细粉下料过程的气固流体动力学作用分析

细颗粒粉体下料时受气固流体力学作用在料仓出口附近形成逆压力梯度,使得粉体下料流率实验值远低于理论预测值。而且该压力梯度力直接测量较困难,对模型修正和发展提出了挑战。以玻璃微珠、流化催化裂化（FCC）催化剂颗粒、褐煤和聚氯乙烯（PVC）颗粒为实验材料,首先开展粉体静力学与动力学测试,借助休止角（AOR）、豪斯纳比（HR）和卡尔流动指数（CFI）多个粉体流动性判据综合分析不同粉体的流动特性;在分析粉体料仓出口附近气固流动特征的基础上,结合Jenike流动与不流动判据,将作用在细颗粒粉体上的逆压力梯度力引入到拱应力平衡方程;进一步,提出了利用迭代算法获得逆压力梯度力的方法,实现了对逆压力梯度力与粉体料仓下料流率的预测。建立的粉体下料流率模型考虑了气固流体动力学作用对粉体下料流动的影响,有效改善了传统模型对细粉体流率预测偏高的问题,模型预测偏差从60%以上降低至±20%。     

DSMC-LES方法研究循环流化床内颗粒团聚物的流动特性

采用直接模拟Monte Carlo方法法DSMC）模拟颗粒间的碰撞,采用考虑颗粒脉动流动对气相湍流流动影响的大涡模拟（LES）研究气相湍流.单颗粒运动满足牛顿第二定律,颗粒相和气相相间作用的双向耦合由牛顿第三定律确定.数值模拟垂直管内气固两相上升流动,对管内气相速度和颗粒相速度、浓度以及聚团流动进行分析.研究平均单个颗粒团聚物的存在时间、颗粒团聚物的时间份额和颗粒团聚物的生成频率分布特性,模拟结果与文献的实验结果基本吻合.     

CFB锅炉大型化气固流动非均匀性研究进展

循环流化床(CFB)锅炉大型化发展的必然结果是炉膛截面尺寸和并联回路的增加,流化床锅炉炉内燃烧和传热过程很大程度上取决于炉内气固流动特性,因此横向气固流动均匀性对锅炉的安全运行具有重要影响。笔者从静态和动态2个方面分析了大型CFB锅炉气固流动横向非均匀性问题。静态非均匀性问题包括布风均匀性和并联回路引起的气固流量沿截面的偏差以及各回路流量分配偏差,在稳定运行条件下不随时间变化。分离器的阻力特性是分离器的重要特性参数,在相同气相流量下,固体颗粒浓度对分离器压降的影响是非单调的,分离器压降随固体颗粒浓度的增加先减小后缓慢增加,理论上并联回路控制方程的解存在多值性,因此多回路并联条件下各分离器循环流率存在偏差。CFB锅炉炉内悬吊屏影响颗粒局部浓度分布,进而影响各分离器固体颗粒循环流率的分配。分离器出口烟道的形式对分离器气固两相的流量分配存在不容忽视的影响。在布风均匀性方面,两侧进风和后墙进风方式均会引起风室不同程度的布风不均。大型CFB锅炉在低负荷运行过程中,存在炉膛两侧床压大幅长周期波动的现象,该现象即为动态气固流动横向非均匀性问题,其产生的主要原因是大截面的布风系统,一次风降低导致的布风失稳以及多回路并联的不均匀性。横向波动数学模型主要是基于气固两相流系统横向波动固有频率的假设,当扰动接近系统固有频率时,会产生较大幅度的横向波动。目前动态非均匀性问题还缺少实验室尺度的深入系统研究,相关机理仍较模糊,是气固流动非均匀性问题的主要研究方向,同时布风不均和密相区气固流动的耦合作用还有待进一步研究。     

气-固微型流化床压降特性及最小流化速度的实验研究

在内径3～20 mm的4个气-固微型流化床中,分别考察了A类和B类两种类型颗粒的流化特性,同时研究了床几何结构、操作条件、物相性质等各因素对其最小流化速度的影响.结果 表明,气-固微型流化床中的床层压降特性与颗粒类型密切相关,不同的流动状态下两种类型颗粒的流动特性存在显著地差异.在固定床阶段,与B类颗粒相比,A类颗粒与...     

