贝氏体相变特点的研究

研究贝氏体相变的特点,弄清贝氏体相变反应与共析分解的区别极为重要.本文应用QUANTA-400环扫电镜和JEM-2010高分辨电镜观察了多种钢的珠光体和贝氏体组织形貌和亚结构.综合以往的研究资料,从表象到本质上分析了贝氏体相变的特征,阐述了贝氏体相变与共析分解的区别.认为:贝氏体相变具有过渡性特征,贝氏体相变绝非共析分解.有的学者将贝氏体相变说成是共析分解的延续,那是不正确的.从贝氏体的物理本质出发,提出了钢中的珠光体、贝氏体、共析分解、钢中贝氏体相变等重要概念的新定义.     

贝氏体相变特点的研究

研究贝氏体相变的特点,弄清贝氏体相变反应与共析分解的区别极为重要.本文应用QUANTA-400环扫电镜和JEM-2010高分辨电镜观察了多种钢的珠光体和贝氏体组织形貌和亚结构.综合以往的研究资料,从表象到本质上分析了贝氏体相变的特征,阐述了贝氏体相变与共析分解的区别.认为贝氏体相变具有过渡性特征,贝氏体相变绝非共析分解.有的学者将贝氏体相变说成是共析分解的延续,那是不正确的.从贝氏体的物理本质出发,提出了钢中的珠光体、贝氏体、共析分解、钢中贝氏体相变等重要概念的新定义.     

贝氏体相变的动力学特征(一)

研究贝氏体相变动力学具有重要意义。贝氏体相变动力学特征表明贝氏体铁素体的形成不是扩散过程,也不是切变机制。从共析分解到贝氏体相变是一个逐渐演化的过程,海湾区可以将贝氏体相变与共析分解完全分离,贝氏体铁素体形成的孕育期极短,转变速度比共析分解快得多。采用贝氏体钢进行了激光共聚焦显微图像的动态直接观察,观察到贝氏体在奥氏体晶界形核,向晶内长大,测得620℃的长大速度为275μm/s,温度降低时,长大速度减慢。     

贝氏体相变的过渡性

应用系统科学理论分析讨论了贝氏体相变的过渡性。认为，中温区的贝氏体相变带有珠光体分解和马氏体相变的双重特征，具有过渡性。上贝氏体转变与珠光体分解有着本质上的区别，但又有密切的联系；而下贝氏体转变与马氏体相变有密切的联系。从整体上看，上贝氏体具有某些珠光体分解的特征；而下贝氏体则具有马氏体相变的特征。贝氏体在转变机理上、动力学上、组织形貌上都存在明显的过渡性。     

贝氏体相变的过渡性特征及定义

把握贝氏体相变的过渡性极为重要。研究表明贝氏体相变具有从扩散型相变到无扩散型相变的过渡性特征,它具有共析分解的某些特征,又跟马氏体相变有联系,同时与二者具有本质上的区别。依据实验事实,科学地修正了贝氏体的概念,给出了贝氏体相变的定义。     

两段式冷却对C-Mn钢奥氏体中温转变的影响

采用Formastor全自动相变仪进行了两段式冷却条件下C-Mn钢的热膨胀试验,并结合组织观察和显微硬度测量,研究了冷却速度以及发生部分先共析铁素体转变对奥氏体中温转变的影响。结果表明:随着冷却速度的增大和先共析铁素体含量的增加,贝氏体相变开始温度和结束温度均降低,贝氏体转变量减少;奥氏体随冷却速度的增大,转变产物由铁素体+珠光体逐渐变为魏氏组织铁素体+珠光体、网状铁素体+魏氏组织+贝氏体、马氏体的趋势;而对已发生部分先共析铁素体转变的过冷奥氏体,随先共析铁素体含量的减少,组织由魏氏组织+贝氏体向魏氏组织+马氏体转变。     

钢中相变的自组织

为深入探讨材料科学理论，研究钢中的相变机制，应用科技哲学的观点分析论述了钢的系统自组织特性，认为钢中的相变具有自组织功能和非线性相互作用。分析了钢在珠光体分解，马氏体转变，贝氏体转变等相变机理，组织形态等方面的自组织及其复杂性，认为相变控制一元化，组织形貌多元化，共析分解是个自组织过程，具有铁素体和渗碳体互为领先相的整合机制，马氏体相变首先产生“准马氏体”形式的结构涨落，通过位错或层错的运动，迅速放大这种涨落，使得原结构失稳，建构一种新结构，即马氏体晶体结构；以孪生切变完成马氏体相变，应当有孪生涨落，放大这种涨落，则以孪晶构成马氏体晶核。贝氏体转变在孕育期内，通过落涨必然形成贫碳区和富碳区；上贝氏体和下贝氏体有不同的转变机制，当然也有各自的转变动力学曲线，实际上各种组织的形貌都是形形色色的。     

稀土对0.27C—1Cr钢TTT图的影响

通过测量不同温度下的等温转变曲线,建立了0.27C—1Cr钢的TTT图,研究了稀土对TTT图的影响,结果表明,加入稀土后,奥氏体晶粒细化,晶粒长大速率变慢,Ac_2不变,Ac_3升高;先共析铁素体和贝氏体相变的孕育期缩短,珠光体和贝氏体相变完成所需时间延长,理论计算结果与实验值一致     

