中国居民膳食中农药残留的研究

目的 探讨中国居民膳食中农药残留的变化趋势。方法 采用总膳食研究，通过对全国四个区域代表性混合食物样品的调查，了解各类食物样品中农药残留量；根据食物消费量，获得我国居民膳食农药残留摄入量，并与允许摄入量比较；对于污染的食物样品进一步溯源性分析。结果 我国居民2000年每人每天膳食有机氯农药六六六(HCH)总摄入量为3．11μg，滴滴涕(DDT)总摄入量不足FAO／WHO农药残留联席会议(2000)提出的每日摄入耐受量(PTDI)(0．01mg／kg bw)的1％。与1990年相比，2000年我国居民从动物性食品中摄入的HCH有所增加，主要来自北方一区和南方二区水产类样品中林丹的污染。2000年中国总膳食研究在谷类、蔬菜和水果三类食物的混合样品中均未检出有机磷农药残留。结论 我国居民2000年膳食农药残留摄入处于低水平，且有机磷农药的滥用现象得到了明显的改善。     

我国居民膳食脂类摄入量的研究

目的:研究我国居民膳食脂肪、胆固醇和脂肪酸摄入量状况,为进行合理的膳食指导提供基础资料。 方法: 在我国北方和南方各选两个区,每个区包括3个省、市或自治区。 在每个省、市、自治区内选出3个具有代表性的调查点。 采用三日称重和记帐法进行膳食调查,记录烹调方法。以调查点为单位计算每个标准人(体重63 kg成年男子) 每日的食物消费量。将食物聚为12类,各类食物均为烹调后制成的混合样品。其中8类样品测定脂肪、脂肪酸含量,4类样品测定胆固醇含量。 计算出各个地区每人每日脂肪、胆固醇、脂肪酸的摄入量。 结果: 北方一区、北方二区、南方一区、南方二区居民每人每日脂肪摄入量分别为70.5 g, 46.5 g, 58.7 g, 71.0 g, 胆固醇摄入量分别为 329.6 mg, 128.5 mg, 400.9mg, 306.0 mg。 膳食脂肪的主要来源是肉类和蔬菜类食物。三个地区胆固醇的主要来源是蛋类食物,南方二区肉类食物提供的膳食胆固醇量与蛋类食物非常接近。四个地区约90%的膳食饱和脂肪酸是棕榈酸和硬脂酸, 90%的单不饱和脂肪酸是油酸。亚油酸是最主要的n-6系列多不饱和脂肪酸,α-亚麻酸是最主要的n-3系列多不饱和脂肪酸。 S∶M∶P的比例分别是, 北方一区1∶1.1∶1.1, 北方二区 1∶1.6∶1.3, 南方一区1∶1.6∶1.3, 南方二区 1∶1.5∶1。     

2000年中国总膳食研究——膳食铅、镉摄入量

目的了解中国不同地区铅、镉的膳食摄入量,通过分析2000年中国总膳食研究的膳食样品,得到了中国不同地区铅、镉的含量值以及成年男子摄入量数据,并且评价了膳食铅、镉的安全性。方法采用中国总膳食研究方法,通过膳食调查、统计不同地区人群各种食物的消费量、按照所得的食物消费量数据烹调加工成可食的各种膳食、膳食样品中铅、镉含量采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定,并按总膳食研究方法获得的成年男子各种食品的消费量与实测膳食中铅、镉的含量相乘得到不同地区铅、镉的实际摄入量。采用联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织食品添加剂联合专家委员会推荐的暂定每周允许摄入量(PTWI)值评价中国四个大区成年男子膳食中铅、镉摄入的安全性。结果运用总膳食的方法得到了2000年中国四个大区成年男子和全国平均膳食中铅、镉摄入量及占暂定每周允许摄入量(PTWI)数据,北方一区、北方二区、南方一区、南方二区和全国平均分别为(PTWI%):135.6μg(60.3%)和18.4μg(29.1%)、33.6μg(14.9%)和12.1μg(19.2%)、25.6μg(11.4%)和27.6μg(43.8%)、129.8μg(57.7%)和30.8μg(48.9%)、81.1μg(36.1%)和22.2μg(35.3%)。除南方一区铅膳食摄入量的主要来源为谷类、豆类、蛋类和蔬菜类外,其他各区均为谷类和蔬菜类。镉膳食摄入量的主要来源北方一区为谷类、水产类和蔬菜类,北方二区和南方二区均为谷类和蔬菜类,南方一区为谷类、肉类、水产类和蔬菜类。膳食中铅、镉的含量除个别食物类别外,均符合食品限量标准。其中超标的食物类别有南方一区的蛋类超过标准8.1%,北方一区和南方一区水产类食品中镉的含量分别超过标准49.0%和27.6%。结论表明中国不同地区膳食铅、镉的摄入量是安全的,只有某些地区的个别样品超过中国食品中铅、镉限量标准。     