分解炉内气固两相流动特性的数值模拟

采用Eulerian—Eulerian气固两相双流体模型、大涡模拟方法模拟气相湍流流动、颗粒动力学理论模拟颗粒相流动,数值模拟分解炉内气固两相流体的动力特性。用小波分析方法研究分解炉内气固两相湍流特性。在分解炉中心区域形成高浓度-高速度的上升颗粒流、在壁面区域形成高浓度、低速度的下降颗粒流,构成颗粒的内循环流动。     

乙烯气相聚合流化床反应器内Geldart B类和Geldart D类颗粒流动特性的三维数值模拟

乙烯气相聚合流化床反应器的设计、操作和优化依赖于对聚合物颗粒粒径大小和分布、气泡运动特性及聚合反应状况的准确描述。采用Eulerian-Eulerian 双流体模型和群体平衡模型耦合方法对某乙烯气相聚合中试规模的工业流化床反应器分别处于常规聚合工艺(属Geldart B 类颗粒)和免造粒工艺(属Geldart D 类颗粒)时床体的气固流动特征以及不同颗粒类型对反应器操作状态和颗粒运动特性的影响进行了三维数值模拟研究。与传统聚乙烯生产工艺相比,免造粒工艺时的Geldart D 类聚合物颗粒更易聚集于气体入口处区域,而且会产生明显的旋涡并出现较大的气泡。研究结果可为免造粒聚乙烯生产工艺的工业推广应用提供参考。     

鼓泡床取热器流动特性的数值模拟

应用计算颗粒流体力学(CPFD)方法,采用点源注射的进气方式对气固鼓泡流化床取热器内流动特性进行数值模拟。考察不同气速下床层膨胀高度、轴径向时均固含率分布、颗粒轴向速度分布及床层颗粒内循环流率的分布。模拟结果与实验数据吻合较好,表明该模型可以用于描述鼓泡流化床取热器内气固两相的流动规律。     

不同充气条件下密相输运床返料系统气固流动数值模拟

采用计算颗粒流体力学对密相输运床返料系统内的气固流动行为进行了数值模拟,分析了曳力模型和颗粒最大堆积浓度等参数对模拟结果的影响,确定了合适的模型参数。通过对比3组工况的模拟结果,获得了与实验结果基本一致的立管压力分布和固体循环流率随充气条件的变化规律,并分析了立管内压力梯度分布、气体流动方向、颗粒浓度分布等。结果表明立管充气口处压力梯度绝对值为局部最大值;当立管充气口气量为零时,会使充气口上方一段距离的压力梯度绝对值较小;充气量增大到一定值时会在充气口附近形成明显的气泡。当缺少立管高位充气时,会导致立管下部区域形成大的压力梯度,增加颗粒下落阻力。充气松动颗粒的作用仅对充气口附近区域有一定影响,更大的作用是在立管内形成均匀的压力梯度分布,使立管内气固流动状态保持上下一致。在制定充气方案时,应根据固体循环流率确定立管压降,补充合适气体量以维持气体下行速度均衡,使得各段的平均压力梯度相同。     

循环流化床脱硫器气固两相流动的数值模拟

以双流体模型为基础,结合颗粒动力学理论,对下部装有文丘里气体分布器的新型循环流化床脱硫反应器内气固两相流动特性进行了数值模拟.为全面描述气固两相的相互作用以及固相的出现对气相湍流作用的影响,模型中引入了物理意义上更加合理的源项公式,并与实验值进行了比较,模拟计算值与实验值吻合良好,验证了双流体模型方程的适用性.计算结果表明:由于文丘里管特殊结构的影响,流化床提升管内颗粒浓度分布非常不均匀,颗粒速度沿提升管高度发生强烈变化,流动非常复杂,研究结果为进一步优化循环流化床脱硫反应器入口结构打下了基础.     

