善得定对预防大鼠腹部手术后肠粘连的研究

目的 评价腹腔注射善得定对大鼠腹部手术后肠粘连的预防作用。方法 将50只SD大鼠随机分为5组：Ⅰ组,对照组;Ⅱ组,腹腔内注射善得定20μg/kg;Ⅲ组,腹腔内注射善得定40μg/kg,腹腔内注射得定60μg/kg;V组,腹腔内注射透明质酸钠。各组动物均于定40μg/kg;Ⅳ组,腹腔内注射善得定60μg/kg;Ⅴ组,腹腔内注射透明质酸钠。各组动物均于术后14d处死,肉眼评价粘连程度,并取粘连的肠段测羟脯氨酸（OHP）。结果 Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ,Ⅴ组之粘连程度明显低于Ⅰ组（P＜0．05）;Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ组粘连肠段的OHP明显低于I组和V组（P＜0．05）;Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ组间粘连程度及粘连肠段的OHP无明显差异（P＞0．05）。结论 腹腔注射善得定对预防腹部手术后肠粘连有一定作用。     

透明质酸钠凝胶用于剖宫产术中防粘连促愈合的应用体会

目的 评价透明质酸钠凝胶用于剖宫产术中预防粘连及促切口愈合的效果及安全性.方法将首次剖宫产手术的患者分为治疗组和观察组.治疗组患者于手术结束关腹前,将透明质酸钠凝胶10ml涂抹于子宫切口表面、输卵管卵巢周围、肠管及腹膜切口部位后按常规关腹.观察组患者未涂抹透明质酸钠凝胶.结果使用透明质酸钠的治疗组再次手术时发现盆腔粘连10例（0.09%）,腹腔内轻度粘连8例,中、重度粘连2例;无粘连25例（0.23%）.未使用透明质酸钠的观察组再次剖宫产手术时发现盆腔粘连21例（0.21%）,腹腔内轻度粘连13例,中、重度粘连8例;无粘连14例（0.14%）.结论透明质酸钠凝胶在剖宫产后预防盆腔粘连及促进切口愈合效果明显,特别是能有效减少分离后再粘连的发生.     

医用透明质酸钠预防甲状腺术后粘连的探讨

目的观察医用透明质酸钠对于预防甲状腺术后粘连的作用。方法214例(实验组)甲状腺手术患者,于切除甲状腺病灶后,取医用透明质酸钠3～6ml均匀涂抹于甲状腺等创面上,并与同期未用医用透明质酸钠的182例(对照组)甲状腺手术患者作对比,评估术后粘连情况,进行数据分析。结果实验组:甲状腺术后粘连26例,对照组:甲状腺术后粘连41例。两组患者甲状腺手术后出现术后粘连情况比较,差异有显著意义(P<0.01)。结论医用透明质酸钠对预防甲状腺术后粘连有满意的功效。     

医用透明质酸钠凝胶对人工流产后预防宫腔粘连的作用

目的探讨医用透明质酸钠凝胶对人工流产后预防宫腔粘连的作用。方法回顾性分析本院宫腔粘连患者的临床资料,按治疗方法的不同．随机分为治疗组（25例）及对照组（25例）。其中对照组行采用全景式硬管镜常规探查后扩宫,行分离粘连治疗;治疗组在对照组的基础上加用医用透明质酸钠凝胶。根据宫腔恢复情况、输卵管通畅情况、月经恢复情况、痛经情况等来评价医用透明质酸钠凝胶应用于人工流产后宫颈粘连的效果及安全性。结果治疗组与对照组比较,除术后经量减少1／3比例比较外,其他差异均有显著统计学意义（P〈0．05）。不良反应情况的结果显示,治疗组无再次粘连的发生,对照组出现3例再次粘连的情况,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论医用透明质酸钠凝胶有预防宫腔粘连、促进愈合、降低再次粘连的发生率等作用,可用于人工流产术宫腔粘连的治疗,安全有效。     

医用透明质酸钠HA在子宫肌瘤术后预防粘连效果观察

目的观察医用透明质酸钠（HA）在子宫肌瘤术后预防粘连的效果。方法对本院86例子宫肌瘤手术患者进行临床随机分组观察,对照组采用常规手术方案,观察组在对照组基础上使用医用透明质酸钠HA,观察两组患者术后宫腹腔粘连情况及相关并发症。结果观察组术后粘连率为4．65％,明显低于对照组的23．26％（P〈0.05）。此外,观察组各类并发症比例为4．65％,亦较对照组的13．95％为低（P〈0．05）。结论HA能够有效预防子宫肌瘤患者术后出现粘连,且能够降低术后并发症。     

