中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白、肾损伤分子1和白介素18在诊断心肺分流术后急性肾损伤中的意义

目的探讨中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)、肾损伤分子1(KIM-1)和白介素18(IL-18)在儿童心肺分流术(CPB)后急性肾损伤(AKI)临床诊断中的价值。方法随机收集2013年3月至2013年6月住院行CPB的先天性心脏病患儿67例,按照pRIFLE标准分为AKI组及非AKI组;观察术前,术后30 min、2 h、4 h、24 h、48 h和72 h血清肌酐(Scr)、尿NGAL、尿KIM-1、尿肌酐(Ucr)及尿IL-18水平。采用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)及曲线下面积(AUC)评价NGAL、KIM-1及IL-18早期预测AKI的价值。结果 67例CPB儿童中23例(34.3%)发生AKI。按pRIFLE标准分期:危险期15例,损伤期4例,衰竭期3例,丧失期1例。AKI组术后4 h、48 h和72 h尿NGAL/Ucr高于非AKI组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);术后4 h尿NGAL/Ucr为1.20时,预测AKI的灵敏度和特异度为0.864和0.561,AUC为0.671(95%CI:0.537~0.804)。术后48 h和72 h AKI组尿KIM-1/Ucr高于非AKI组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);CPB术后24 h尿KIM-1/Ucr为1.16时,预测AKI的灵敏度和特异度分别为0.773和0.512,AUC为0.698(95%CI:0.563~0.834)。术后4 h AKI组尿IL-18/Ucr高于非AKI组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);CPB术后4 h尿IL-18/Ucr为0.04时,预测AKI的灵敏度和特异度为0.773和0.561,AUC为0.655(95%CI:0.510~0.800)。结论联合检测尿NGAL、尿KIM-1及尿IL-18水平对儿童CPB术后早期预测AKI的发生可能具有重要的临床价值。     

尿中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白和肾损伤分子-1预测危重患儿急性肾损伤

目的探讨尿中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)和尿肾损伤分子-1(KIM-1)在预测重症患儿急性肾损伤(AKI)中的意义。方法以慢性肾病(CKD)患儿、重症患儿为研究对象,随机分为重症AKI组(n=27),重症非AKI组(n=30),CKD组(n=30),以健康体检儿童为对照组(n=30),测定比较尿NGAL和KIM-1水平以及其他生化指标。结果重症AKI组的尿NGAL在AKI发生前2天(第–2天)已达峰值,比第–3天的基础值升高超过10倍,并在AKI发生后第2天降至基础值;KIM-1水平在AKI发生前1天(第–1天)升至峰值,比第–3天的基础值升高超过5倍,并保持升高至AKI发生后2 d;NGAL、KIM-1水平随时间变化(–3d~2d)的差异均有统计学意义(P均0.01)。重症非AKI组、CKD组、对照组的尿NGAL和KIM-1水平随时间变化的差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。尿KIM-1、NGAL单独作为标记物诊断AKI时,受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)曲线下面积(AUC)分别为:0.878和0.955(P0.01),而联合二者诊断AKI时,AUC为0.984(P0.01)。尿KIM和NGAL升高倍数和CCr谷值呈负相关,Spearman相关系数分别为–0.68和–0.74(P0.01)。结论联合检测尿NGAL和KIM-1水平可能有助于预测AKI。     

尿IGFBP-7对危重症患儿急性肾损伤的早期预测价值

目的探讨尿胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白7(IGFBP-7)对危重症患儿急性肾损伤(AKI)的早期预测价值。方法选择2012年5月至8月儿童重症监护病房(PICU)收治的患儿为研究对象。分为轻度AKI(AKI 1期)、严重AKI(AKI2和3期)和非AKI组。检测入PICU第一个24小时尿IGFBP-7水平,并于入PICU 24小时内行儿童死亡风险Ⅲ(PRISMⅢ)评分。以多因素logistic回归分析评估在校正混杂因素后尿IGFBP-7与AKI的关系,用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)及曲线下面积(AUC)评价尿IGFBP-7对危重症患儿AKI的早期预测价值。结果共纳入危重症患儿144例,21例(14.6%)在样本采集120小时内发生AKI,其中严重AKI 11例。严重AKI组入PICU第一个24小时的尿IGFBP-7水平、PRISMⅢ评分均高于轻度AKI及无AKI组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,在校正年龄、体质量、PRISMⅢ评分后,尿IGFBP-7是严重AKI的独立危险因素(OR=2.93,95%CI:1.07～8.03,P=0.037),预测危重症患儿严重AKI的AUC值为0. 79(95%CI:0. 66～0. 92,P=0. 001)。结论尿IGFBP-7是危重症患儿严重AKI的独立预测指标,具有早期预测价值。     

