Large-eddy simulation and experimental study on the turbulent wake flow characteristics of a two-bladed wind turbine

Large-eddy simulation(LES) with fully resolved rotor method(FRM) is applied to explore the turbulent wake flow characteristics and vortex evolution laws of a two-bladed horizontal-axis wind turbine. Relevant wind tunnel experiments have been done based on time resolved particle image velocimetry(TRPIV) technique. The simulation results are validated by the experimental data and they are in good agreement. The axial average velocity, turbulent kinetic energy, shear Reynolds stress, and vortex structure of the wind turbine wake are analyzed based on the comparison of LES results and experimental data. It is observed that the wake diameter of wind turbine enlarges with the increase of tip speed ratio(TSR). Turbulent kinetic energy meets its minimum value when x/R=2.0. Shear Reynolds stress appears a positive peak in the near wake when x/R2.0, and the value of shear Reynolds stress decreases along the axial direction. The blade tip vortex dissipates more quickly than the central vortex in the wind turbine wake, and the gradient of the relationship curve between the blade tip vortex core position and the vortex age decreases as the TSR increases. With the increase of TSR, the thrust coefficient increases, and the power coefficient increases first and then decreases.The present work proves that LES with FRM could calculate wind turbine turbulent wake flow with a high accuracy.     

不同布置方案风力机尾流及相互作用的实验研究

以不同布置方案的风力机尾流场为研究对象,运用压差式风速仪对风力机尾流场的相互作用进行研究。对于2台风力机,当下游风力机(第2台风力机)全部或部分置于上游风力机(第1台风力机)的尾流场时,对下游风力机的尾流场进行测量。实验结果表明:当下游风力机全部置于上游风力机尾流场时,近尾流场受上游风力机尾流的影响较大,远尾流场受上游风力机尾流的影响较小,当两风力机轴向距离5D时,上游风力机对下游风力机的影响整体较小,且来流逐渐融合,表现出小幅度波动现象;当下游风力机部分置于上游风力机尾流场时,处于尾流场中的部分受上游风力机尾流(主要是叶尖涡)的影响,与尾流区外的相比,该部分的尾流区速度损失严重,但稳定性较好,当风力机横向距离大于1.5D时,随着横向距离的增大,轴向速度逐渐增大;随着轴向距离的增大,2种布置方案下轴向速度的变化幅度均逐渐减小。     

风力机近尾迹区域气动噪声分布和传播规律的实验研究

以S系列新翼型水平轴风力机为研究对象,利用声阵列法对S系列翼型风力机的近尾迹区域声场噪声分布和传播规律进行了实验研究。利用丹麦B&K公司的振动噪声采集分析系统在风洞开口试验段,在保证额定来流风速10m/s不变,对不同尖速比下的S系列翼型水平轴风力机风轮下游进行噪声测试,并且对最大声压级进行了分析。结果表明：风轮在旋转过程中,风力机风轮下游同一截面不同尖速比下噪声最大声压级的分布规律是在测试截面上由圆心沿半径增大的方向依次经过三个压力脉动变化强烈的区域,它们是测试圆心区域、中心涡区域、叶尖涡区域,测点在上述三个区域都会出现声压级的峰值,并且在叶尖涡区域声压级的峰值达到最大;在同一尖速比不同截面下风轮近尾迹区域噪声传播变化规律是沿着x轴正方向远离风轮旋转平面的测试截面上中心涡区域和叶尖涡区域半径增大,不断向外迁移。     

带襟翼的机翼尾涡合并数值计算

为获得带有襟翼的机翼尾涡的合并动力学过程,在验证数值方法的基础上,数值模拟带有襟翼的机翼绕流尾流场,根据涡合并特征将合并过程划分为诱导共转阶段、合并阶段和轴对称化阶段.采用涡间距量纲—化尾流区域描述二涡诱导合并.变换弦长雷诺数、襟翼翼梢与机翼翼梢的间距、襟翼角度,改变襟翼翼梢涡与机翼翼梢涡的强度比,得到尾涡合并差异的特征.计算结果表明:随着雷诺数的增加涡的强度增加,涡量的扩散程度减低,涡合并过程被推迟,空间诱导运动过程得到延长,涡系空间诱导运动增强,涡合并的雷诺数效应随着雷诺数增加而减弱,缩短涡间距,加速涡合并过程,但合并后的远场涡尺寸和形态没有显著改变;襟翼涡随着襟翼角的减小而减弱,强度逐渐减弱的襟翼涡逐步被翼梢涡拉伸卷吸,微弱的襟翼涡系在近场中的合并过程完全改变,翼梢涡的运动轨迹并未受到诱导运动.翼梢涡合并的雷诺数效应表现为诱导运动过程的增强,尾流中强度小的涡系起不到明显的诱导作用.     

