小麦种质资源及品质性状分析

以株高、穗米、小穗数、千粒重、饱满度、角质率、沉降值和籽粒蛋白质含量为指标，对国内外的36个小麦品种（系）进行分析表明，性状的变异以饱满度和角质率较大，籽粒蛋白质含量、株高和小穗数较小。90R－92－1、白龙1号、鲁875067、鲁93（5）095、临资8号、76921 6个品种是综合表现相近而且较好的材料，这类材料的穗长、小穗数、千粒重和籽粒蛋白质含量、[沉降值的平均值最高。国内育成品种的小穗数、饱满度、角质率、沉降值和籽粒蛋白质与国外品种存在明显的差距。国内不同地区参试品种的平均蛋白质含量相近。     

小麦产量与品质性状杂种优势的研究

本试验在河南省从北到南4个不同纬度的地点上连续进行2年(共8个环境类型).材料包括7个小麦亲本和由此按不完全双列杂交模式组配、人工去雄授粉产生的12个杂种组合.研究结果,小麦杂种单株籽粒产量平均杂种优势及其变异幅度分别为22.01%、11.90—40.64%.每穗粒数的杂种优势大于千粒重和单株穗数的杂种优势.面团形成时间,面团稳定时间,拉伸仪面积、峰值、延伸度及其拉伸仪峰值与延伸度的比值均呈现正向杂种优势;籽粒蛋白质含量、吸水率、面筋含量和弱化度表现负向杂种优势.但单株籽粒蛋白质产量表现正向杂种优势,平均17.20%.容重表现正向杂种优势,且变异范围较窄.杂种优势的环境变异主要是受地点以及地点、年份和杂种间二级互作的显著影响.     

伴生麦与普通小麦的形态、产量和品质性状差异分析

为研究伴生麦与普通小麦在形态、产量和品质性状间的差异,以普通小麦品种矮抗58和3个伴生麦品种W14、W15、W18为供试材料进行研究。设置水分处理(主区)和施氮量(副区)的裂区试验,其中水分处理设正常水分和渍水2个水平,施氮量设置不施氮(N_0)、正常施氮(225 kg/hm~2,即N_(225))和过量施氮(300 kg/hm~2,即N_(300))3个水平,结果表明,正常水肥管理下,伴生麦的分蘖数较多且茎粗较小,其株高是普通小麦的1.5～2.4倍,而产量却不足普通小麦的1/2,此外,伴生麦品种W14、W15、W18的籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和吸水量等品质指标均高于普通小麦。施氮可提高普通小麦及伴生麦的穗粒数、产量、籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、吸水量、形成时间、稳定时间、出粉率、拉伸能量、恒定变形拉伸阻力、延伸度和最大拉伸阻力,正常施氮(225 kg/hm~2)使普通小麦和伴生麦千粒质量、产量、容重和硬度达到最高。水分对普通小麦和伴生麦的形态及产量影响较小,但对籽粒品质影响显著。综上所述,水分、品种及氮素对普通小麦和伴生麦的籽粒品质具有显著影响,是决定普通小麦及伴生麦籽粒品质的关键因素。     

小麦产量与若干品质性状的相关研究

长期以来 ,我国小麦生产一直偏重追求产量。随着生产条件的改善与麦作科技水平的不断提高 ,小麦生产已在数量上暂告别了短缺 ,出现了过剩和积压现象 (普通小麦品种及品质差的品种 )。与之相反的是 ,我国每年还需进口相当数量的优质小麦 (90年代以来每年约 10 0 0万ｔ) ,以适应我国人民生活水平提高对小麦面粉制品的品质要求。因此大力加强优质小麦的研究与生产 ,既是我国目前农业结构调整的需要 ,更是中国“入世”后 ,在世界贸易市场上增强自身竞争力的需要。培育优质品种 ,选择适宜生态地区种植并配套规范化栽培措施 ,使优质与产量达到较高…     