中国居民膳食有机锡污染水平和摄入量

目的 获得我国居民膳食有机锡污染的基础数据,为开展有机锡风险分析提供初步的暴露评估结果。方法 采用建立的气相色谱-脉冲火焰光度检测器方法测定了2000年中国总膳食研究的4个大区12类48份混合样品,根据样品中有机锡总量和丁基锡含量以及食物消费量,计算获得我国居民膳食有机锡的暴露量,并对部分典型的阳性样品进行污染溯源分析。结果 12类48份混合样品中,水果、糖、酒类未检出有机锡,其他类食物样品仅是个别检出。南方一区多个样品中检出二甲基锡,含量为1．5～4．1μg/kg,南方一区水产品检出丁基锡,其中三丁基锡0．9μg/kg,二丁基锡1．1μg/kg,一丁基锡1．4μg/kgg。我国居民膳食三丁基锡的暴露下限和暴露上限分别为0．003μg·kg^-1·d^-1与0.006μg·kg^-1·d^-1,分别占WHO推荐三丁基锡每日允许摄入量（ADI）的2．5％和5．0％;丁基锡暴露下限和暴露上限分别0．004μg·kg^-1·d^-1与0．019μg·kg^-1·d^-1,占WHO推荐三丁基锡ADI的3．5％和15．8％。南方一区水产样品的溯源分析显示,福建省和上海市水产样品为有机锡污染的主要来源,带鱼和小黄鱼为有机锡污染较为严重的样品,上海市水产样品检出含量较高的二甲基锡。结论 我国居民有机锡膳食暴露水平较低,有机锡污染来源有待于进一步研究。     

中国第6次总膳食调查样品中杀螨剂的含量及暴露分析

目的了解中国膳食中哒螨灵、螺螨酯和炔螨特3种杀螨剂的残留水平及居民膳食摄入量。方法使用液相色谱-高分辨质谱法测定第6次中国总膳食研究的24个省(自治区、直辖市)的12类膳食样品,共288份混合样品的杀螨剂残留水平。以我国一般人群的膳食消费量数据,估算我国居民的杀螨剂膳食摄入量。结果在膳食样品中检出了哒螨灵、炔螨特和螺螨酯3种杀螨剂,检出率分别为11.8%(34/288)、8.7%(25/288)和6.3%(18/288),3种杀螨剂均主要于蔬菜类和水果类样品中检出。其中哒螨灵的残留水平为未检出(non detect,ND)～49.55μg/kg,平均残留水平以蔬菜类6.26μg/kg最高;炔螨特的残留水平为ND～14.01μg/kg,平均残留水平以水果类3.92μg/kg最高;螺螨酯的残留水平为ND～4.62μg/kg,平均残留水平以蔬菜类0.90μg/kg最高。膳食暴露分析表明,中国一般人群哒螨灵、炔螨特和螺螨酯的膳食暴露量分别为48.31、1.62和2.25 ng/(kg·d),分别是哒螨灵每日允许摄入量(acceptable daily intake, ADI)的0.48%,炔螨特ADI的0.02%和螺螨酯ADI的0.02%。从地域上看,南方省份杀螨剂的残留暴露总体高于北方省份,但均远低于各自的健康指导值。从膳食贡献率看,检出的3种杀螨剂均主要来自于蔬菜类样品。结论中国膳食样品中虽有不同程度的杀螨剂检出,但一般人群的膳食摄入健康风险处于较低水平。     