细颗粒在锥形和平底料仓中的重力卸料特性

对细颗粒在料仓内的重力卸料特性进行了实验研究,分别考察了颗粒粒径和料仓构型对卸料流率的影响,采用高速摄像仪对料仓出口处颗粒的卸料形态进行捕捉,并分析其周期性。结果表明,随着颗粒粒径的增大,颗粒卸料流率受逆向压力梯度和"空环效应"两种因素共同影响,先增大后基本保持恒定。另外,锥形和平底料仓中细颗粒的卸料形态,均随粒径增大由不稳定的间歇卸料向稳定的连续卸料过渡。在间歇卸料形态下,由于间歇卸料周期较长,锥形料仓的卸料流率要小于平底料仓;在连续卸料形态下,受料仓锥角影响,锥形料仓的卸料流率要大于平底料仓。最后,通过修正逆向压力梯度项,分别建立了适用于锥形和平底料仓的细颗粒重力卸料流率预测模型,卸料流率的预测值和实验值吻合很好。     

气固循环流化床负压差下料立管的压力脉动特性

通过对气固循环流化床负压差下料立管的压力测量,分析了立管下料过程的压脉动特性。负压差下立管内的颗粒由立管上部的低压端流向下部的高压端的过程中,对所夹带的气体产生压缩导致了立管内气固两相流动的不稳定性,表现为立管压力的脉动以及颗粒下行速度的波动和密度分布的不均匀。压力脉动的幅度随负压差的增加而增大。     

D类颗粒节涌流态化的实验和数值模拟

应用双流体气固两相流模型,对均一粒径分布的Geldart D类颗粒的节涌流态化过程进行了模拟. 研究了流化过程中流化状态转变、床层膨胀比以及压力脉动功率谱,从Froude准数和颗粒动能的角度分析了模拟结果中的流化特性,并与实验数据进行了对比. 模拟结果准确预测了Geldart D类颗粒的节涌流态化特性,对床层膨胀高度和功率谱的预测与实验基本吻合. Froude准数和颗粒动能随时间的周期性脉动较好地反映了流化床内节涌流态化的气泡行为.     

Flow characteristics of a small moving bed downcomer with an orifice under negative pressure gradient

Behaviour of gas-solid mixtures in a small moving bed downcomer operating under negative pressure gradient has been investigated experimentally, because flow characteristics in a downcomer are important factors in powder handling processes, such as a multi-stage spouted bed or a circulating fluidized bed. In this study, a small downcomer in which the moving bed height could be controlled was employed with the intention of using a downcomer as a connecting tube in a multi-stage spouted bed. Based on experimental observation, the moving bed flow changed from smooth flow (Region(I)) to slip-stick flow (Region(II)) and then changed from slip-stick flow to intermittent flow (Regime(III)), as the gas pressure gradient in the downcomer was increased. In this study, the critical point for steady-state (Region(I)) operation was also examined experimentally and theoretically, by using eight kinds of solid particles (Geldart B, D and A powders) and six different orifice sizes which were used to restrict solids flow at the base of the downcomer. As a result, a correlation of solids flow rate in the stable moving bed downcomer under negative pressure gradient was derived and the critical point between stable and unstable flow was explained by the proposed model.     

Practical validation of the two-fluid model applied to dense gas-solid flows in fluidized beds

This paper discusses the simulation of bubbling gas-solid flows by using the Eulerian two-fluid approach. Predictions of particle motion, bed expansion, bubble size and bubble velocity in bubbling beds containing Geldart B particles are compared with experimental results and correlations found in the literature. In addition, gas mixing in a bed of Geldart A particles is investigated.An in-house code has been developed based on the finite-volume method and the time-splitting approach using a staggered grid arrangement. The velocities in both phases are obtained by solving the 2D Reynolds-averaged Navier/Stokes equations using a partial elimination algorithm (PEA) and a coupled solver. The k-ε turbulence model is used to describe the turbulent quantities in the continuous phase.In general, the model predictions are in good agreement with experimental data found in the literature. Most important observations are: the level of the restitution coefficient was found to be crucial in order to obtain successful results from 2D axisymmetric simulations of a system containing Geldart B particles. Bubble size and bubble rise velocities are not as sensitive to the restitution coefficient. The turbulence model is of outmost importance concerning gas mixing in a fluidized bed of Geldart A particles.From these numerical analyzes an optimized granular flow two-fluid model can be designed for the purpose of simulating reactive systems in fluidized bed reactors.     