尿神经导向因子-1和肾损伤分子-1对窒息后新生儿急性肾损伤的诊断价值探讨

目的 分析尿神经导向因子-1(Netrin-1)和肾损伤分子-1(Kim-1)的变化对新生儿窒息引起的急性肾损伤(AKI)的早期诊断价值。方法 选取足月窒息新生儿80 例(轻度窒息组34 例,重度窒息组46 例),以及正常足月新生儿40 例(无窒息组)。分别收集三组新生儿出生后12 h、13~48 h 内尿标本,采用酶联免疫法(ELISA)检测尿Netrin-1 及Kim-1 的水平,同时抽取外周静脉血检测血肌酐(Scr)水平。结果 窒息组患儿生后48 h 内的尿Netrin-1 及Kim-1 水平明显高于无窒息组,生后13~48 h 内的Scr 水平高于无窒息组(P<0.05);AKI 组患儿生后48 h 内的尿Netrin-1、Kim-1、Scr 均高于非AKI 组(P<0.05);12 h 内的尿Netrin-1、Kim-1 预测窒息后AKI 的AUC 值分别为0.878(95%CI 0.775~0.981,P<0.01)和0.899(95%CI 0.829~0.969,P<0.01);新生儿窒息后12 h 内的尿Netrin-1、尿Kim-1、Scr 分别呈明显正相关(P<0.05)。结论 窒息新生儿发生AKI时尿Netrin-1 和Kim-1 水平明显增高;尿Netrin-1 和Kim-1 可作为早期判断窒息后AKI 的指标。     

尿中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白测定对危重症患儿急性肾损伤的早期诊断意义

目的 评估尿中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白（urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin,uNGAL）对PICU患儿急性肾损伤的早期诊断价值.方法 对象是上海交通大学附属儿童医院2013年4月至6月期间PICU收治的80例危重症患儿.入PICU后连续观察72 h,根据急性肾损伤（acute kidney injury,AKI） pRIFLE标准将患儿分为AKI组15例和非AKI组65例.根据脓毒症的诊断标准将患儿分为脓毒症组31例和非脓毒症组49例,于入科6h内、24 h、48 h及72 h留取患儿尿液和血液测定uNGAL和血肌酐（serum creatinine,Scr）.比较AKI组与非AKI组、脓毒症未合并AKI组与非脓毒症非AKI组、脓毒症合并AKI组与脓毒症未合并AKI组间uNGAL水平的差异,以及AKI组Scr和uNGAL之间的相关度,绘制ROC曲线评价48 h uNGAL和Scr对危重症患儿AKI诊断的敏感性和特异性.结果 80例患儿中有13例进展为AKI.（1）AKI组6h内、24 h、48 h、72 h uNGAL[M（QR）,ng/ml]水平分别为863.00（696.00）、700.50（580.00）、365.50（285.00）、289.50（319.30）,明显高于非AKI组[20.00（106.00）、20.00 （85.30）、20.00（101.00）、20.00（36.00）] （P ＜0.01）.（2）新发展AKI组患儿uNGAL值各时间点均明显高于非AKI组,两组48 h Scr水平间差异有统计学意义.（3）脓毒症未合并AKI组uNGAL水平病初时升高,48 h后逐渐降至正常,与非脓毒症非AKI组比较差异无统计学意义.（4）脓毒症合并AKI组uNGAL水平持续明显升高,与脓毒症未合并AKI组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.（5）48 h uNGAL和Scr的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.902（95％ CI：0.801 ～1.004）和0.874（95％ CI：0.768 ～0.981）.结论 uNGAL在儿童危重症合并AKI时较Scr提前24 ～ 48 h升高,反映疾病的严重程度,可以作为PICU患儿AKI的早期诊断标志物.     