深圳市母乳中六六六和滴滴涕蓄积水平与影响因素分析

目的了解深圳市普通居民产妇母乳中六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)的蓄积水平,并分析其影响因素,评估婴儿暴露风险。方法采集85位在深圳地区居住时间3年或以上、初产妇产后4～6周的母乳。样品经提取后,用凝胶渗透色谱和弗罗里硅土固相微萃取柱净化,采用气相色谱-电子俘获检测器(GC-ECD)检测母乳中六六六、滴滴涕(包括α-六六六、β-六六六、γ-六六六、δ-六六六、p,p’-滴滴涕、p,p’-滴滴滴、p,p’-滴滴异、o,p’-滴滴涕等8种同分异构体)的残留。通过问卷调查,分析母乳中六六六、滴滴涕的含量水平与产妇膳食情况、年龄、当地居住时间等因素进行相关性关系。结果所有母乳样品均检出p,p’-DDE,58份样品中检出β-HCH。母乳中∑HCHs的中位数为2.980ng/g(全重计),80.200ng/g(脂肪计)。∑DDTs的中位数为9.610ng/g(全重计),268.390ng/g(脂肪计)。统计分析发现,母乳中六六六、滴滴涕含量与产妇年龄、淡水鱼的消费量、禽肉的消费量呈正相关关系。结论深圳市居民母乳中检出了六六六、滴滴涕,其含量水平与年龄及膳食情况存在相关关系。婴儿六六六、滴滴涕的平均摄入估计值分别为0.468和1.842μg/(kg.d BW),均低于我国卫生部及FAO/WHO农药残留联席会议推荐的每日容许摄入量(ADI)。深圳市当地居民母乳中六六六和滴滴涕负荷水平低于全国平均水平。     

湖北省9类总膳食样品中指示性多氯联苯的浓度水平和暴露评估

目的评估湖北省居民膳食摄入指示性PCBs的健康风险。方法采用同位素稀释-高分辨气相色谱-高分辨磁质谱法(HRGC-HRMS),对本省2010年9类总膳食样品进行7种指示性PCBs的检测,并结合本省2010年的膳食消费量数据计算居民的膳食摄入量。结果动物性食品的含量从高到低依次为水产类(178.2 pg/g湿重)、肉类(41.90 pg/g湿重)、乳类(30.33 pg/g湿重)、蛋类(24.68 pg/g湿重),高于植物性食品的含量,但显著低于欧盟No.1259/2011和我国食品安全国家标准GB 2762—2012的限值,将水产类的含量与其他地区进行比较,发现本省水产类的含量处于较低水平。本省居民2010年指示性PCBs的膳食摄入量为0.261 ng/(kg·bw·d),普遍低于世界上发达国家和本省2007年总膳食的研究值。其中动物性食品的贡献率高达89%,是指示性PCBs膳食摄入的主要来源。结论本省膳食样品中指示性PCBs的浓度处于较低水平,其膳食摄入量呈下降趋势。     

2000年中国总膳食研究—膳食砷摄入量

目的了解和评价2000年中国不同地区膳食中总砷及无机砷的含量和成年男子人均膳食摄入量。方法采用总膳食研究方法,通过膳食调查、统计不同地区人群各种食物的消费量、按照所得的食物消费量数据烹调加工并混合成可食的各种食物类别。膳食样品中总砷含量采用氢化物发生原子吸收光谱法,无机砷含量采用氢化物发生原子荧光法测定,并按成年男子各种食品的消费量与实测膳食中砷的含量相乘得到不同地区总砷及无机砷的实际摄入量。采用世界卫生组织推荐的无机砷每周可耐受摄入量(PTWI)值评价我国4个大区成年男子膳食中无机砷摄入的安全性。结果某些地区的个别食物样品超过我国的食品卫生中砷的限量标准。我国4个大区(北方一区,北方二区,南方一区,南方二区)和中国标准人膳食中总砷和无机砷摄入量(占PTWI百分率)分别为:0.220mg,0.094mg(69.3%);0.254mg,0.098mg(72.2%);0.296mg,0.048mg(35.6%);0.335mg,0.077mg(57.3%)和0.276mg,0.079mg(58.6%)。结论本研究首次运用总膳食的方法得到我国4个大区成年男子和中国标准人膳食中总砷及无机砷摄入量数据。结果显示我国人群膳食中总砷及无机砷摄入量是安全的。     

