声表面波透过理想化线性调频声栅后的Raman-Nath衍射特性

本文将声表面波声栅上的Raman-Nath衍射现象研究发展到其周期的空间频率为线性变化的声栅情形。在理论上,首先将声栅的调制函数理想化为正弦函数,然后将声栅出射平面上相应区域作为无穷障板上有限孔径内的场分布,采用光学中熟知的Kirchhoff衍射积分公式来求透射区的衍射场。给出了物理概念清晰的分析结果。表明声栅同时起两个作用:一是相当于一个等周期声栅作Raman-Nath衍射;二是对各衍射级声波又同时是具各自不同周期变化率的Fresnel透镜,实验上采用特殊结构叉指换能器来模拟上述理论要求的出射波阵面。实验结果良好地证实了上述理论分析结果。     

声表面波垂直入射于声栅时的衍射

本文分析了声表面波垂直入射于声栅时的衍射现象。理论上,应用唯象理论分析了声表面波垂直入射于声栅时,在“薄栅”和“厚栅”条件下的衍射特性。实验上,我们用光学法观察和测量了相应于“薄栅”和“厚栅”两种条件下的声栅衍射现象,得到了一些有意义的结果。例如,衍射声场近场的强度分布、正一级和负一级声的干涉场的强度分布,声栅内及透射后近场的声波波阵面等。还测量了各级衍射声波传播角度随频率而变化的情形,测量了零级和一级衍射声强度随频率而变化的情形。最后,将上述实验结果与应用唯象方法所分析的结果作了比较。     

声表面波在Bragg声栅上衍射的偏转声束的发散角

本文从声表面波在声栅上的Bragg衍射的偏转角公式和偏转效率公式出发,分析了偏转声束的发散角δθ_1与声栅有关参数的关系。文中定义了声栅Bragg衍射的“Bragg角谱宽度”δθ_B,讨论了该量在判定偏转声束发散角δθ_1时的意义。结果表明:若入射声束的发散角δθ_(inc)的值大于声栅“Bragg角谱宽度”δθ_B,则偏转声束的发散角δθ_1等于δθ_B;反之若δθ_(inc)小于δθ_B,则δθ_4=δθ_(inc)。 实验上,应用观察和测量声-光衍射图案中的各束声对应的衍射光点的宽度的方法,对四种不同结构的样品——其中两种相应于δθ_(inc)(?)δθ_B,另两种相应于δθ_(inc)(?)δθ_B的情形——测量了δθ_(inc)和δθ_4。结果表明,上述理论分析结果与测量结果是一致的。     

声表面波在声栅上的Bragg衍射

本工作揭示了声表面波在声栅上的Bragg型衍射效应。应用简正波理论近似处理了在强Bragg条件下,声表面波在声栅上衍射的一些规律:栅阵内简正模式,偏转角和偏转效率与入射声波工作频率和声栅参数的关系。实验上,我们在y切割LiNbO₃压电晶体表面,用金属栅阵构成声栅,用光学法观察了声表面波(Rayleigh波)在上述声栅上的Bragg型衍射现象,并测量了偏转角和偏转效率随工作频率的关系。实验与理论结果比较表明,二者基本上是符合的。 关键词：     

空气中一维声栅对微粒的声操控

本文对一维空气声栅表面微粒受到的声辐射力进行了详细的理论研究.首先采用有限元方法研究一维声栅的透射性质及表面声场分布,然后将有限元与动量张量积分结合研究处于一维声栅表面微粒受到的声辐射力特征.声栅共振透射增强是表面周期衍射波与狭缝Fabry-Perot共振耦合形成的,并且与声栅周期和厚度密切相关.研究发现,当共振波长与声栅周期相当时,微粒在其表面可受到指向声栅板面的声吸引力;当共振波长为声栅周期的二倍及以上,微粒可受到指向狭缝中的吸引力,且强度远小于第一种情况的吸引力.因此,在声栅处于共振波长与周期相当的共振模式时,可以在空气中利用声栅表面操控、吸引和排列微粒.     

小瓣数贝塞尔声束的二次谐波

采用高斯展开法,研究了具有三个瓣的小瓣数贝塞尔声束的基波和二次谐波的传播性质.根据准线性近似下Khokhlov-Zabolotskaya-Kuznetsov方程的积分形式解,分析了媒质的声吸收(声衰减)对波束形状的影响.结果表明:吸收参量对二次谐波径向分布有很大的影响.当瓣数较少时,实际的有限孔径贝塞尔声束二次谐波仍然具有理想无限大孔径贝塞尔声束的主要特征,在近场无衍射区,径向几乎无衍射. 关键词： 二次谐波 贝塞尔声束 声吸收 有限孔径声束     