尿胱抑素C和白细胞介素-18对危重新生儿急性肾损伤的预测价值

目的 探讨尿胱抑素C(Cys C)和尿白细胞介素-18 (IL-18)对危重新生儿急性肾损伤(AKI)的早期预测价值.方法 选择2010年9月至2011年2月生后6h内入住本院新生儿重症监护病房的新生儿为研究对象进行前瞻性研究,根据入院1周内是否发生AKI,分为AKI组和非AKI组(对照组).检测患儿入院当日尿Cys C、IL-18、微量白蛋白(MA)、α1微球蛋白(α1-MG)水平,并于入院24 h内进行新生儿急性生理学评分(SNAP).以多因素Logistic回归分析评估在校正混杂因素后尿Cys C、IL-18与AKI的关系,用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线及曲线下面积(AUC)评价尿Cys C、IL-18对新生儿AKI的预测价值.结果 研究期间共纳入57例新生儿,11例(19.3％)在入院1周内发生AKI.AKI组出生体重、胎龄、Apagr评分均低于对照组,尿Cys C、IL-18、α1-MG、MA水平及SNAP评分均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).Logistic回归分析显示,在校正胎龄、出生体重、尿MA、α1-MG水平及SNAP评分等因素后,尿Cys C、IL-18浓度与AKI显著相关.尿Cys C和IL-18预测新生儿AKI的AUC值分别为0.91 (95％ CI0.82 ～0.99,P＜0.001)和0.74(95％ CI0.53～0.95,P=0.015).结论 尿Cys C、IL-18是新生儿AKI的独立预测指标,尿Cys C具有更好的早期预测价值.     

NGAL在急性肾损伤与泌尿系统感染患儿血及尿中的改变及临床意义

目的 探讨儿童不同程度急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)患儿和泌尿系统感染患儿和中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin,NGAL)在血及尿中的改变,以明确NGAL在儿童AKI诊断中的意义.方法 根据儿童AKI诊断标准,将入选患儿分别纳入AKI-R、I和F组,将同时期收治的儿童泌尿系统感染(urinary tract infection,UTI)患儿和儿童保健门诊患儿分别纳入UTI组和正常对照组.采用ELISA方法检测血和尿NGAL,尿NGAL与尿肌酐的比值作为尿NGAL的最后结果.结果 2009年6月至2010年12月收入到儿科肾脏病房的儿童AKI入选患儿共85例,AKI-R组42例,AKI-I组26例,AKI-F组17例.同期收治的儿童UTI组患儿51例,对照组儿童保健门诊入选患儿30例.AKI-I和AKI-F组SCr值明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001);AKI-R、I、F组血NGAL值均明显高于和正常对照组,差异有统计学意义(P ＜0.001);AKI-R、I、F组和UTI组患儿尿NGAL值均明显高于正常对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001).AKI-I和F组患儿血和尿NGAL均和SCr值有相关性(P ＜0.001).结论 血和尿NGAL在AKI患儿中明显升高,且敏感性好于SCr.泌尿系统感染患儿尿NGAL升高,但升高的程度低于较重的AKI患儿,而血NGAL未见明显升高.在AKI-I和F组患儿血和尿NGAL均和SCr值有相关性.因此,NGAL对于儿童AKI的早期诊断有一定的临床意义.     