湘潭市郊蔬菜中666残留量调查

我国停止生产和使用六六六农药已有数年,但由于其残效期长,环境中仍存在微量六六六。为了解湖南湘潭市郊区生产的蔬菜中六六六残留情况,我们于1986～1987两年内对郊区4个乡20个蔬菜品种进行了三次采样检验(1986年6月、1987年9月和12月),其中瓜菜11种,叶菜9种,共33个样品。用气相色谱法测定六六六含量,按国家标准0.2mg/kg评价结果。 33个样品中六六六平均含量为0.0057mg/kg,有28个检出六六六,检出率为84.85％,检出范围     

2009-2010年浙江省三个地区居民膳食铅和镉暴露评估

目的 评价浙江省3个地区居民膳食铅、镉暴露水平.方法 按照中国总膳食研究方法和要求,于2009-2010年在浙江省内选择内陆城市点、内陆农村点和沿海城市点各1个,对常住居民进行膳食调查,获得了512名居民的每日消费食物种类和数量.根据膳食调查结果采集食物样品,对样品进行聚类、采集、烹调加工,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定样品的铅、镉含量,并进行膳食铅、镉的暴露量评价.结果 浙江省3个地区居民膳食铅摄入量中位数(P50)为37.8 μg/d,第97.5百分位数(P97.5)为72.3μg/d.不同年龄组的膳食铅摄入量P50为23.2～44.2 μg/d,P97.5为34.2 ～ 88.1 μg/d.每日膳食镉摄入量P50为9.6tμg/d,P97.5为15.7 μg/d.不同年龄组膳食镉摄入量P50为6.4～11.4 μg/d,占暂定每月可耐受摄入量(PTMI,25 μg/kg)的15.6％～42.6％,P97.5为10.5 ～ 21.4 μg/d,占PTMI的27.5％ ～77.6％.膳食铅来源(每日提供铅摄入量P50)前3位的食物种类依次是蔬菜(11.3 μg)、谷类(11.0 μg)、肉类(9.8 μg),其合计值占膳食铅(37.8 μg/d)的84.9％;膳食镉(P50)来源前3位的食物种类依次是谷类(3.6 μg)、蔬菜(2.1 μg)和豆类(0.9 μg),其合计值占膳食镉(9.6 μg/d)的68.8％.结论 浙江省3个地区居民膳食铅、镉摄入总体处于安全水平.     

Residues of organochlorine insecticides in foods in the years 1986-1990]

During 1986-1990 4625 samples of food commodities were examined for residues of organochlorine (OC) insecticides in 10 provinces in Poland. This monitoring included analysis of total DDT (DDT+DDE+DDD), alpha, beta and gamma-HCH, HCB and Methoxychlor (DMDT) in milk and milk products, fruits, vegetables, vegetable oils and baby foods. The median values for DDT in milk and milk products varied from undetectable to 0.23 mg/kg on fat basis, and the draft national tolerance (1.0 mg/kg) was exceeded in 2-5% of samples in 1986 only. In fruits and vegetables the median concentrations of the total DDT usually were below the limit of determination. Generally, during the five years period the downward tendency in DDT complex concentration was observed, but not in case of the total HCH. The residues of OC insecticides in baby foods were generally very low due to establishing of special "low-pesticide" areas for growing raw materials for these products.     

Contamination levels and spatial distribution of organochlorine pesticides in soils from India

Organochlorine pesticides, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), are potential chemical pollutants extensively used for agriculture and vector control purposes due to low cost and high effectiveness. Concentrations of HCH and DDT were determined in 175 surface soil samples from different agricultural fields, fallow and urban lands of districts Nagaon and Dibrugarh, Assam, India. The mean concentrations of total HCH and total DDT were 825 ng/g (range: 98-1945 ng/g) and 903 ng/g (range: 166-2288 ng/g) in district Nagaon while 705 ng/g (range: 178-1701 ng/g) and 757 ng/g (range: 75-2296 ng/g) in district Dibrugarh, respectively. The soils from paddy fields contained highest amounts of HCH and DDT residues. Total organic carbon was found to be positively associated with soil HCH and DDT residues. Ratios of DDT/(DDD+DDE) were 1.25 and 1.82 while of α/γ HCH were 2.78 and 2.51 for districts Dibrugarh and Nagaon, respectively. Source identification revealed that soil residue levels have originated from long past and recent mixed source of technical HCH and Lindane for HCHs and mainly technical DDT for DDTs. Spatial distribution was also investigated to identify the areas with higher pesticide loadings in soil.     