珠光体转变理论研究的新进展

本文综合近年来的研究成果,阐述了钢中共析分解的新机制,对于"相间沉淀"机理做了新的解释,重申了珠光体的新概念.认为:珠光体是共析铁素体和共析渗碳体(或碳化物)构成的整合组织,不是机械混合物.珠光体的形核-长大是以界面扩散为主进行的相变.过冷奥氏体在一定过冷度下,将出现贫碳区和富碳区的涨落.加上随机出现的结构涨落、能量涨落,非线性的因果正反馈相互作用,同时在贫碳区和富碳区分别建构铁素体核坯和渗碳体(或碳化物)核坯,共同组成珠光体的晶核(F Fe,C).铁素体和渗碳体两相是共析共生,协同长大,不存在领先相."相间沉淀"是珠光体转变的一个特例,应用共析分解的新理论解释了"相间沉淀"机理.珠光体转变临界点、片间距、力学性能等的变化都是非线性的.     

P92钢的过冷奥氏体等温转变

对P92钢进行了TTT图测定,观察分析了过冷奥氏体的等温转变的类型及组织形貌。研究结果表明,经1050 ℃奥氏体化,在650~800 ℃之间进行等温转变,奥氏体中首先析出碳化物（Cr₂₃C₆）,接着发生F+P转变;在170~400 ℃区间存在马氏体的变温转变和贝氏体相变。 在400~650 ℃区间存在宽广的海湾区,且贝氏体相变的孕育期比共析分解短得多。同时发现了两种特殊的组织形态：珠光体组织为纤维状,下贝氏体中的碳化物为颗粒状。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

The Mirror with Patterns of Auspicious Animals and Grapes——Exquisite cast mirror and the technology of surface tin-enrichment by rubbing-in and infiltration of tin-rich powder

<正>Bronze mirrors were used by the Chinese people before the introduction of the glass mirror.Only after it was replaced by the glass mirror did the bronze mirror gradually retreat from people's lives.Different styles of bronze mirrors were made in different historical periods,particularly in the Warring States Period,the Han and Tang Dynasties,which were the three peaks of the development of bronze mirror arts in ancient China.The casting techniques were exquisite.The surface of the bronze mirror was smooth and bright enough to reflect one's image,and there were scarcely any casting defects on the mirror surface.On the back of the bronze mirror,there were rich depictions of Arts and Humanities,and the ornamentations were also     

The 9th China International Diecasting Congress & Exhibition

The 9th China International Diecasting Congress ＆ Exhibition was held on July 22-24, 2014 at Shanghai New International Expc Centre. This exhibition was the most successful over the years, with over 6890 visitors and 155 exhibitors, and the exhibition area increased by 30% from 9,500 square meters in 2012 to 12340 square meters. Die casting enterprises from a total of 24 countries and regions, including China mainland, Chinese Taiwan and Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan, Germany, India, Thailand, Malaysia, the United States, Russia, Australia, Iran, Ukraine, Brazil, Colombia, Singapore, Austria, Canada, Croatia, France, Turkey, United Kingdom, Vietnam, attended the congress and exhibition.     

Introduction of the Fluid Control Engineering Institute of Kunming University of Science and Technology

正The Fluid Control Engineering Institute of Kunming University of Science and Technology was set up in 1996.The researches of institute concentrate on electro-hydraulic(pneumatic)servo/proportional control and hydromechatronics.The Institute is committed to research and development of electro-hydraulic control of high-end technical equipment in ferrous metallurgy refining produc-     

RARE METALS Volume Contents

正~~     

Antimony Induced Crystallization of Amorphous Silicon

Antimony induced crystallization of PVD (physics vapor deposition) amorphous silicon can be observed on sapphire substrates. Very large crystalline regions up to several tens of micrometers can be formed. The Si diffraction patterns of the area of crystallization can be observed with TEM (transmission electron microscopy). Only a few and much smaller crystals of the order of 1μm were formed when the antimony layer was deposited by MBE (molecular beam epitaxy) compared with a layer formed by thermal evaporation. The use of high vacuum is essential in order to observe any Sb induced crystallization at all. In addition it is necessary to take measures to limit the evaporation of the antimony.     

A CUMULATIVE FATIGUE DAMAGE RULE UNDER THE ALTERNATIVE OF CORROSION OR CYCLIC LOADING

Fatigue damage increases with the applied loading cycles in a cumulative manner and the material deteriorates with the corrosion time. A cumulative fatigue damage rule under the alternative of corrosion or cyclic loading was proposed. The specimens of aluminum alloy LY12-CZ soaked in corrosive liquid for different times were tested under the constant amplitude cyclic loading to obtain S-N curves. The test was carried out to verify the proposed cumulative fatigue damage rule under the different combinations among corrosion time, loading level, and the cycle numbers. It was shown that the predicted residual fatigue lives showed a good agreement with the experimental results and the proposed rule was simple and can be easily adopted.