Hydrodynamics of gas-solid fluidized bed of disparately sized binary particles

The hydrodynamics of binary mixture of Geldart Group A and D particles in a turbulent fluidized bed were investigated by experiment and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method in this paper. The results showed that at low gas velocity, the binary mixtures tend to segregate. At moderate gas velocity, they incline to mix well in the dense phase. Further increasing gas velocity, small particles are entrained and accumulate in the upper regime of the bed, and a segregation trend of the binary mixture appears again. At high gas velocities, segregation efficiency in the continuous classification process increases with increasing the gas velocity and mean residence time of the binary mixture, however, decreases with increasing the small particle content. A strong particle recirculation appears all over the dense phase of the bed, causing an approximately uniform solid composition in radial direction of the fluidized bed.     

流化床内颗粒流体两相流的CFD模拟

采用先进的CFD模拟技术分析流化床内两相复杂体系的非线性流体动力学特征已得到普遍认同,但是由于不同研究者对颗粒与颗粒以及颗粒与流体之间相互作用力认识的差异,导致欧拉-欧拉框架下动量守恒方程的不同表达形式。本文在总结文献中有关颗粒黏性力、固相压力和两相间作用力的基础上,从双流体理论出发,提出了一个考虑拟平衡态下固体颗粒对流体相和固相动量守恒方程均有影响的简捷流体动力学模型。该模型的主要特点是表征颗粒离散属性的特征长度视为颗粒直径的同一数量级。随后在CFX4.4商业化软件平台上通过增加用户自定义子程序,对网格尺度、时间步长和最大颗粒堆积率的无关性进行检验,介绍了作者近年来采用该模型模拟二维/三维流化床内液固体系的散式流态化、气固Geldart A类物料的散式/聚式流态化和床层塌落特性以及Geldart B/D类物料的鼓泡/射流流态化和床层塌落的研究进展。模拟的主要结果与经典理论、本研究实验和文献报道数据相一致,说明该模型可以用来预测流化床内密相颗粒流体体系的动力学特性。     

Control of particle cohesion with a polymer coating and temperature adjustment

A new approach is presented that introduces interparticle forces induced by a change of temperature at which polymer coated particles are exposed. The particle cohesive flow behavior is shown for two different applications. The first one considers a dense granular flow that is typically observed for wet powder granulation using a modified spheronizer. The other application shows the possibility of mimicking the particle flow behavior observed in high‐temperature fluidized beds with the advantage of being operated at ambient conditions. For the first application, as the temperature increases, significant changes in the particle bed surface morphology were observed and an important reduction of the dynamic density was noticed. For the gas–solid fluidized‐bed application, pressure drop measurements revealed that the behavior of the particles transited from Geldart group B to Geldart group A and even Geldart group C as the temperature increased. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012     

二维喷嘴内稠密气固射流稳定性实验

利用高速摄像仪对二维喷嘴内稠密气固射流稳定性进行了实验研究,考察了颗粒粒径、料仓压力以及喷嘴收缩角等因素对射流流动模式及稳定性的影响。结果表明：对于颗粒粒径为78μm的气固射流,随着料仓压力的增大,射流出口速度增大,射流固含率降低,在料仓压力≥0.03MPa、射流速度≥4.82m/s、射流固含率≤0.168时,喷嘴内稠密气固射流出现气泡型的不稳定流动模式;随着颗粒粒径的增大,气固射流固含率降低,喷嘴内稠密气固射流从气泡模式转变为颗粒团不稳定流动模式;改变喷嘴收缩角对射流不稳定模式影响不大。利用微型压力传感器对喷嘴直管不同位置压力进行测量,结果表明压力脉动主要是由于气固射流中气泡及颗粒团的产生及演变导致的。研究表明,随着料仓压力增大,颗粒在喷嘴内向下运动过程中压降增加,渗透进颗粒流的气体分率增加,将导致喷嘴内气固相互作用增强,进而引起气固射流不稳定。