陆地棉资源主要产量和纤维品质性状的遗传多样性分析研究

为了提高棉花种质资源的利用效率、增加骨干亲本的遗传多样性,对114份资源材料进行遗传多样性分析、相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析。衣分、单铃重和马克隆值的变异系数较大,整齐度的变异系数最小;子指的遗传多样性指数最大,伸长率的遗传多样性指数最小;主成分分析的前3个因子累计贡献率达到83.91%;单铃重与衣分和子指均为极显著正相关,衣分与子指为极显著负相关,纤维品质性状之间均为正相关关系,子指与纤维品质主要表现为负相关,单铃重和衣分与纤维品质表现为显著的正相关;聚类分析将供试材料分为3个大群,第Ⅰ大群主要为彩色棉品种;第Ⅱ大群为纤维品质优异、产量性状一般的材料;第Ⅲ大群的产量和纤维品质综合表现较好。本研究明确了各类材料的典型特征,为材料的高效利用和亲本选择提供一定参考。     

不同品种小麦光合和产量性状的比较研究

为选用豫北地区适宜推广的高产小麦品种,以高产潜力品种‘豫麦49-198’,‘兰考矮早8’,‘周麦22’、‘豫农202’、‘偃展4110’为试验材料,在大田种植条件下,进行不同品种小麦光合和产量性状的比较研究。结果表明：‘豫麦49-198’叶片叶绿素含量较高,光合产物积累量较低,穗粒数和千粒重均为最低;‘兰考矮早8’在叶片叶绿素含量和干物质积累上均占有优势,但产量因素中穗数较低;‘周麦22’不仅光合能力和籽粒灌浆能力较高,产量因素也达到较大程度的协调;‘豫农202’在穗数上占有优势,但是光合能力较低,千粒重低;‘偃展4110’的产量因素也较为协调,但叶绿素含量和干物质积累能力低。综上,‘周麦22’产量结构较为协调,在提高小麦的产量方面具有较大的潜力,是高产超高产适宜推广的种植品种。     

烯效唑对花生产量品质影响的研究

以‘花育19’和‘花育23’为试验材料,在花生盛花期叶片喷施烯效唑,研究其对花生产量和品质的影响。结果表明：烯效唑可延缓主茎高的增长,增加主茎直径,烯效唑浓度越大,植株表现越矮壮,以160 mg/L处理矮壮效果最明显;可促进根生长,增加单株根干重和单株果干重,提高根冠比和经济系数,2个品种处理区比对照区的根冠比、经济系数提高了0.8904~1.2015、46.57%~53.46%,产量增加18.09%~69.10%,处理区籽仁粗脂肪含量、蛋白质含量、可溶性糖含量均比对照增加。试验表明：花生盛花期叶片喷施适宜浓度的烯效唑,对花生产量和品质有一定的促进作用。     

国外甘蓝型油菜种质资源农艺性状和品质性状的聚类分析

利用系统聚类法,对117份国外甘蓝型油菜种质资源的10个农艺性状和4个品质性状进行聚类分析,研究其遗传亲缘关系,合理利用品种资源.结果表明:117份材料分为2个类群,分别包括71个和46个品种(系).第Ⅰ、Ⅱ类群又分别分为6个和7个亚类群,第Ⅰ-1、Ⅰ-2亚类群各再分为7个品种群,第Ⅱ-2、Ⅱ-6亚类群分别再分为5个和3个品种群.第Ⅰ类群的品质较好,芥酸含量平均为4.3%,6个亚类群间农艺性状有较大差异,而第Ⅱ类群品质较差,7个亚类群闻差异较小.从中发现了长英、大粒、早熟和角密等特异材料.     

