300 MW汽轮发电机组在机电耦合作用下的扭振

大型汽轮发电机组轴系扭振是电网系统和机械系统相互作用的结果.以1台300 MW汽轮发电机组扭振模拟机为对象,对轴系扭振和机电耦合次同步谐振的耦合作用进行了模拟试验.结果表明:在三相短路故障激励下,具有串补电容的输电线路比无串补电容的输电线路对机组轴系扭振响应的影响更大;补偿度越高,电力系统中谐振电流明显增大,发生机电耦合次同步振荡的危险性越大.     

电力系统扰动对汽轮发电机组轴系扭振的影响及其主动控制

采用线性定常二次型全局最优控制理论对电力系统扰动下大型汽轮发电机组轴系产生的扭振进行主动控制,较详细地阐述了三相短路和两相短路的故障原因,讨论了两种故障对最大电磁转矩的影响,计算了发电机组轴系产生的冲击转矩和扭振响应,并利用线性定常二次型全局最优控制理论对这两种故障进行扭振主动控制仿真计算。计算结果证明:采用扭振主动控制技术能有效抑制由于电力系统扰动而引起的大型汽轮发电机组轴系扭振。图7参8     

空冷600MW汽轮发电机组轴系扭振特性分析

主要研究了空冷600MW汽轮发电机组轴系扭振特性、疲劳寿命损耗,并针对两个特定电厂的接入系统进行网机耦合次同步谐振特性分析。轴系扭振频率和响应计算采用连续质量模型,次同步谐振特性分析采用集中质量模型。计算结果表明,机组扭振频率避开了工频和倍频,轴系不会因共振而破坏;在短路故障轴系扭振是安全的;空冷600MW汽轮发电机组可以用于远距离输电在线路中进行串联电容器补偿。     

1000MW汽轮发电机组轴系扭振特性计算评估

使用混合编程技术对一个计算评估汽轮发电机组轴系扭振特性的机网相互作用数字仿真程序MANDISP进行了Windows版本的开发,包括图形用户界面的创建及扭振特性分析功能的增强.Windows版本的MANDISP能对汽轮发电机组进行轴系模态频率与振型计算,对电网中的各种故障及操作进行时域仿真并计算其引起的机组轴系疲劳寿命损耗.最后利用程序对国产首台1 000MW汽轮发电机组进行轴系扭振特性分析、暂态扭矩仿真及疲劳寿命损耗研究.计算结果表明,机组轴系自然频率满足轴系扭振频率设计要求,疲劳损耗也满足目前通常使用的机组设计标准.     

减振结构对600MW汽轮发电机组轴系扭振抑制作用的研究

以国产某亚临界600 MW汽轮发电机组轴系为研究对象,采用Solidworks软件对该机组轴系进行三维实体建模,并对有无减振结构时的振幅进行对比分析。结果表明:有减振结构时汽轮发电机组轴系振幅明显下降;在三相短路故障激励下时间节点0.2 s时出现最大振幅;减振结构使转轴最大振幅下降,同时使振幅衰减速度明显加快,验证了减振结构对轴系扭振抑制的有效性。     

汽轮发电机组轴系扭振引起的叶片响应计算

提出了汽轮发电机组轴系扭振及叶片切向振动的连续质量模型,在此基础上分析了叶片运动对轴系扭振的影响,给出了由轴系扭振引起叶片响应的计算方法,并对实际机组在两相短路时进行了数值计算.结果表明,由轴系扭振引起的叶片应力对叶片的安全性分析是不容忽视的.图3参4     

汽轮发电机组轴系扭振引起的叶片响应计算

提出了汽轮发电机组轴系扭振及叶片切向振动的连续质量模型,在此基础上分析了叶片运动的轴系扭振的影响,给出了轴系扭振引起叶片响应的计算方法,并对实际机组在两相短路时进行了数值计算,结果表明,由轴系扭振引起的叶片应力对叶片的安全性分析是不可忽视的,图3参4。     

汽轮发电机组轴系扭振响应分析

针对传统的汽轮发电机组轴系扭振瞬态响应求解模型的不足,进行了去线性趋势处理,消除了Newmark-β法存在的线性累积误差,建立了新的求解模型.以300 MW汽轮发电机组扭振模拟机为对象,对典型电力系统扰动(如三相短路、两相短路、非同期并网等)下的轴系扭振响应进行了仿真分析.结果表明:几种扰动均能激起轴系的前五阶扭振固有频率,尤以120°非同期并网激起的轴系扭振响应最大;在整个轴系的扭振响应上,发电机转子处的扭振比汽轮机转子处剧烈.     

