HPLC法测定人血浆中阿托伐他汀的浓度及其药动学研究

目的:建立测定人血浆中阿托伐他汀片浓度的方法并考察其药动学。方法:选择20名男性健康志愿受试者,口服阿托伐他汀片10mg,采用高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度,计算药动学参数。结果:阿托伐他汀血药浓度在0.1～12.5μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好,日内、日间RSD均<9%,方法回收率为89.00%～103.00%;阿托伐他汀的主要药动学参数为:t1/2(14.40±7.10)h,tmax(1.50±0.70)h,cmax(6.10±3.40)μg·L-1,AUC0～48h(50.60±43.60)μg·h·L-1,AUC0～∞(56.70±42.50)μg·h·L-1,MRT0～48h(3.68±0.75)h,MRT(3.82±0.71)h。结论:本方法适用于阿托伐他汀人体药动学的研究。     

HPLC—MS测定人血浆中多沙唑嗪及其在健康人体药动学研究中的应用

目的:建立人血浆中多沙唑嗪的高效液相色谱-质谱测定方法,用于研究甲磺酸多沙唑嗪片的健康人体药动学。方法:血浆样品0.25 mL,用正己烷-叔丁基甲醚萃取,以20 mmol·L~(-1)醋酸铵溶液(pH 4.28)-甲醇-乙腈(55:10:35)为流动相,用 Thermo C_(18)柱(150 mm×2.1 mm,5μm)分离,采用高效液相色谱-质谱电喷雾电离法,选择离子监测(SIM)。测定12名健康男性志愿者单剂量口服4 mg 甲磺酸多沙唑嗪片后的血药浓度经时过程。由 DAS2.0药学与统计程序处理计算药动学参数。结果:多沙唑嗪的线性范围为0.5～100 ng·mL~(-1),平均回收率为98.3%,日内 RSD≤8.4%,日间 RSD≤10.5%。结论:分析方法准确、灵敏度高,适用于多沙唑嗪口服制剂的药动学研究。     

酒石酸唑吡坦片在汉族健康人体内的药动学研究

目的:研究酒石酸唑吡坦片在汉族健康人体内的药动学。方法:10名汉族健康受试者口服酒石酸唑吡坦片10mg后,用高效液相色谱-荧光检测法测定血浆中唑吡坦的浓度,用DAS2.0.1程序计算药动学参数。结果:汉族健康受试者口服酒石酸唑吡坦片后,药-时曲线符合一级吸收一室模型,主要药动学参数分别为tma(x0.9±0.5)h、Cma(x190.8±70.6)μg·L-1、t1/(22.2±0.6)h、Vd/F(0.938±0.256)L·kg-1、CL/F(18.09±10.22)L·h-1、AUC0～1(2624.9±190.8)μg·h·L-1、AUC0～∞(650.1±208.4)μg·h·L-1。结论:健康受试者单剂量口服酒石酸唑吡坦片的药动学参数与文献报道基本一致,可作为不同民族人群药动学研究的基础。     

阿折地平片在健康人体内的药动学研究

目的:建立测定人血浆中阿折地平浓度的方法,并进行人体药动学研究。方法:20名健康受试者随机分成2组,分别单剂量口服阿折地平片8mg和16mg,8mg剂量组同时参与完成多剂量给药试验。采用液-质联用法测定人血浆中阿折地平浓度,并计算单剂量及多剂量给药后的药动学参数。结果:单剂量口服阿折地平片8mg和16mg后,阿折地平的药动学参数分别为:cmax(1.66±0.45)、(4.25±1.38)μg·L-1,tma(x3.50±1.08)、(4.00±1.16)h,t1/(221.3±8.1)、(19.5±4.0)h,AUC0～7(217.9±6.0)、(49.9±17.5)μg·h·L-1。多剂量口服阿折地平片8mg后,阿折地平的药动学参数为:cma(x2.63±1.41)μg·L-1,tma(x3.50±1.08)h,t1/(232.5±9.2)h,AUC0～7(243.8±26.4)μg·h·L-1,ca(v1.19±0.671)μg·L-1,AUCs(s28.4±16.1)μg·h·L-1,波动度(DF)为(1.78±0.49),稳态蓄积比(Rs)为(1.56±0.95)。结论:本试验建立的测定方法灵敏、准确、简便。阿折地平片单剂量给药的药动学参数cmax和AUC0～72随剂量的增加而增加,多剂量给药后阿折地平在体内有一定的蓄积。     

盐酸伪麻黄碱缓释片的人体药动学及生物等效性

目的研究盐酸伪麻黄碱(d-peseudoephedrine hydrochloride)缓释片与普通片在正常人体内的药动学和相对生物利用度.方法高效液相色谱法测定20名男性健康志愿者交叉po 60 mg普通片和缓释片后的血药浓度,求算药动学参数并进行统计学评价.结果单剂量po普通片和缓释片主要药动学参数Cmax分别为(317.9±99.6)μg·L-1和(205.1±29.8)μg·L-1;t1/2(Ke)分别为(3.9±0.5)h和(5.7±1.2)h;AUC0～24分别为(2 386.8±246.1)h·μg·L-1和(2 310.9±171.9)h·μg·L-1,相对生物利用度为(97.4±8.8)%.多剂量po普通片和缓释片Cmin分别为(126.6±18.2)μg·L-1和(147.9±18.2)μg·L-1;Cmax分别为(307.9±24.1)μg·L-1和(275.2±26.8)μg·L-1;FI分别为(0.79±0.22)和(0.58±0.14).结论两种制剂生物等效.     