过敏性紫癜患儿尿中中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白、尿胱抑素C水平测定及其意义

目的 检测过敏性紫癜(HSP)患儿尿中中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)、尿胱抑素C(Cys C)、尿β<,2>-微球蛋白(β<,2>-MG)水平及24 h尿蛋白定量,探讨尿NGAL、Cys C在检测HSP患儿肾小管间质损伤中的临床意义.方法 选择临床诊断为HSP的患儿60例.根据24 h尿蛋白定量将患儿分为尿检末见异常组(A组,20例)、尿检轻度异常组(B组,20例)、尿检重度异常组(C组,20例)、治疗后病情好转组(D组,15例,均为C组治疗后患儿).选取在本院儿童保健门诊体榆健康儿章20例为健康对照组.其中15例患儿(B组5例,C组10例)行肾脏病理检查,并对肾小管间质进行病理评分.30例患儿(B组10例,C组20例)行尿蛋白电泳检查.设立尿NGAL、Cys C、β<,2>-MG的正常参考值上限,高于此值者视为异常,并计算异常率.结果 1.A、B、C组尿NGAL及Cys C水平升高,且呈递增趋势;D组尿NGAL水平与健康对照组比较无明显差异,尿Cys C水平较B组降低,但高于健康对照组.2.B组尿NGAL的异常率高于尿β<,2>-MG,尿Cys C的异常率与尿β<,2>-MG比较无明显差异;D组尿β<,2>-MG的异常率高于尿NGAL.3.尿NGAL、Cys C、β<,2>-MG水平与肾小管间质病理评分、尿蛋白电泳结果均呈正相关(r=0.638、0.471;0.661、0.321;0.405、0.342,P<,a><0.05).C组患儿小管间质病例评分、尿蛋白电泳(小管性)结果均高于 B组(P<,a><0.05).结论 尿NGAL、Cys C可作为监测HSP患儿早期肾小管间质损伤的指标,具有较高的灵敏度和特异性,优于传统指标尿β<,2>-MG.     

KIM-1及NGAL在婴幼儿复杂先心病术后早期肾功能损伤中的预测作用

目的探讨尿中肾脏损伤分子-1(Kidney injury molecule-1,KIM-1)及中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(reutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin,NGAL)在复杂先心病根治术后急性肾功能损伤评估中(acute kidney injury,AKI)的敏感性及临床价值。方法回顾性分析本院2011年12月年至2014年12月收治的复杂先心病术后急性肾功能衰竭患儿临床资料,共23例,其中男性15例,女性8例,年龄4~18个月,平均年龄(8.38±1.75)个月,体重3~14kg,平均体重(5.15±3.82)kg,观察术前、术后2 h、4 h、6h内尿中NGAL、KIM-1及血肌酐、尿素氮、K~+、平均动脉压及尿量的变化。结果术后2 h尿液中NGAL开始上升,为(1.28±0.63)ng/L,术后4 h尿液中KIM-1上升,为(1.14±0.16)ng/L,与手术前比较,差异有统计学意义。经积极干预治疗后,23例患儿中,19例存活,4例因多器官功能衰竭而死亡。结论尿中KIM-1及NGAL有助于复杂先心病术后急性肾功能损伤的早期检测,可为临床治疗提供重要线索。     

婴幼儿先天性心脏病体外循环术后急性肾损伤早期预警的临床研究

目的 探讨婴幼儿先天性心脏病体外循环术后急性肾损伤的发病情况以及尿中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)、白介素18(IL-18)及N-乙酰-β-D氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、尿微量白蛋白(MA)、α1微球蛋白(α1-MG)在婴幼儿先天性心脏病体外循环术后急性肾损伤中的早期预测价值.方法 本组58例≤3岁的行体外循环手术的先天性心脏病患儿,分别在术前和体外循环开始后4、6、12、24 h留取尿样进行NGAL、IL-18、NAG、MA、α1-MG的检测.根据体外循环术后是否发生急性肾损伤分为急性肾损伤组和非急性肾损伤组,对2组以上指标进行比较.结果 急性肾损伤组和非急性肾损伤组各29例,两组性别、年龄、体重差异无统计学意义.急性肾损伤组术后4、6、12 h的尿NGAL/尿肌酐(UCr)水平(2820.0μg,/g,905.7 μg/g,76.1μg/g)均高于非急性肾损伤组(27.6 μg/g,19.5 μg/g,16.0 μg/g) (P ＜0.01).急性肾损伤组术后4、6、12和24 h的尿IL-18/UCr水平(3768.0 ng/g,1092 ng/g,421.0 ng/g,256.8 ng/g)均高于非急性肾损伤组(511.7 ng/g,304.1 ng/g,207.5 ng/g,100.8 ng/g) (P ＜0.05).急性肾损伤组术后4、6h的尿NAG/UCr水平(1205.5 U/g,294.7 U/g)均高于非急性肾损伤组(176.8 U/g,104.5 U/g) (P ＜0.01).急性肾损伤组术后4、6、12 h的尿MA/UCr水平(1628.0 mg/g,383.7 mg/g,121.2 mg/g)均高于非急性肾损伤组(119.0 mg/g,81.3 mg/g,86.5 mg/g) (P ＜0.05).急性肾损伤组术后4、6、12h的尿α1-MG/UCr水平(804.4 mg/g,384.5 mg/g,104.4 mg/g)高于非急性肾损伤组(154.0 mg/g,84.3 mg/g,37.2 mg/g)(P＜0.01).尿NGAL、IL-18、NAG、MA/UCr和α1-MG/UCr 5个指标均在术后4h预测价值最大.结论 尿生物学标志物NGAL、IL-18、NAG、MA、α1-MG对体外循环术后早期急性肾损伤有较强的预测价值.     