汽轮发电机组扭振模拟机的轴系设计

介绍了汽轮发电机组轴系扭振模拟系统的设计原则,利用雷卡迪传递矩阵分析计算了汽轮发电机组轴系扭振的固有特性。依据设计原则,利用模态刚度矩阵、模态质量矩阵和模态频率相似进行了扭振模拟机轴系的设计,扭振模拟机轴系前三阶固有特性与实际机组轴系扭振动特性基本一致。试验表明,扭振模拟机达到了设计目的,同时也证明了轴系分析方法和设计方法的正确性。     

蒸汽轴向流动对汽轮发电机组轴系扭振响应的影响

对在汽轮机高压和中压调节阀快关动作后蒸汽沿轴向流动过程对轴系扭振响应的影响进行了研究。轴系的计算模型采用连续质量模型。外激励模型是考虑了汽轮机ＤＥＨ系统、热力系统以及单机对无穷大电网的机电耦合数学模型。对３００ＭＷ汽轮发电机组的仿真计算表明,考虑蒸汽流动导致的激励扭矩沿汽轮机轴向瞬时变化时,对轴系的扰动和轴系扭振的激励加强,蒸汽载荷变化对汽轮发电机组轴系扭振的影响是较大的,在轴系安全评价中必须加以考虑。图４参３     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Wind power for pumping: The development of the ITP windpump

Water pumping has been one of the main applications for wind power in the past and despite the spread of mains-electric pumps, more than a million windpumps remain in regular use. This paper reviews the general technical and economic requirements for pumping water using wind energy and by way of example gives an overview of the development of the new ITP wind-pump. It then considers the future prospects for this kind of technology.     

Methods of creating solar-reflective nonwhite surfaces and their application to residential roofing materials

We describe methods for creating solar-reflective nonwhite surfaces and their application to a wide variety of residential roofing materials, including metal, clay tile, concrete tile, wood, and asphalt shingle. Reflectance in the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum (0.7–2.5 μm) is maximized by coloring a topcoat with pigments that weakly absorb and (optionally) strongly backscatter NIR radiation, and by adding an NIR-reflective basecoat (e.g., one colored with titanium dioxide rutile white) if both the topcoat and the substrate weakly reflect NIR radiation. Coated steel and glazed clay-tile roofing products achieved NIR reflectances of up to 0.50 and 0.75, respectively, using only cool topcoats. Gray-cement concrete tiles achieved NIR reflectances as high as 0.60 with coatings colored by NIR-scattering pigments. Such tiles could attain NIR reflectances of up to 0.85 by overlaying a white basecoat with a topcoat colored by NIR-transparent organic pigments. Granule-surfaced asphalt shingles achieved NIR reflectances as high as 0.45 when the granules were covered with a white basecoat and a cool color topcoat.     

Thermal decay of an initially hot isothermal water body with application to thermal energy storage

The thermal decay of an initially hot isothermal water body contained in a tank was studied. Analytical solutions (including a group-theoretic solution) were obtained for the one-dimensional heat conduction equation with heat loss from the sides of the tank. The convective heat transfer coefficient was assumed not to be constant over the surface of the tank but to vary with space and time. A very good agreement was obtained between the group-theoretic solution and a numerical solution using the Crank-Nicholson finite difference scheme. The analytical results are discussed in terms of the underlying physical mechanisms.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

秸秆燃烧中温度对钾转化与释放的影响

通过对稻秆原料进行常规特性分析和EDX元素含量分析,发现钾在稻秆无机元素中占有重要地位。参考原料化学分馏法和土壤中钾的分类与测试方法,给出了对生物质原料及其燃烧产物中钾的定性与定量简易方法。通过程序控温型固定床对稻秆先进行缓慢氧化,然后以100℃为间隔从400～900℃进行成灰,并分别测试其成灰率、有效钾和全钾的份额。结合稻秆原料及其灰中钾的份额分析,进行了稻秆灰中有效钾转化与释放的计算,发现有效钾在700～800℃之间有快速的释放和形态转变。稻秆灰的XRD分析结果表明秸秆灰中钾主要以KCl、K_2SO_4形式存在,得到了钾以盐的形式进行转化与释放的机理。该文中燃烧温度对钾转化与释放的影响规律对设计秸秆电厂时的炉型选择和燃烧参数确定有一定参考价值。