阿折地平片的人体药动学研究

目的:考察阿折地平片在人体内的药动学特性。方法:采用液-质联用(LC-MS)法,测定24名健康受试者口服受试制剂(单剂量含阿折地平8、16mg和多剂量)后血浆中阿折地平浓度。结果:单剂量口服阿折地平片8、16mg后,阿折地平的t1/2分别为(20.338±7.601)、(27.995±7.724)h,tmax分别为(3.333±1.303)、(3.667±0.985)h,cmax分别为(5.908±2.827)、(10.61±3.929)μg·L-1,AUC0～96h分别为(61.167±33.777)、(139.502±72.898)μg·h·L-1,AUC0～∞分别为(63.363±35.314)、(147.395±78.21)μg·h·L-1;多剂量口服阿折地平片8mg后,阿折地平的t1/2为(28.168±7.926)h,tmax为(3.167±0.718)h,cmax为(5.882±1.895)μg·L-1,AUC0～96h为(86.723±41.588)μg·h·L-1,AUC0～∞为(93.948±50.957)μg·h·L-1。结论:阿折地平片在8～16mg剂量范围内呈线性动力学特征,不同性别间药动学参数总体上差异不大,多剂量给药与单剂量给药的药动学参数基本一致。     

富马酸卢帕他定片多次给药的药动学研究

目的:研究健康志愿者多次口服国产富马酸卢帕他定片的药动学特点。方法:10例健康受试者(男女各半),每日空腹口服富马酸卢帕他定片10mg,qd,连续7d,应用液-质联用(LC-MS)法测定卢帕他定的血药浓度,采用PKS药动学程序计算卢帕他定药动学参数。结果:卢帕他定在人体内过程符合二室模型,多次给药后的主要药动学参数为Cssmax(3.01±0.91)μg·L-1、tmax(0.78±0.14)h、t1/2Ka(0.32±0.12)h、t1/2α(0.45±0.14)h、t1/2β(6.41±1.69)h、AUC0～t(9.23±3.19)μg·h·L-1、AUC0～∞(9.74±3.17)μg·h·L-1、MRT0～t(5.66±0.67)h、MRT0～∞(7.73±0.81)h、Cssmin(0.05±0.03)μg.L-1、Cssav(0.39±0.13)μg·L-1、DF(783.56±92.88)%。以上参数男女比较均无统计学意义。多次和单次给药所得的药动学参数比较除AUC外均无统计学意义。受试者给药期间未出现明显不良反应。结论:卢帕他定具有快速吸收、快速分布、相对缓慢的消除的药动学特点;多次给药后的药动学过程没有明显改变,仅体内药量有轻微蓄积。     

拉呋替丁胶囊的人体药动学研究

目的:研究拉呋替丁胶囊在健康人体内的药动学。方法:12名健康志愿者分为男、女2组,分别交叉单剂量口服拉呋替丁胶囊10、20mg后,用高效液相色谱-荧光检测法测定血浆中拉呋替丁浓度,用DAS软件求算药动学参数。结果:口服拉呋替丁胶囊10、20mg后的主要药动学参数分别为:tma(x1.27±0.41)、(1.13±0.47)h,Cma(x165.98±43.01)、(344.22±70.70)μg·L-1,AUC0～16(673.96±196.84)、(1459.10±403.44)μg·h·L-1,AUC0～∞(752.82±196.84)、(1506.57±409.08)μg·h·L-1。结论:拉呋替丁胶囊口服后吸收迅速和完全,在健康受试者体内的药动学过程基本符合口服一级一室模型。     

甲磺酸加替沙星片在健康志愿者体内的药动学

目的 :研究健康志愿者口服甲磺酸加替沙星片后的药动学特征 ,为临床安全、合理用药提供参考依据。方法 :18名健康男性单剂量口服甲磺酸加替沙星片 4 0 0mg ,以高效液相色谱法测定服药后 2 4h内的血药浓度 ,计算其药动学参数。结果 :甲磺酸加替沙星片在健康人体内的处置符合一级吸收的一室代谢模型 ,主要药动学参数Tmax,Cmax,T12 β,AUC( 0 2 4 ) 分别为 :(1.5±s 0 .4 )h ,(3.4± 1.0 )mg·L- 1,(6 .6± 1.0 )h ,(33± 10 )mg·h·L- 1。结论 :甲磺酸加替沙星在人体内的药动学特征与文献报道的盐酸加替沙星相似 ,口服吸收快 ,生物利用度高、体内平均滞留时间长 ,且存在个体差异。     

酒石酸唑吡坦片在蒙古族和汉族人体内的药动学研究

目的:研究酒石酸唑吡坦在我国蒙古族和汉族健康受试者体内的药动学。方法:选择蒙古族和汉族健康受试者各10名(男、女各5名),分别口服酒石酸唑吡坦10mg后,用高效液相色谱-荧光检测法测定受试者血浆中酒石酸唑吡坦的浓度,以DASVer2.0计算药动学参数,研究其药动学过程。结果:蒙、汉两民族受试者口服酒石酸唑吡坦后,药-时曲线均符合一室开放模型,主要药动学参数分别为t1/(22.47±0.50)、(2.21±0.77)h,tma(x0.90±0.38)、(0.93±0.47)h,Cma(x221.85±109.97)、(190.81±70.59)μg·L-1,AUC0～1(2770.00±405.64)、(624.48±192.15)μg·h·L-1,AUC0～∞(808.85±434.10)、(649.58±210.17)μg·h·L-1。结论:本方法可用于人体内酒石酸唑吡坦的的药动学研究,两民族受试者各主要药动学参数之间无显著性差异。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.