血清miR-21-3p对脓毒症患儿并发急性肾损伤的预测价值

目的 探讨血清miR-21-3p及其联合血肌酐（Scr）、胱抑素C（Cys-C）及肾损伤分子-1（KIM-1）对脓毒症患儿并发急性肾损伤（AKI）的预测价值。方法 2016年1月至2019年3月诊断为脓毒症的患儿142例，根据是否并发AKI分为AKI组（n=49）和非AKI组（n=93）。检测两组血清miR-21-3p、Scr、Cys-C及KIM-1水平，绘制受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析血清miR-21-3p、Scr、Cys-C及KIM-1水平预测AKI的价值，Pearson相关分析血清miR-21-3p表达水平与Scr、Cys-C及KIM-1表达水平的相关性。结果 AKI组血清miR-21-3p、Scr、Cys-C及KIM-1水平明显高于非AKI组（P < 0.05）。ROC曲线分析结果显示血清miR-21-3p、Scr、Cys-C及KIM-1水平四项联合预测脓毒症患儿并发AKI的曲线下面积（0.962，95% CI：0.906~0.998）均分别大于上述各单项指标预测的曲线下面积（P < 0.05），且敏感度（97.0%）和特异度（91.4%）最高。相关分析显示，AKI组血清miR-21-3p表达水平与Scr、Cys-C及KIM-1表达水平均呈正相关（r=0.704、0.812、0.863，P < 0.01）。结论 血清miR-21-3p表达水平在脓毒症并发AKI患儿中明显升高，联合Scr、Cys-C及KIM-1指标对预测脓毒症并发AKI具有较高的价值。     

Comparison of Urinary Biomarkers for Early Detection of Acute Kidney Injury After Cardiopulmonary Bypass Surgery in Infants and Young Children

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a potential complication for children with congenital heart disease (CHD) after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery. This study was designed to investigate and compare the predictive values of urinary biomarkers for AKI after CPB surgery in infants and young children and to determine the optimal timing of testing and the cutoff value for each biomarker. The study prospectively enrolled 58 CHD children 3 years of age or younger who were undergoing CPB surgery. Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), interleukin-18 (IL-18), microalbumin (MA), N-acetyl-ß-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), α1-microglobulin (α1-MG), and creatinine (UCr) were measured at baseline and at various time points after surgery. Children who experienced AKI had more complex cardiac surgical procedures as evaluated by Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery 1 (RACHS-1), longer CPB and aortic clamping times, and worse clinical outcomes than those who did not. In the AKI group, all five urinary biomarkers increased substantially and peaked at 4 h after surgery. In contrast, in the non-AKI group, they increased slightly or had no significant changes during the first 24 h. All the biomarkers had the best predictive performances at 4 h after surgery. At this time point, NAG had the minimum area under the curve (AUC) (0.747), which was significantly lower than that of the others (AUC, 0.82–0.85; P < 0.05). The optimal cutoff value of each biomarker was 290 ng/mg UCr for NAGL, 1,477 pg/mg UCr for IL-18, 400 mg/g UCr for MA, 225 U/g UCr for NAG, and 290 mg/g UCr for α1-MG. In conclusion, urinary NGAL, IL-18, MA, and α1-MG had similar predictive performances for the early detection of AKI after CPB surgery in infants and young children.     