Numerical simulation of air entrainment and suppression in pump sump

The dynamics of air entrainment and suppression schemes in a pump sump are investigated. Four different turbulence models(standard k-ε model, realizable k-ε model, renormalization group(RNG) k-ε model and shear-stress transport(SST) k-ω model) and the volume of fluid(VOF) multiphase model are employed to simulate the three-dimensional unsteady turbulent flow in a pump sump. The dynamic processes of air entrainment are simulated under conditions of relatively high discharge and low submergence; the mechanism of air entrainment is discussed in detail. Then suppression means for air entrainment is adopted by placing a circular plate on the intake pipe at three different heights. The results show: the position and structure of the free-surface vortices, sidewall-attached vortices, back wall-attached vortices, and floor-attached vortices calculated by SST k-ω turbulence model agree well with the experimental data. The two main contributors for air entrainment are pressure difference and vortex strength. By placing a circular plate in the middle of the intake pipe under water, air entrainment is suppressed because vortex strength is reduced.     

基于流固耦合的风力发电机周围流场特性分析

为了提高风能利用效率,合理设计风电场,基于ANSYS Workbench有限元仿真平台以水平轴风力发电机为研究对象,在额定工况条件下对风力发电机周围流场特性进行了流固耦合分析,得到了风力发电机尾迹及叶片附近旋转域流场的风速、风压分布.结果表明:在风力发电机后不同距离的截面处,其湍动能沿竖直方向均呈现“M”型变化趋势;在水平方向上,部分流经叶片的空气产生了旋转,并具有向四周扩散的现象;在叶片旋转域中,沿叶片径向其风压与风速不断增大.     

小翼对水平风力机流场特性的改变

实验和数值模拟已经证明了风力机叶片的叶尖添置小翼,可以提高风能转化效率。为了清楚地了解小翼对风力机动力放大的影响,对加小翼和不加小翼的风力机流场——速度场和压力场的特性进行了分析。这个分析是基于对风力机加V(8.8×8)型小翼和不加小翼时叶轮周围流场数值模拟的结果。可以看出小翼对风力机的叶端产生的影响较大,即加大了风力机叶端的压差和速度。同时结合一定位置的压力和速度图的分析,可以看出小翼使风力机叶尖的漩涡强度降低,提高了能量的转换,从而提高了效率。     

A triple-exposure color PIV technique for pressure reconstruction

The study developed a triple-exposure color particle image velocimetry (TE-CPIV) technique associated with pressure reconstruction, and validated its feasibility. A light source with the three primary colors of red, green, and blue (R, G, and B) is produced in a time sequence by a liquid crystal display (LCD) projector. Particle images at three different instants under the color illuminations are captured in one snapshot using a color digital single-lens reflex (SLR) camera with a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) sensor. A contamination correction algorithm based on a specific calibration is performed on the different color layers (R layer, G layer, and B layer) of the raw color image to reduce the contaminated intensity of each color illumination on the other two color layers. The corrected intensity generates three new color layers, from which a standard cross-correlation process in the classical PIV method is used to obtain two velocity fields. Eventually, an instantaneous pressure field is reconstructed from the two velocity fields. The feasibility of TE-CPIV was tested by two experiments with a solid body rotation flow and a cylinder wake flow. The results show acceptable accuracy and robustness of the new technique. The idea of the TE-CPIV is believed to provide a simple and effective way of estimating a pressure field with low cost and high convenience.     

风力机尾流场的实验研究

为了获得风力机的尾流场信息,同时为大型风力机的尾流场研究提供参考依据,利用轴流式风机提供来流风速,使用皮托管和手持风速仪对无风力机情况和单个小型风力机的尾流场进行测量,获得尾流区域的速度场、压力场以及诱导速度场的分布规律.结果表明：对于无风力机的情况,在同一测量断面处的风速随着半径的增加而逐渐减小;对于有风力机时,在同一测量断面处的风速随着测量半径的增加先增加后逐渐减小;对于不同测量断面,随着测量间距的增加,在同一角度的速度值的变化趋势逐渐变小.通过尾流的诱导速度曲线可以发现,在同一测量断面处的诱导速度随测量半径的增加呈下降趋势,而对于不同截面,同一角度的诱导速度曲线会相互交叉.     

