异体肌腱移植术后的护理

自体肌腱移植是目前修复肌腱缺损的最佳材料,但对多条肌腱缺损者,则来源较少。田立杰[1]将经深低温冷冻保存的同种异体肌腱移植应用于临床取得了成功,术后功能恢复良好,疗效满意。现报道我院1996年10月～2003年7月临床应用经深低温冷冻保存的同种异体肌腱80根,修复手部屈肌腱缺损53例,经过术前、术后护理和康复治疗,取得满意的效果。1临床资料1.1一般资料本组53例,男41例,女12例;年龄9～57岁,平均33岁。用于修复指深屈肌腱缺损34例,拇对掌功能重建术9例,先天性拇短伸肌腱止点异位拇指屈曲畸形3例,重建指屈肌腱滑车4例,修复示指伸肌腱中央束…     

冷冻干燥同种异体肌腱移植修复手部肌腱缺损的疗效观察

目的;探讨用冻干肌腱修复手部肌腱缺损的疗效。方法：1997年10月至2000年6月间,应用冷冻干燥处理的同种肌腱修复手部肌腱缺损25例32指,屈肌腱缺损15例19指,伸肌腱缺损10例13指。移植腱缝合方法均采用改良Kessler法。指屈肌腱缺损者,移植腱的缝合口选择在Ⅱ区外,A2滑车缺损者在移植肌腱的同时重建滑车。术后进行早期功能训练。18例因肌腱粘连作二期粘连松解术。疗效评定采用TAM评定标准。结果：术后随访6－21个月,平均13个月。结果达优者24指,良5指,可3指,优良率为90％。结论：经冷冻干燥处理的同种异体肌腱用于临床可取得满意的疗效。     

手部损伤功能重建应用异体肌腱的长期随访结果与评估

目的探讨异体肌腱修复手部肌腱缺损术后功能的临床效果。方法自2018年4月至2020年3月, 我科应用异体肌腱二期修复手部肌腱缺损患者共36例57指, 男26例, 女10例;年龄6～64岁, 平均40.7岁。拇指9例, 示指15例, 中指10例, 环指12例, 小指11例。屈肌腱29例46指, 伸肌腱7例11指。患者均为二期修复重建, 受伤至二期手术时间3～9个月, 平均6个月。所有患者均为急诊修复骨折及覆盖创面, 其中屈肌腱多根缺损采用硅胶管道占位, 术后逐渐加强锻炼强度。术后随访7～24个月, 平均12个月。所有患者伤口均Ⅰ期愈合, 1例患者因锻炼不当出现移植肌腱断裂, 再次手术缝合;8例13指出现肌腱粘连行松解术。结果术后采用TAM评定标准评价手部功能:优28指, 良20指, 可6指, 差3指, 优良率84.2%。结论利用异体肌腱二期修复手部肌腱缺损、重建手部功能避免了自体肌腱移植, 效果满意, 值得应用及推广。     

异体肌腱移植在临床修复中的应用

目的探讨深低温冷冻处理的异体肌腱在临床修复中的应用。方法1995年3月～2002年6月，应用深低温冷冻处理的异体肌腱，移植修复96例肌腱断裂、缺损。其中手部屈肌腱缺损32例，伸肌腱缺损19例，肩喙锁韧带断裂36例，膝关节前交叉韧带断裂4例，跟腱断裂2例，足趾伸肌腱缺损3例。损伤至手术时间1d～5个月。肌腱缺损长度4～12cm，平均7cm。术中选择相匹配的异体肌腱，术后早期功能锻炼，肌腱粘连者行二期松解术。结果术后随访6个月～5年，平均3．4年，术后无排斥反应，无移植肌腱再断裂，优良率达92．71％。结论深低温冷冻处理的异体肌腱移植修复，愈合机制、功能与自体肌腱相似，效果满意，可广泛应用于临床。     