Biomarkers of acute kidney injury in neonatal encephalopathy

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication of neonatal encephalopathy (NE). The accurate diagnosis of neonatal AKI, irrespective of the cause, relies on suboptimal methods such as identification of rising serum creatinine, decreased urinary output and glomerular filtration rate. Studies of AKI biomarkers in adults and children have shown that biomarkers can improve the early diagnosis of AKI. Hypoxia–ischaemia is the proposed aetiological basis of AKI in both NE and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). However, there is a paucity of studies examining the role of AKI biomarkers specifically in NE. Urinary cystatin C (CysC), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), interleukin-18, kidney injury molecule-1, liver-type fatty acid-binding protein, serum CysC and serum NGAL all show good ability to predict early AKI in a heterogeneous critically ill neonatal population including infants post-CPB. Moreover, serum and urinary NGAL and urinary CysC are early predictors of AKI secondary to NE. These findings are promising and open up the possibility of biomarkers playing a significant role in the early diagnosis and treatment of NE-related AKI. There is an urgent need to explore the role of AKI biomarkers in infants with NE as establishing the diagnosis of AKI earlier may allow more timely intervention with potential for improving long-term outcome.     

中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质转运蛋白在儿童原发性肾病综合征尿液中的表达及意义

目的：研究中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质转运蛋白（NGAL）在原发性肾病综合征患儿尿中的水平及其意义。方法：原发性肾病综合征初治患儿34例,经口服泼尼松足量治疗4周尿蛋白未转阴患者归入糖皮质激素耐药型肾病综合征（SRNS）组,尿蛋白转阴患者归入糖皮质激素敏感型肾病综合征（SSNS）组。所有病例在口服泼尼松治疗前、治疗1周、2周、3周、4周时分别收集晨起中段尿,采取ELISA法检测尿液NGAL浓度,同时测得尿中肌酐(Cr)值,采用尿Cr排出量来校正单次尿NGAL水平,比较两组间尿NGAL与Cr比值的表达差异。结果：与SRNS组比较,SSNS组病例尿标本中NGAL/Cr比值在泼尼松治疗3、4周时明显下降（P＜0.05）;与SRNS组比较,SSNS组病例尿标本中β2-MG/Cr比值在泼尼松治疗4周时才开始明显下降。SSNS与SRNS两组病例尿NGAL/Cr与尿蛋白/Cr比值呈正相关(r=0.510,P＜0.01)。ROC曲线下分析结果显示,用药3周后尿NGAL/Cr诊断截点为0.043时,敏感度和特异度分别为100%和79.2%。结论 ：SRNS患儿尿液中NGAL/Cr比值持续维持于高水平,而SSNS患儿尿液中NGAL/Cr比值在泼尼松治疗后逐渐下降,且其下降时间早于β2 MG/Cr比值,提示动态监测尿液中NGAL/Cr比值,有助于早期判断原发性肾病综合征的泼尼松治疗效应。     

Urinary NGAL in premature infants

Premature infants are at unique risk for developing acute kidney injury (AKI) due to incomplete nephrogenesis, early exposure to nephrotoxic medications, and coexisting conditions such as patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Unfortunately, laboratory testing for the diagnosis of AKI in this population is problematic because of the physiology of both the placenta and the extra-uterine premature kidney. Recent research has led to the development of promising biomarkers for the early detection of AKI in children but there are no published reports in neonates. Our goal was to determine whether urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) was detectable in premature infants and to correlate levels with gestational age, birth weight (BW), or indomethacin exposure. We enrolled 20 infants in four BW groups: 500-750, 751-1000, 1001-1250, and 1251-1500 g. Urine was collected every day for the first 14 d of life. Neonates born at earlier gestational ages and lower BWs had higher urine NGAL levels (p < 0.01). We conclude that urine NGAL is easily obtained in premature infants and that it correlates significantly with both BW and gestational age. The use of urinary NGAL as a biomarker of AKI in premature infants warrants further investigation.     