一种“闪烁型”IDT阵列声束偏转器

本文提出了一种类比于光学中“闪烁光栅”的声表面波叉指换能器的陈列结构。讨论了由该阵列激励的一级声束(主偏转声束)的相对强度与阵列诸参数的关系。讨论了该声束的相对强度随声频而变化的规律(频率响应)。理论分析与实验结果表明:对本文所述的具体阵列结构说来,主偏转声束的相对强度,在声频变化一个倍频程范围内,达65％以上,而其起伏小于3dB。本文所得到的一些基本规律,适用于阶梯形叉指换能器阵列所构成的声束偏转结构。     

声表面波在声栅上的反常Bragg衍射

本文讨论了在考虑基片各向异性因素时,声表面波在声栅上的Bragg衍射现象。理论分析时,将有关波式和不同模式之间的差别唯象地以它们对应的相速不同来表征之,而不具体讨论这些波式或模式的偏振特性。在分析时,与讨论声-光反常Bragg衍射情形一样采用二波近似,但不借助于引入对应于极化矢量那样的量,而直接由栅区声速分布给出各波式之间的耦合系数。由此而得出的“反常Bragg衍射”公式,与声-光情形下采用极化矢量概念给出的公式一一对应。由这些公式计算的结果,与实验结果良好地符合。 关键词：     

有限入射声束在液固界面声反射的数值研究

采用将有限声束分解为一系列平面波的方法，对液固界面声束的声反射问题进行了数值研究，结果表明，当声束入射角为瑞利疲激角时，反射声速有明显位移；当声束在液固界面“掠射”时，反射声速显著变宽，文中还讨论了束宽对反射声速横截面上声场分布的影响。     

基于一维声栅共振场的大规模微粒并行排列的实验研究

声操控微粒技术可以非接触无损伤地控制声场中的物体运动,其在精密制造、材料工程、体外诊断等领域具有广阔的应用前景.传统声操控微粒技术一般采用自由声场,如利用单个换能器或阵列换能器产生的聚焦声场、行波场或驻波场等.然而,一般单个换能器产生的声场仅能操控单个微粒;而阵列换能器的驱动系统复杂,导致操控器件成本高昂且难以微型化;因此,亟需研究新的声场形态实现多样性微粒操控.本工作中,采用单个换能器产生的平面波激发一维声栅的共振声场,实验实现了大规模泡沫微球的周期排列操控.其操控机制是由于声栅狭缝中法布里-珀罗谐振声场与声栅表面周期衍射场共振耦合,在声栅表面形成周期分布的局域梯度声场,导致微粒在平行于声栅表面受到声捕获力,在垂直于声栅表面受到指向表面的声吸引力,实现了微粒周期排列在声栅表面上.该工作为利用超声在空气中大规模排列微粒提供了理论基础和技术支持.     

高斯光束经环形光栅的衍射特性分析

基于傅里叶-贝塞尔变换计算高斯光束垂直入射环形光栅时的衍射远场分布,分析了其衍射远场光强分布的一般规律,并与平面波入射时的情况进行了比较.计算结果表明：当光栅半径为1.5倍高斯光束束腰半径时, 随着光栅环数的增加,中央亮斑半值全宽先减小后增大、中央亮斑所包含的功率占总功率的比值减小、中央主极大光强值减小,三者的变化趋势与平面波入射时的趋势一致;中央亮斑半径、次极大光强值变化趋势与平面波入射时的变化趋势不同.当环数小于5时,高斯光束经过环形光栅的衍射场光强变化无规律;当环数大于10后两种情况下衍射场光强变化都不明显;当环数趋于无穷时中央亮斑半径、中央亮斑半值全宽、次极大光强值趋于圆孔衍射(环数等于1)时的值,中央亮斑所包含的功率占总功率的比值约等于圆孔衍射时的1/2,中央主极大光强值约等于圆孔衍射时的1/4.     

Some focusing properties of chirped gratings

In the past the focusing properties of chirped grating structures have been investigated in various disciplines including optics, acousto-optics and acoustics. In this paper we present the results of a detailed theoretical and experimental study of one such amplitude grating structure, namely the chirped optical diffraction grating, although many of the conclusions are of more general validity. We derive some useful fundamental properties of such focusing gratings, and show that to first order their behaviour is similar to that of various other classical components such as focusing lenses, grating spectrometers and matched filters for chirped waveforms. However, we also describe a range of second-order differences in behaviour, for example concerning the physical location of the multiple foci, and the sidelobe structures within and perpendicular to the focal plane. For devices of large numerical aperture we demonstrate the advantages of using a non-linear grating structure — for example, for sidelobe suppression in the focal plane - and point out that surface acoustic wave (SAW) techniques can be used to generate the non-linear chirp waveforms necessary to implement such gratings in acousto-optic devices.     