Pesticide residues in table-ready foods in Tanzania

This study investigated the presence of pesticide residues in table-ready foods in Tanzania. One-hundred-and-eighty nine samples of 11 widely used foods at table ready stage were analysed using US FDA multi-residue methods. Pesticide residues were detected in 29% of all samples analysed. The spread of contamination in individual foods was: spinach 72.7%, rice 50%, beef meat 42.1%, stiff porridge 8.6%, and beans 6.7%. After allocating Non-detects levels a half value of Method Detection Limit i.e., (MDL)/2, the mean concentrations of the pesticide residues in the foods were; In spinach: g-HCH 0.08 microg/kg; DDT 2.89 microg/kg; Chlorpyrifos 0.02 microg/kg. In rice: g-HCH 0.08 microg/kg; DDT 1.70 microg/kg; and Chlorpyrifos 0.02 microg/kg. In beef meat: g-HCH 0.14 microg/kg; DDT 0.76 microg/kg. In stiff porridge: g-HCH 0.06 microg/kg; and DDT 0.30 microg/kg. In beans: g-HCH 0.04 microg/kg; and DDT 0.13 microg/kg. In fish variety: g-HCH 0.05 microg/kg. Converted into consumer Average Daily Doses, these concentrations were within ADI/ PTDI levels set by CODEX and, therefore, posed no significant health risk. However, the presence of pp-DDT in many samples indicates a possible recent contamination of food raw materials with DDT. A more effective pesticides control system should be put in place before lifting the ban on DDT for restricted uses in vector control programs in Tanzania.     

Contamination of liquid milk and butter with pesticide residues in the Ludhiana district of Punjab state, India

An analysis of 92 samples of liquid milk from Ludhiana, India, during 1999-2001 revealed the presence of DDT in 6 (7.4%) samples and of these 2 samples were found to exceed the maximum residue limit (MRL) of DDT fixed at 0.05 mg kg(-1) (on a whole milk basis). HCH residues were detected in 49 (53.3%) samples and constituted only gamma-HCH (lindane). The MRL of lindane is fixed at 0.01 mg kg(-1) (whole milk basis), and all 49 liquid milk samples exceeded this value. These results are indicative of contamination of bovine milk with pesticide residues as a result of the ban on the use of DDT and HCH in agriculture and public health programs. Similarly, analysis of 40 samples of butter showed the presence of DDT and HCH in 28 and 8 samples, respectively. However, none of the samples exceeded the MRL value of either DDT or any isomer of HCH. DDT residues comprised mainly p,p-DDE and p,p-TDE, whereas HCH residues were present as lindane in 6 samples, and 2 samples revealed the presence of beta-HCH. The estimated daily intake of lindane through the consumption of contaminated liquid milk exceeded its acceptable daily intake value for children. Interestingly, none of the liquid milk or butter samples revealed the presence of any commonly used organophosphorus or synthetic pyrethroid insecticides at their detection limit of 0.01 mg kg(-1).     

珠海市餐厅池养水产品及池水中孔雀石绿残留量的调查

目的：了解珠海市各餐厅的池养水产品及池水中孔雀石绿残留的情况。方法：水产品：采用高效液相色谱法。水样：先用水体中孔雀石绿快速检测试剂盒预测，阳性样品再用高效液相色谱法确证的方法。对珠海市各餐厅、部分水产农贸批发市场、超市的水产品及存放池的水样进行了孔雀石绿的检测。结果：水产品：在42个品种205份样品中，有15个品种21份样品检出孔雀石绿残留，检出率为10．2％。含量最高的样品为394．4ng／g。水样：在105份水样中检出一份样品含有孔雀石绿残留，含量为16．3ng／ml，水样的检出率为0．95％。结论：水产品中孔雀石绿残留的检出率达10．2％，水样中孔雀石绿残留的检出率为0．95％。     