红细胞分布宽度对脓毒症患儿急性肾损伤的预测价值

目的 初步探讨红细胞分布宽度（RDW）对脓毒症患儿急性肾损伤（AKI）的早期预测价值。方法 126例脓毒症患儿根据是否合并AKI分为AKI组（66例）及非AKI组（60例）,另以RDW值的均数为界,分为高RDW组（58例）及低RDW组（68例）。比较各组年龄、性别比、体质指数（BMI）、急性生理和慢性健康评分（APACHE Ⅱ评分）、序贯器官衰竭估计评分（SOFA评分）、血清尿素氮（BUN）、肌酐（Cr）、尿酸（UA）、C反应蛋白（CRP）、血常规,并分析与RDW独立相关的因素。结果 AKI组与非AKI组在年龄、男女比例、BMI、CRP、SOFA评分、APACHE Ⅱ评分等方面的差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）,AKI组的血清BUN、Cr、UA、RDW高于非AKI组（P < 0.05）。高RDW组与低RDW组在年龄、男女比例、BMI等方面的差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）,但高RDW组的BUN、Cr、UA、CRP、SOFA评分、APACHE Ⅱ评分、血红蛋白、平均红细胞体积等较高（P < 0.05）。多元线性回归分析提示：与RDW独立相关的因素包括年龄、性别、APACHE Ⅱ评分、Cr、Hb、MCV。结论 脓毒症患儿红细胞分布宽度对于早期预测肾损伤具有一定的临床价值。     

重症监护室患儿心脏停搏后早期出现急性肾损伤的危险因素及预后分析

目的 探讨心脏停搏（cardiac arrest,CA）患儿发生急性肾损伤（acute kidney injury,AKI）的相关因素及预后的影响因素。 方法 回顾性收集2016年6月—2021年6月湖南省儿童医院儿童重症监护室发生CA患儿的病历资料。按CA恢复自发循环（return of spontaneous circulation,ROSC）48 h内是否发生AKI分为AKI组（n=50）和非AKI组（n=113）,AKI组按ROSC 7 d时预后情况分为存活组（n=21）和死亡组（n=29）。采用多因素logistic回归分析CA患儿早期发生AKI的相关因素及预后影响因素。 结果 CA后AKI发生率为30.7%（50/163）。AKI组7 d及28 d病死率分别为58.0%（29/50）、78.0%（39/50）,非AKI组为31.9%（36/113）、58.4%（66/113）。多因素logistic回归分析显示,心肺复苏时间长（OR=1.164,95%CI：1.088~1.246,P<0.001）、基线血清白蛋白低（OR=0.879,95%CI：0.806~0.958,P=0.003）、CA前应用肾上腺素（OR=2.791,95%CI：1.119~6.961,P=0.028）与CA后AKI发生密切相关;基线小儿危重病例评分低（OR=0.761,95%CI：0.612~0.945,P=0.014）、CA前应用肾上腺素（OR=7.018,95%CI：1.196~41.188,P=0.031）、CA前机械通气（OR=7.875,95%CI：1.358~45.672,P=0.021）与CA后AKI患儿死亡密切相关。 结论 CA后ROSC患儿应密切监测血清白蛋白,尤其是心肺复苏时间长、基线小儿危重病例评分低、CA前应用肾上腺素、CA前机械通气者应及早识别和干预,以降低AKI发生率和病死率。     