广西籽粒苋资源品质性状的鉴定与评价

广西籽粒苋地方种质资源极其丰富多样,为了给广西籽粒苋育种和生产提供理论依据,以考察收集的61份广西籽粒苋资源为试材,对籽粒的蛋白质、淀粉、脂肪、硒含量等4个主要品质性状进行测定分析和评价。结果表明,蛋白质、淀粉、脂肪、硒平均含量分别为14.59%、41.37%、4.89%、0.056 mg/kg。不同品质性状变异程度不同,其中硒含量变异最大。性状间存在着不同的相关性：蛋白质与淀粉呈极显著正相关、与脂肪呈极显著负相关,脂肪与淀粉呈极显著负相关、与硒呈现显著负相关。不同来源的种质品质性状比较结果表明,百色市地方种质资源的蛋白质、淀粉、脂肪和硒的平均含量明显优于广西其他地市。通过鉴定,筛选出多项品质优异资源4份,双项品质优异资源7份,高蛋白质、高淀粉、高脂肪和富硒含量单项优异资源16份。     

超级小麦种质资源农艺性状的鉴定与评价

通过田间观测和室内分析，对来自国外和国内420份超级小麦种质资源在山东泰安市连续二年进行了农艺性状的鉴定和评价。结果表明：在这些小麦种质资源中，单株成穗数、小穗数、穗粒数的变异系数较低，育种时容易选择。性状相关分析表明：随着穗长的增加及穗粒数和千粒重的增加，穗粒重有增加的趋势；随着穗长的增加，株高有增加的趋势；株高的增加有助于穗粒数的增多，但千粒重随之下降。在此基础上筛选出适合泰安生态条件、综合性状好的材料27份，其中抗病好的材料10份，大穗大粒类2份，优质类23份，早熟类12份，矮秆2份，抗寒3份，多穗多粒7份。     

Bread-Making Quality Indices in Triticum aestivum Progenies. Implications in Breeding for Better Bread Wheat

Bread-making quality indices (dough strength and dough mixing stability) in relation to flour protein content, glutenin/gliadin ratio, and high-molecular-weight (HMW) subunits of glutenin have been investigated in Triticum aestivum progenies during a three year agronomic trial. Dough strength (W) proved to be a fairly stable characteristic, slightly but positively correlated with flour protein content. High could be associated with a high glutenin/gliadin ratio as well as with the presence of specific HMW. subunits of glutenin, while high protein content tended to favour a balanced dough tenacity-extensibility ratio (P/L = 0.4—0.6). Satisfactory values of dough-mixing stability were frequently observed in association with good expression of W showing that the two quality traits may coexist without much difficulty in the same genotype. From the plant breeding standpoint the data suggest feasible to obtain high dough strength by concentrating in a genotype the HMW subunits of glutenin known to have a beneficial effect on W. However, very high W may present unfavourable P/L ratios. This possibility is enhanced when the flour has a low protein content which often occurs in high yielding genotypes.     

小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基与小麦品质性状关系的研究

采用SDS-PAGE方法, 通过对4个优质亲本与3个农艺亲本间杂交获得的F2群体的每一单株及其亲本进行小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)组成分析, 并对每一F2单株上F3籽粒群体的高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成与其籽粒蛋白质含量、 SDS-沉降值的关系进行研究,结果表明：小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成不同的群体间籽粒蛋白质含量差异不显著     

General combining ability of six genotypes of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) for biscuit-making quality characteristics

The first South African soft wheat breeding programme was initiated in 19 90 , consequently almost no information is available on soft wheat quality characteristics. The aim of this study was to determine general combining ability (GCA) of several spring wheats for biscuit-making quality characteristics. A full dialled cross was made with five spring wheats with good biscuit-making quality and a sixth hard wheat with poor biscuit-making quality. Seventeen quality characteristics were measured. When the GCA to specific combining ability (SCA) ratios were calculated, strong additive gene action was shown for all characteristics, excluding flour colour and biscuit diameter, which suggested high heritabilities for most characteristics. None of the characteristics showed more non-additive than additive gene action. Three of the soft wheat cultivars combined well for the characteristics important for biscuit-making quality.     