Image reconstruction by scanning a crystal with an electron-beam-produced grating of atomic lens focuses

When atomic rows in a crystal layer are used to focus a beam from an electron microscope, the intensity distribution behind the crystal represents a grating of narrow peaks with diameters from 0.03 to 0.04 nm in the first Fourier plane. A scheme of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) with such a grating is simulated that makes it possible to reconstruct the transmission function of an object from the signal recorded. The reconstruction quality depends on the type and amount of distortions. Distortions due to the following two factors are simulated: random noise imposed on the signal detected in the experiment and the lack of information about the wave incident on the object because of uncertainty involved in the width of the electron beam striking the focusing crystal. The range of distortions within which the object can be reconstructed with a tolerable quality is determined.     

Continuous True-Time-Delay System Employing a Novel Tunable Chirped Fiber Grating Delay Line and a Sampled Grating Based Multiwavelength Fiber Laser

A photonics true-time-delay system for phased array antenna beam steering employing a novel tunable chirped fiber grating delay line and a multi-wavelength erbium-doped fiber ring laser source based on a sampled grating filter is proposed. The tunable chirped fiber grating, which act as a continuous time-delay element, is achieved by bending a uniform fiber Bragg grating bonded at a slant onto the lateral surface of a simply supported beam. This technique allows the dynamic control of the chirp rate and spectral width of the grating without center wavelength shift. By adjusting the chirp rate of the fiber grating via bend strain, this kind of tunable chirped fiber grating could achieve very low and adjustable delay times, therefore provides higher angle resolution for scanning microwave beam, even the wavelengths of laser source are fixed and un-tunable. The true-time-delay system using proposed tunable chirped fiber grating delay element and sampled grating based laser source is constructed and demonstrated experimentally.     

基于布拉格声光衍射场的光强非均匀空间分布研究

为了保证合成孔径激光雷达测试中信号光的光束质量,从波动方程出发,推导出传统的衍射光源布拉格声光作用的耦合波方程。根据测试对光束质量的不同要求,借助有限差分方法分析衍射场光强的空间三维分布,发现声场振幅的不均匀分布会影响声光衍射场的光强分布,光强分布不均造成实验中信息光源的探测难度。通过光强空间分布研究增大有效通光孔径到3 mm,解决了声光调制器光束衍射质量问题,改进后的光束质量达到实验要求。该研究方法适用于改进声光器件工作参数。     

Superchirped moiré grating based on an acousto-optic superlattice with a chirped fiber Bragg grating

A superchirped moiré grating has multiple superimposed chirped Bragg gratings. We show that a superchirped moiré grating can be formed in an acousto-optic superlattice with a chirped fiber Bragg grating. There are multiple transmission peaks related to Fabry-Perot resonance in the transmission spectrum. The peak spacing is varied by the acoustic frequency. The proposed devices can be used as tunable multiple-passband transmission filters and switches.     

Spectral anomalies of diffracted chirped Gaussian pulses and their potential applications

Starting from the Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction integral and without invoking the paraxial approximation, analytical expressions for the field distribution, far-field power spectrum and temporal far-field distribution of chirped Gaussian pulses diffracted at a circular aperture are derived, which enables us to study the spectral anomalous behavior of diffracted chirped Gaussian pulses in the far field. The potential applications of spectral anomalies of ultrashort pulses are discussed. It is found that at the critical angle the spectral switch appears. The frequency difference between the two equal heights of spectral switches increases and the corresponding critical diffraction angle slightly increases as the chirp parameter increases and pulse duration decreases. In a certain region of the truncation parameter, the critical angle decreases with increasing truncation parameter. By suitably varying the pulse duration, chirp parameter and truncation parameter, information encoding and transmission are achievable in the use of chirped Gaussian pulses.     

方形光阑限制高斯光束的传输变换

对基模高斯光束经方形光阑限制光学系统的光斑传输变换规律进行了论述．对于任一共轴光学系统,在不考虑有效光阑前面元件的衍射和变换时,考察入射光经有效光阑和其后面的元件发生衍射,根据柯林斯公式,对于非成像光学系统,采用稳相法得到出射光场的振幅分布;对于成像光学系统,根据像传递原理得到出射光场的振幅分布,最后得出出射光斑大小由有效光阑边长与光阑处高斯光束腰斑大小比较决定的结论．     

Bragg diffraction of gaussian beams by thick gratings: Numerical evaluations by plane-wave decomposition

The validity of 2-D coupled-wave theory is investigated for the case of Bragg diffraction of a Gaussian beam by a thick unslanted phase grating in transmission mode. Fourier plane wave decomposition theory, as presented in a companion article, is used to test 2-D coupled-wave theory under circumstances when its validity is in question, namely when the incident distribution is very narrow or fast-varying, or when the parameterv _o, due to Kogelnik (1969), which is proportional to the product of coupling rate and grating thickness, is very large. Numerical evaluations of the field patterns at output from the grating, obtained using plane-wave decomposition, are used to explore the effect of the gradual violation of the conditions (from the previous article) under which 2-D coupled-wave theory is valid.