LBE simulation of impinging stream inside a T-junction mixer

Lattice Boltzmann Equation (LBE) method is utilized to simulate impinging stream (IS) in a T-junction mixer using a TD2G9 model. It aims to investigate the influence of Reynolds number (Re), aspect ratio of outlet diameter to inlet diameter, ratio of opposite inlet velocities, and the thermal boundary conditions on flow, mixing and heat transfer characteristics. In particular, the vortex evolution, velocity distribution, mixing index and Nusselt number (Nu) distribution in the T-junction mixer are explored in details. Four types of vortices and flow regimes are observed. The instantaneous and time-averaged flow and thermal fields, including vortex structure, transition of flow regimes, streamline and the Nusselt number distribution are discussed. Distinct quantitative transitions, even for dramatic change, are observed near the critical Re. At a low or moderate aspect ratio, the symmetric coherent structure is observed in an unstable flow regime. At a larger aspect ratio, the flow in the T-mixer becomes turbulent and asymmetric. The unequal injections velocities of the nozzles impose significant influence on the flow structure, mixing and heat transfer in vertical tube. Using larger difference between the two inlet velocities can result in more obvious change in flow characteristics. Moreover, mixing index is found to be valid in evaluating the mixing degree under a sinusoidal inlet velocity.     

Modified k-ω model using kinematic vorticity for corner separation in compressor cascades

A new method of modifying the conventional k-ω turbulence model for corner separation is proposed in this paper. The production term in the ω equation is modified using kinematic vorticity considering fluid rotation and deformation in complex geometric boundary conditions. The corner separation flow in linear compressor cascades is calculated using the original k-ω model, the modified k-ω model and the Reynolds stress model(RSM). The numerical results of the modified model are compared with the available experimental data, as well as the corresponding results of the original k-ω model and RSM. In terms of accuracy, the modified model, which significantly improves the performance of the original k-ω model for predicting corner separation, is quite competitive with the RSM. However, the modified model, which has considerably lower computational cost, is more robust than the RSM.     

Measurements of convection electric field in the inner magnetosphere

In this paper, we study the characteristic of large-scale convection electric field in the inner magnetosphere, using magnetospheric multiscale (MMS) observations between L=5 and L=8 over the period from September 1, 2015 to October 31, 2016, covering almost all magnetic local time (MLT). Observations show that the DC convection electric field generally has small variations in this region. We investigate whether the convection electric field is correlated with geomagnetic indices and solar wind parameters. It is found that, among the studied parameters, solar wind electric field, z component of interplanetary magnetic field, AE and Kp indices show good correlations with the averaged convection electric field. The results in this paper provide valuable information for understanding the role of electric field on the dynamics of the inner magnetosphere.     

不同入流条件及偏航角下的单风机尾流特性

随着大型风电基地建设,上游风机在运行时会使下游风场风速下降,湍流度增大,造成下游风机发电功率降低,加剧风机的疲劳破坏并缩短其服役周期。因此,亟需开展风机尾流研究,明确其特性及演化规律。为了揭示不同入流及偏航角下的单风机尾流特性,基于单风机尾流风洞试验,验证基于大涡模拟(Large Eddy Simulation, LES)结合致动线模型(Actuator Line Model, ALM)数值模拟方法的准确性;基于LES-ALM模拟方法研究入流风场（包括风速及湍流度）及偏航角对风机尾流特性的影响,阐明正负偏航角下单风机尾流的对称性。结果表明：随着背景湍流度的增大,风机尾流恢复速度加快;当入流条件相同时,风机设置正负对称偏航角,其尾流风速也表现出一定的对称性;风机偏航角越大,风机尾流膨胀宽度会逐渐减小,并降低尾流风速的亏损程度。     

风力机复合材料叶片流固耦合分析

为了给风力机叶片优化设计及研发工作提供准确的数据,减少成品的开发周期,降低成本,并保证风力机的安全运行,提出一种针对铺层后风力机风轮及叶片并利用ANSYS Workbench进行单向流固耦合分析的方法.主要在传统翼型NACA4412模型下进行叶片建模改进,应用铺层设计把叶梢、叶根、展向等改成渐变式厚度并进行流固耦合分析.数值模拟结果表明:叶片在风速13 m/s时叶尖部分压力最大,此时叶片弦长及其厚度处于最小状态,叶片中部靠近叶片前缘的位置为应力最大处.     

Experimental study on the vortex structure and path instability of freely falling annular disks

Bodies freely falling in steady water or air are common scenes encountered in various scientific and engineering fields, including the flapping flight of birds and the reentry of a space shuttle. In this work, the freely falling annular thin disks with small dimensionless moments of inertia I* and Reynolds number Re are investigated experimentally in a water tank. We use stereoscopic vision to record the position and orientation of the disks. The flow structure behind the disks is studied by applying fluorescent dye visualization and PIV method. Varying the geometry dimensionless parameter(the inner to outer diameter ratio ηand I*) of the disks reveals two new falling patterns. When ηcrit1=0.6ηηcrit2=0.8, the disks show a random lateral vibration while falling. For high ηcrit20.8, the circular vortex loops shed frequently from the disk, which causes a lengthways vibration superimposed onto straight vertical motion. We also observe another two falling patterns reported previously: hula-hoop and helical motion. By comparing the wake structure of the two motions, we find that the vortex layer twists more violently in the hula-hoop motion, which is the reason for the different trajectory between them. Further research on flow field reveals that the torque on the disk that causes the vibration is due to the formation, elongation and shedding of the vortex.     