Single and Multiple Traits Selection in a Segregating Population of Wheat, Triticum aestivum L.

The breeding materials used in this study were the F₃, F₄ and F₅-generations of the cross between Giza 158 × Sonora 64 (Triticum aestivum L.). The objective of this study was to compare the relative merits of Smith-Hazel, desired gain selection indices, independent culling levels and single trait selection in improving grain yield, heading date and several agronomic traits. Highly significant differences among F₃ families and a satisfactory genotypic coefficient of variability were obtained for all the traits studied. The genotypic correlations were high between yield and each of spike weight, kernels/spike and spikes; plant, intermediate with 1000 kernel weight and very low with heading date, plant height and spike1 length-After two cycles of selection, the results of the gains realized indicated that the most effective method for improving yield was the Smith-Hazel index (SH₇) of seven traits followed by the desired gain index of seven traits (DG₇), SH₅, independent culling levels, DG₅ and direct selection (or grain yield/plant. Direct selection for heading date, plant height and spike length was the best method for improving these traits, but undesirable correlated responses in the other traits were obtained.     

Cytoplasmic effects on quality traits of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The inheritances of thousand kernel weight (TKW), protein percentage, protein quality and grain hardness were studied through an 11 x 11 complete diallel set of bread wheat genotypes consisting of four alloplasmic lines of Selkirk, two alloplasmic lines of Siete Cerros 66, and five commercial cultivars. Genetic components accounted for 93%, 90%, 78%, and 92% of total variation for TKW, protein percentage, protein quality, and grain hardness, respectively. General combining ability (GCA) effects were dominant for TKW (48% GCA, 38% SCA [specific combining ability], and 7% reciprocal effects [RE]), protein percentage (70% GCA, 10% SCA, and 10% RE), and grain hardness (59% GCA, 29% SCA, and 4% RE). However, SCA effects dominated for protein quality (30% GCA, 43% SCA, and 5% RE). Broad- and narrow-sense heritabilities were estimated at 0.95 and 0.65 for TKW, 0.94 and 0.82 for protein percentage, 0.83 and 0.47 for protein quality, and 0.95 and 0.74 for grain hardness. Reciprocal effects were highly significant for all quality traits, but less effective than additive and non-additive gene effects. Aegilops cylindrica, Ae. ventricosa, and Triticum turgidum cytoplasms showed positive effects on TKW in some crosses. Ae. cylindrica, Ae. variabilis, and Ae. uniaristata cytoplasms seemed to have potential for improving protein percentage. T. aestivum cytoplasms were superior to alien cytoplasms for protein quality. Bolal 2973, Kiraç 66 and Bezostaja 1 cytoplasms increased protein quality in some crosses. Ae. cylindrica, Ae. variabilis, Ae. ventricosa and Ae. uniaristata cytoplasms had significant effects on grain hardness. The cytoplasmic variation in B type T. aestivum cytoplasm was found to be significant for all traits.     

花后灌水对小麦籽粒品质性状及产量的影响

在池栽防雨条件下,研究了小麦花后不同灌水时期、不同灌水次数对籽粒产量及品质性状的影响。结果表明,在花前限量灌水条件下（135 mm）,花后灌水（45～90 mm）可显著提高小麦籽粒产量及蛋白质产量;虽然多数品质性状在花后不灌水（CK）条件下获得最大值,但灌1水未引起品质性状的明显变化;随灌水次数增加,各品质性状变劣     

