern these phenomena, and the predictability or measurability of the parameters that appear in the models. The paper concludes by highlighting some seminal results from modelling studies, including the determination of the factors controlling the formation of surficial Mn-Fe-enriched zone or layers, the substantial contribution possible from metal reduction to organic matter regeneration, the calculation of mixing-corrected metal input histories to lakes, and the prediction of growth rates and morphologies for both deep-sea and lacustrine ferromanganese nodules.     

Guidelines to Authors

正1.Aims and scope Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions(SCAR)is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the patterns of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions.Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical,chemical and biological processes and their interactions,and on the response of cryosphere to global change and human activities as well as their effects on environment and the acclimatizable strategies;focus on the objects of glacier,snow,river,lake,sea ice,permafrost and seasonal frozen ground,and periglacial geomorphology,etc.;and think much of cold regions     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Portable Utopia: Glasgow and the United States 1820–1920. Bernard Aspinwall. Studies in Russian Historical Geography. James H. Bater and R. A. French, eds. Water and Sanitation: Economic and Sociological Perspectives. Peter G. Bourne, ed. Green Politics. Fritjof Capra and Charlene Spretnak. The Southern Cone: Realities of the Authoritarian State. César N. Caviedes. Women in Third World Development. Sue Ellen Charlton. Land Management: New Directions. David Chiddick and Alan Millington, eds. Geography and Ethnic Pluralism. Colin Clarke, David Ley, Ceri Peach, eds. Geomorphological Hazards in Los Angeles. R. U. Cooke. Regional Impacts of United States-Mexico Economic Relations. Alfonso Corona and Lay James Gibson. eds. Patterns of Jobs and Geographic Mobility. Torvald Gerger. Cities and Sickness: Health Care in Urban America. Ann Lennarson Greer and Scott Greer, eds. Neighborhoods: Their Place in Urban Life. Howard W. Hallman. Development and the Rural-Urban Divide. John Harriss and Mick Moore, eds. Patterns of Undocumented Migration: Mexico and the United States. Richard C. Jones, ed. Central Place Theory. Leslie J. King. The Geography of Western Europe: A Socio-economic Survey. Paul L. Knox. Regions and Resources: Strategies for Development. David T. Krisge, Daniel A. Seiver, Oliver S. Goldsmith and Michael J. Scott. Geography of Crowding and Human Response. A Study of Ahmedabad City. K. M. Kulkarni. Haciendo Pueblo. The Development of a Guadalajaran Suburb. Kathleen Logan. The Imperial Lion: Human Dimensions of Wildlife Management in Central Africa. Stewart A. Marks. Water in the Hispanic Southwest: A Social and Legal History, 1550–1850. Michael C. Meyer. Imlil: A Moroccan Mountain Community in Change. James A. Miller. Tourism in Canada: Selected Issues and Options. Peter E. Murphy, ed. David Harvey's Geography. John L. Paterson. Raster Scanning, Processing and Plotting of Cartographic Documents. Donna J. Peuquet and A. Raymond Boyle. The USSR and the Muslim World: Issues in Domestic and Foreign Policy. Yaacov Ro'i, ed. Environmental Perception and Behavior: An Inventory and Prospect. Thomas F. Saarinen, David Seamon, and James L. Sell. Incised channels, Morphology, Dynamics, and Control. Stanley A. Schumm, Michael D. Harvey, and Chester C. Watson. The Gap Between Rich and Poor: Contending Perspectives on the Political Economy of Development. Mitchell A. Seligson, ed. Twentieth-Century Richmond. Planning, Politics and Race. Christopher Silver. Land Conservation and Development: Examples of Land-Use Planning Projects and Programs. F. R. Steiner and H. N. van Lier, eds. Biogeography: Recent Advances and Future Directions. J. A. Taylor, ed. Late Quaternary Environments of the Soviet Union. A. A. Velichko, ed. H. E. Wright, Jr. and C. W. Barnosky, eds.