透明质酸钠凝胶用于剖宫产术后预防盆腔及切口粘连的作用研究

目的通过B超粘连评价和体征评价,来评估透明质酸钠凝胶在剖宫产术中预防盆腔及切口粘连的作用。方法选择2013年1月至2015年1月本院收治的行剖宫产的孕妇400例,随机分为观察组200例和对照组200例,观察组术中使用医用透明质酸钠凝胶,对照组行常规手术。术后3个月随访,行B超检查和体征检查,进行粘连程度评估并记录。结果观察组B超检查结果为非致密粘连率3%,致密粘连率0.5%,体征检查阳性率为2.5%;对照组B超检查结果为非致密粘连率23%,致密粘连率15.5%,体征检查阳性率为为37%,P值均<0.05,两组差异均有统计学意义。结论透明质酸钠可以有效抑制剖宫产术后的粘连反应,减少粘连并发症的产生。     

TCRA术后Foley球囊+自交联透明质酸钠凝胶在宫腔粘连患者中的应用效果

目的探讨宫腔粘连患者宫腔镜下宫腔粘连分离术(transcervical resection of adhesions,TCRA)术后应用Foley球囊+自交联透明质酸钠凝胶预防术后再粘连的临床效果。方法选取我院在2015年12月至2017年11月收治的中重度宫腔粘连患者120例,按照随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,每组各60例;观察组在TCRA术后应用Foley球囊+自交联透明质酸钠凝胶预防再粘连;对照组在TCRA术后应用Foley球囊+普通医用透明质酸钠凝胶预防再粘连。术后3个月观察两组患者临床疗效及AFS评分、粘连范围、粘连类型、月经状况及再粘连状况。结果治疗后观察组临床有效率为86.67%(52/60),对照组临床有效率为71.67%(43/60),比较具有统计学差异(χ2=4.093,P0.05);术后3个月宫腔镜检查两组患者AFS总分、粘连范围评分、粘连类型及月经状况评分较术前均明显下降(P0.05);观察组AFS总分、月经状况评分明显低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);两组患者术后粘连范围、粘连类型比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);术后3个月宫腔镜检查,观察组术后再粘连发生率为1.92%(1/52),对照组术后再粘连发生率为16.28%(7/43),比较具有统计学差异(χ2=4.566,P0.05)。结论宫腔粘连患者TCRA术后应用Foley球囊+自交联透明质酸钠凝胶预防粘连效果显著,能够有效降低AFS评分及月经状况,值得临床推广。     

不同材料预防Ⅱ区屈肌腱损伤术后粘连

目的：观察不同材料预防Ⅱ区屈肌腱损伤术后粘连的效果。方法：63例Ⅱ区屈肌腱损伤患者分为3组,分别采用不同材料预防粘连,A组17例19指使用明胶海绵,B组21例24指使用自体筋膜,C组25例28指使用医用透明质酸钠,观察不同材料预防屈肌腱损伤术后粘连的疗效。结果：经6~25个月（平均11个月）随访,按总主动活动度系统评定功能标准,A组优良率74%,B组83%,C组86%;A组与B、C组比较,差异有显著性（P＜0.05）。结论：自体筋膜和医用透明质酸钠都有较好的预防粘连作用,且效果优于明胶海绵。     

显微内镜椎间盘切除术预防硬膜外粘连的探讨

目的探讨应用透明质酸钠和保留硬膜外脂肪预防显微内镜椎间盘切除术后硬膜外粘连的价值. 方法 2000年7月～2001年10月将300例行MED的患者随机分为2组,A组保留硬膜外脂肪,应用透明质酸钠;B组不用透明质酸钠、不保留硬膜外脂肪. 结果 A、B两组随访时间分别为42个月和44个月,A组优良率为98.6%(144/146),B组优良率为93.8%(135/144)(χ2=4.731,P=0.030).A、B两组分别有4例和6例术后疼痛复发再次手术,术中发现硬膜外粘连情况:A组0级3例,1级1例;B组2级2例,3级4例(P=0.005). 结论联合应用透明质酸钠和保留硬膜外脂肪能有效地预防硬膜外粘连.     

透明质酸钠预防屈肌腱粘连的临床研究

目的　评价透明质酸钠预防术后屈肌腱粘连的临床效果。方法　 1998年～ 1999年对 47例屈肌腱手术者 ,于肌腱损伤修复部鞘内或局部分别注入两种透明质酸钠凝胶制剂。 A组注入透明质酸钠 I号 ,2 0 m g/ 2 ml,17例 ;B组注入透明质酸钠 号 ,2 0 mg/ 2 ml,16例 ;C组除不用透明质酸钠外 ,其它治疗与 A、B组相同 ,14例。于术后 1、2和 3个月测定相关部位的功能、疼痛和肿胀等情况 ,按关节功能和握拳功能评价透明质酸钠预防粘连的效果。结果　 47例经 1～ 3个月随访 ,A组优良率为 6 4.71% ,B组为 6 8.75 % ,C组为 42 .86 % ,A及 B组与 C组比较有统计学意义 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;各组均未见明显毒副作用。结论　两种透明质酸钠凝胶均有明显抑制术后屈肌腱粘连形成的作用 ,且使用安全方便     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.