Organochlorine pollutants level in fish from mariut lake, Alexandria, Egypt

The residues of 25 organochlorine pollutants, as well as 3 aroclors were analyzed by capillary GLC in two Tillipia fish species and Cyprinus carpio collected from Mariut lake, Alexandria, Egypt. The studied pollutants were DDT's isomers, hexachlorocyclohexane (HCHs) isomers, as well as cyclodiene compounds, mirex, methoxychlor, toxaphene and hexa-chlorobenzene (HCB), Aroclors 1248, 1254 and 1260, in addition to 9 individual PCBs congeners. Lipid content percentage ranged from 1.6 to 4.3% as judged by Extractable Organic Matter (EOM) values. Lindane dominated the alpha-isomer of HCHs. p,p'-DDE dominated other DDTs analogs in all fish with maximum concentration 25.0 ng/g in Cyprinus carpio. Toxaphene was detected in all fish samples with a maximum level of 29.0 ng/g in Cyprinus carpio. Aroclor 1248 dominated other aroclors in all fish samples. For PCBs 153 congener dominated other congeners. The lower chlorinated biphenyls (mono- through penta-chlorobiphenyls) congeners occurred at lower levels except PCB 200, congener not detected mostly.     

天津市滨海新区 256 份禽畜水产品中禁用化合物及兽药残留监测结果分析

目的 了解辖区禽畜水产品中禁用化合物及兽药的残留情况,为加强监管提供科学依据。方法 采集2016 - 2018年市售鸡肉及鸡蛋、猪牛羊肉及肝脏、双壳贝、甲壳及淡水鱼类等禽畜水产品样品共计256份,对禁用化合物及兽药残留量进行检测分析。结果 256份禽畜水产品,不合格样品率为14.45%（37/256）。畜类中禁用化合物的不合格率最高（8.43%）,禽类中兽药残留的不合格率最高（11.11%）。检出不合格物质以克伦特罗、强力霉素、甲硝唑、硝基呋喃代谢物氨基脲为主。禁用化合物样品不合格率2018年最高（5.26%）,兽药残留样品不合格率2017年最高（13.49%）。农贸市场的禽、畜、水产品3类样品不合格率均高于商店超市。辖区居民膳食中畜类克伦特罗平均周暴露量是0.06 μg/kg BW。结论 通过连续3年的禽畜肉水平中禁用化合物及兽药残留情况调查,禽类样品中以甲硝唑和强力霉素为代表的兽药残留问题突出,畜类样品以克伦特罗为代表的禁用化合物问题突出,仍需加强监测,提高监管力度。     

Evaluation of organochlorine pesticides in serum from students in Coimbra, Portugal: 1997-2001

In 1997, 1999, 2000, and 2001, in an attempt to evaluate the contamination level of a Portuguese population, organochlorine pesticide residues were evaluated in human serum from students of the University of Coimbra. Concentrations of selected organochlorine pollutants (alpha-, beta-, and gamma-HCH, aldrin, dieldrin, HE, HCB, p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD) and endosulfan sulfate was measured with gas chromatography-electron capture detector. Our objective is to point out the general levels of pesticide contamination and the differences between the four populations; and together with this, if a connection could be established with gender or the residence area of the subjects. Endosulfan sulfate, p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDT, and p,p'-DDD were the most frequently identified residues. Endosulfan sulfate present the highest concentrations for all subjects, 42.6 microg/l, with concentrations ranging from undetected to 1295.5 microg/l. Between DDT, isomers, and analogues, o,p'-DDT, and p,p'-DDT presented the highest levels, 24.8 and 21.9 microg/l, respectively. Mean total DDT levels were higher than mean total HCH levels. For summation operator-DDT, the highest levels were found among female gender and urban samples. An opposite situation was found in summation operator-HCH: males presented higher levels than females. The mean concentration of organochlorine pesticide residues, present in the student populations, showed that it is among the highest levels of contamination, when compared with others from Europe, Asia, and America.