普通小麦-野生二粒小麦染色体臂置换系籽粒与品质性状分析

野生二粒小麦在农艺性状和品质性状上具有丰富的遗传变异,这些优异基因的导入对促进优质小麦生产具有重要的意义。以普通小麦品种Bethlehem（BLH）为遗传背景的野生二粒小麦染色体臂置换系（chromosome arm substitution lines,CASLs）为材料,进行2年一点田间试验,考察籽粒（粒长、粒宽和千粒重）与品质相关性状（蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值、淀粉含量和灰分含量）。结果表明：CASLs群体中3AL 2年的粒长均显著长于亲本BLH,推测3AL染色体上至少有1个正效QTL控制野生二粒小麦的粒长,至少3个控制粒长的负效QTLs分别位于4BS、6BL和7BL,至少11个控制千粒重的负效QTLs分别位于2AS、5AS、6AL、7AS、1BS、1BL、4BS、4BL、5BL、6BL和7BL,至少6个与蛋白质含量正相关的QTLs分别位于6AL、1BS、2BS、3BL、7BS和7BL,至少3个控制湿面筋形成的正效QTLs分别位于2BL、7BS和7BL,至少3个控制沉降值的主效QTLs分别位于4AL、7AL和7BL,至少1个控制淀粉形成的负效QTL位点位于7BL;至少1个促进小麦籽粒灰分含量增加的QTL位于7BL上。相关性分析表明,千粒重与蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值和灰分含量呈显著或极显著的负相关,蛋白质含量与湿面筋含量、沉降值和灰分含量均呈极显著正相关,而与淀粉含量呈极显著负相关。综上所述,CASLs群体具有丰富的遗传多样性,且每个置换系只含有对应野生二粒小麦的染色体臂,各置换系有着不同的遗传特点,因此,可以综合利用置换系的有利性状对小麦目标性状进行遗传改良,进而为小麦育种提供更加丰富的遗传资源。     

施用不同种类硫肥对豫麦49产量和品质的影响

于2000－2002年在土壤有效硫含量为15.8 mg.kg^-1的大田试验条件下,不同种类硫肥以60 kg.hm^-2纯S施入,研究了施用不同硫肥对冬小麦产量及品质的影响。结果表明,施用硫肥处理使小麦在籽粒灌浆中后期明显保持较高的群体光合速率(CAP),在灌浆后期,不施硫肥处理的小麦CAP分别低于施硫磺粉、石膏、过磷酸钙、硫铵、硫酸钾各处理9.8%、13.3%、11.9%、40.3%和43.7%。施硫提高了小麦旗叶硝酸还原酶（NR）活性,增大了生育后期的物质积累,实现了生物积累量和收获指数的同步提高,最终显著提高了粒重和籽粒产量;施硫促进籽粒灌浆过程中的麦谷蛋白积累量,且对淀粉糊化参数指标如糊化温度、低谷粘度、高峰粘度和最终粘度影响较大,有利于改善小麦品质。在本试验条件下,增施不同种类硫肥对豫麦49产量和品质均有促进效果,其中以过磷酸钙效果较佳。     

普通小麦和华山新麦草及其属间杂种F_1同工酶分析

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对普通小麦和华山新麦草及其属间杂种 F_1的三叶期叶片、拔节期叶片、剑叶、幼穗和幼根进行了酯酶同工酶分析。结果表明,不同器官及同一器官的不同发育时期酯酶同工酶酶谱表型有明显差异。普通小麦和华山新麦草就同一器官、同一发育时期相比,酶谱差异较大,佐证了普通小麦和华山新麦草间亲缘关系较远。     

八倍体小偃麦与普通小麦杂种自交和回交后代染色体和性状分离的研究

以八倍体小偃麦小偃６９３和普通小麦烟农１５的六个不同杂种世代为材料，研究了自交和顺交对杂种后代染色体和性状分离的不同影响。结果表明，随自交和以烟农１５为轮回亲本回交世代的增加，染色体数目逐渐减少，但回交比自交能使后代中偃麦草染色体丢失更快；回交后代ＰＭＣＭＩ染色体构型较为简单，平均交叉结数减少，回交次数过多不利于偃麦草与普通小麦染色体发生遗传重组；自交和回交世代中小偃麦类型、中间类型和小麦类型出现