A surface-based hiding function linking flume and field data

The quantification of the sheltering and exposure effects of non-uniform sediments has been widely achieved through hiding function models. Big challenge exists so far in the model parameter that is highly variable and differs greatly between laboratory flumes and field streams. This paper presents an improved surface-based hiding function. The force balance for particle inception was formulated and the allocation of the overall bed shear stress into each group of sediments was mimicked. The new hiding function was examined against and agrees well with the documented field and flume data. It was shown that the hiding function is closely related to the relative flow depth and the reference elevation in the velocity profile in addition to the bed material gradation. The power law of velocity profile that applies to both flume flows and natural streams can link the flume and field data together. The hiding function with b = 1/6 and b = 1/2 is applicable to natural streams and laboratory flumes, respectively. The value of b = 0.263 also works well for gravel bed rivers. The range of the reference elevation, namely z ₀ = 0.4D_m–1.4D_m, is recommended for either the flume or field data. The new hiding function contributes to addressing clearer physical meanings and a useful perspective for further improvement.     

Influence of valence electron structures of phase and biphase interfaces of sulfides on hot brittleness in steel

Allkindsofsurfaceandinternalcracks,whicharerelatedtohigh-temperaturecharacteristicsandtodynamicalbehaviorintheprocessofsolidification,accountforasignificantratioincontinuouscastingslab.Therefore,toguaranteecontinuousslabwithzerodefects,thecrackmustberesolvedfirst.Steelmayhavedifferentembrittlementscausedbyvariousmechanismsathightemperature,andmostarecharacteristicofgrainboundarycrack[1].Onlytworeasonscanresultinthegrainboundarycrack:first,strippingingrainboundarybecauseofthedecreasingofthebond…     

Probabilistic composition of cone-based cardinal direction relations

Composition tables play a significant role in qualitative spatial reasoning (QSR). At present, a couple of composition tables focusing on various spatial relations have been developed in a qualitative approach. However, the spatial reasoning processes are usually not purely qualitative in everyday life, where probability is one important issue that should be considered. In this paper, the probabilistic compositions of cone-based cardinal direction relations (CDR) are discussed and estimated by making some assumptions. Consequently, the form of composition result turns to be {(R ₁,P ₁), (R ₂,P ₂), ..., (R _n ,P _n )}, where P _i is the probability associated with relation R _i . Employing the area integral method, the probabilities in each composition case can be computed with the assumption that the target object is uniformly distributed in the corresponding cone regions.     

Pressure-controlled elliptical cavity expansion under anisotropic initial stress: Elastic solution and its application

This paper presents an elastic solution to the pressure-controlled elliptical cavity expansion problem under the anisotropic stress conditions. The problem is formulated by the assumption that an initial elliptical cavity is expanded under a uniform pressure and subjected to an in-plane initial horizontal pressure Kσ_0 and vertical pressure σ_0 at infinity. A conformal mapping technique is used to map the outer region of the initial elliptical cavity in the physical plane onto the inner region of a unit circle in the phase plane. Using the complex variable theory, the stress functions are derived; hence, the stress and displacement distributions around the elliptical cavity wall can be obtained. Furthermore, a closed-form solution to the pressure-expansion relationship is presented based on the elastic solution to the stress and displacement. Next, the proposed analytical solutions are validated by comparing with the Kirsch's solution and the finite element method(FEM). The solution to the presented pressure-controlled elliptical cavity expansion can be applied to two cases in practice. One is to employ the solution to the interpretation of the shear modulus of the soil or rocks and the in-situ stress in the pre-bored pressuremeter test under the lateral anisotropic initial stress condition. The other is the interpretation of the membrane expansion of a flat dilatometer test using the pressure-controlled elliptical cavity expansion solution. The two cases in practice confirm the usefulness of the present analytical solution.     

Density function theory study of electronic,optical and thermodynamic properties of CaN<Subscript>2</Subscript>, SrN<Subscript>2</Subscript> and BaN<Subscript>2</Subscript>

We put forward a first-principles density-functional theory about the impact of pressure on the structural and elastic properties of bulk CaN₂, SrN₂ and BaN₂. The ground state properties of three alkaline earth diazenides were obtained, and these were in good agreement with previous experimental and theoretical data. By using the quasi-harmonic Debye model, the thermodynamic properties including the debye temperature Θ _D, thermal expansion coefficient α, and grüneisen parameter γ are successfully obtained in the temperature range from 0 to 100 K and pressure range from 0 to 100 GPa, respectively. The optical properties including dielectric function ε(?), absorption coefficient α(?), reflectivity coefficient R(?), and refractive index n(?) are also calculated and analyzed.