肾脏疾病患儿急性肾损伤的临床分析

目的 了解儿童肾脏疾病中是否存在急性肾损伤(AKI),儿童肾脏疾病基础上AKI的发生率和病因构成,探讨AKI与肾脏疾病患儿住院时间、住院费用和短期预后的关系.方法 对我科住院的部分肾脏疾病患儿进行前瞻性的临床研究.病例入选标准:①确诊(原发性)肾病综合征(NS)、紫癜性肾炎(HSPN)和狼疮性肾炎(LN)的2～18岁住院患儿;②发病或复发≤3个月.AKI的诊断采用成人的AKI诊断标准.结果 共有95例患儿入选本研究,包括原发性NS 65例、HSPN 15例和LN 15例,其中33例(34.7%)符合AKI的诊断标准.LN、HSPN患儿伴发的AKI,100%表现为血肌酐升高;NS伴发的AKI中,65.4%的患儿表现为尿量减少,其中只有19.2%的患儿同时伴有血肌酐升高.AKI的病因:①NS基础上发生的AKI中,只有少数存在明确病因(26.9%),且多由肾外因素导致(15.4%),包括环孢素A的副作用、低血容量和肾小管间质损害;②LN和HSPN基础上发生的AKI,均由基础肾小球疾病导致.AKI组的住院时间和住院费用显著高于非AKI组[住院时间分别为28(6～94)、21(7～100)d;Z=-1.971,P=0.049;住院费用分别为12 035.7(1561.7～94 783.1)、8594.3(1390.1～98 876.5)元;Z=-1.993,P=0.046];随访6个月和12个月时,AKI组和非AKI组的血肌酐水平差异无统计学意义[随访6个月时分别为(60.4±91.8)、(42.8±12.2)μmol/L,t=0.937,P=0.358;随访12个月时分别为(48.7±18.1)、(47.7±14.2)μ,mol/L,t=0.197,P=0.845].结论 在儿童肾脏病急性期,34.7%的病例发生AKI;原发性NS中,非肾性因素是导致AKI发生的主要原因,而在LN和HSPN中,AKI的常见病因为基础肾小球疾病.AKI组的住院时间和住院费用高于非AKI组,但6个月和12个月随访时的血肌酐水平与非AKI组的患儿相比无显著差异.

Abstract：

Objective Acute kidney injury (AKI) was recently proposed for early recognition of renal function impairment and prompt interventions. Previous study revealed that AKI was highly associated with the prognosis. However, there was rare report of AKI in renal diseases, especially in children cohorts.Therefore, we performed the prospective clinical research in children with renal diseases in our hospital,aiming to study the prevalence, the clinical characteristics and the short-term prognosis of AKI. Method The study was designed as a prospective, single-center observational study. Inclusion criteria: ① the primary diagnosis was primary nephrotic syndrome (NS), Henoch-Schoenlein purpura nephritis (HSPN) or lupus nephritis ( LN), ② the duration from the onset of the renal diseases to the admission was less than 3 months. The serum creatinine and urine output of the subjects would be prospectively monitored. AKI was defined by the adult criteria and stratified by Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) criteria. The patients were followed up at 6 months and 12 months after enrollment. Result Between October 2007 and April 2009, a total of 95 children were included, including 65 cases with NS, 15 HSPN and 15 LN. Mean age was (8. 9 ±3. 9) years (range 2-16 years). Thirty-three of the 95 patients (34. 7% ) fulfilled the AKI criteria,13 patients (13.7%) were diagnosed as acute renal failure (ARF). All the AKI in children with LN and HSPN presented with serum creatinine elevation. However, 65.4% of AKI in NS presented with decreasing urine output, only 19. 2% accompanied with increasing creatinine, with higher stages of urine output.Regarding the etiology, only 26.9% of AKI in NS had definite cause, most of which resulted from side-effect of cyclosporine, hypowlemia or tubule-interstitial damage, independent of glomerular diseases. In contrast,the AKI in LN and HSPN were exclusively caused by glomerular diseases. The length and costs of hospitalization of AKI group were significantly higher than non-AKI[length of hospitalization ( d), 28 (6 to 94) vs. 21 ( 7 to 100 ), Z = - 1. 971, P = 0. 049; cost of hospitalization ( yuan), 12 035.7 ( 1561.7 to 94 783.1) vs. 8594.3 (1390.1 to 98 876.5), Z= - 1.993, P=0.046]. There was no significant difference in the serum creatinine at 6-month and 12-month follow-up between AKI group and non-AKI[6-month, (60.4 ±91.8) μmol/L vs. (42. 8 ± 12. 2) μmol/L, t =0. 937, P =0. 358; 12-month, (48. 7 ±18.1) μmol/L vs. (47.7±14.2) μmoL/L, t=0.197, P=0.845]. Conclusion Theprevalence of AKI (34.7%) was higher than that of ARF ( 13.7% ) in children with renal diseases. Most of the AKI in NS resulted from non-glomerular diseases. In contraat, most AKI in LN and HSPN were caused by underlying glomerular diseases. The length and costs of hospitalization were significantly higher in AKI group.However, there was no significant difference in serum creatinine between AKI and non-AKI group in the follow-up at 6 months and 12 months. Further investigations on criteria for the diagnosis of AKI in children with renal diseases are still needed.