同种异体肌腱联合股前外侧皮瓣一期修复手背软组织缺损

目的 评价同种异体肌腱加皮瓣对手背复合软组织缺损一期修复重建的临床疗效. 方法 2006年7月至2011年7月,对15例手背复合软组织缺损患者一期采用股前外侧皮瓣联合同种异体肌腱行手背伸肌腱修复和创面覆盖,皮瓣大小9 cm×5 cm ～ 14 cm×11 cm,每例修复手背肌腱缺损2～4条,术后2周皮瓣成活后利用被动伸指支具进行早期康复训练. 结果 15例皮瓣均成活,12例患者术后获得随访12 ～ 24个月,平均16个月.2例患者因肌腱粘连术后6个月行肌腱松解,其余10例患者手指屈伸良好.随访结束时,患手腕关节主动屈40°～ 70°,伸25°～50°,掌指关节60°～85°、指间关节80°～90°活动范围,总体优良率达92％. 结论 一期同种异体肌腱联合皮瓣修复手背皮肤及伸指肌腱缺损的方法安全可靠,疗效肯定.同期异体肌腱重建不仅可以避免自体肌腱移植引起的新创伤,而且可以确保及时的手指康复训练,避免了延期手术所致的伸指功能丢失.     

同种异体肌腱修复肌腱缺损的远期疗效观察

目的总结同种异体肌腱修复肌腱缺损的远期临床疗效。方法 1996年10月-1999年9月,采用经脱氧鸟苷培养冷冻保存与超深低温处理的同种异体肌腱移植修复肌腱缺损24例。男19例,女5例;年龄12～46岁,平均25.9岁。2～5指指总伸肌腱缺损7例,示指伸肌腱缺损7例;2～5指指深屈肌腱缺损3例,环指指深屈肌腱缺损1例;2～5趾趾长伸肌腱缺损3例;长伸肌腱缺损2例;肩胛带离断再植术后肩内收不能1例。肌腱缺损范围5～15 cm。受伤至手术时间为2 h～3个月,平均1.3个月。结果术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无深部感染及传染性疾病发生。患者均获随访,随访时间10～12年,平均10.8年。与对侧相同或相近关节比较,术后10年随访时1例4条移植肌腱有6～10°屈曲功能丢失,术后10.6年行屈肌腱松解,术中见同种异体肌腱色泽、弹性正常,直径较原肌腱减少约1/3,有轻度到中度粘连,松解术后功能改善明显;余患者关节伸屈功能良好。根据中华手外科学会手功能评价标准评定临床效果,获优12例,良6例,差6例,优良率达75%。结论脱氧鸟苷培养冷冻处理与超深低温处理的同种异体肌腱均可安全用于临床,其修复肌腱缺损的远期效果较好。     

透明质酸钠在同种异体肌腱移植中的临床应用

目的 探讨透明质酸钠（Sodium hyaluronate Product,SHP)在同种异体肌腱移植后防止肌腱粘连的作用。方法 对23例37指屈肌腱损伤，行异体屈肌腱移植后，均匀涂SHP2mL-4mL，修复腱鞘，术后72小时开始手指功能锻炼。另选20例35指屈肌腱损伤，用同样方法治疗，术中不用SHP作对照。结果 两组经过平均1年8个月的随访，按TAM（Total active movement,TAM)标准评定疗效，SHP组37指，疗效优良33指，优良率89．2％，显高于对照组的62．9％（P＜0．05）。结论 透明质酸钠能防止或减轻异体肌腱移植后肌腱粘连，促进肌腱愈合。     

戊二醛及深低温处理的肌腱移植修复手部肌腱缺损

目的 探讨经深低温冰箱冷藏及经过戊二醛处理的同种异体肌腱移植修复手部肌腱缺损的临床效果。方法 从健康青壮年意外死亡者志愿贡献或外伤断肢后无条件再植废弃肢体取Hj的手指屈肌腱，经-80℃深低温冰箱保存，术前应用0．35％戊二醛溶液浸泡后按显微缝合肌腱的方法将异体肌腱移植于手部肌腱缺损处。1997～2000年临床应用13例，其中伸指肌腱缺损8条，屈指肌腱缺损7条。移植的异体肌腱长度3～9cm，全部病例均没有使用激素及免疫抑制剂。结果 术后随访时间6个月～2年，手指肌腱活动功能按国际手外科联合会制定的总活动度(TAM)法评定：优级3条，良级5条，可级4条，差级3条，优良率53．34％。结论 异体肌腱经-80℃深低温保存及术前采用戊二醛处理，不但可以降低抗原反应、增加移植肌腱的强度和韧性，还可以避免其他可能发生的传染病的感染，是代替自体肌腱移植的方法之一。存在肌腱粘连的并发症，需要进一步研究及解决。     

普通低温冷冻保存异体肌腱的应用研究

目的研究普通低温冷冻处理保存的异体肌腱在临床上的应用价值.方法取无再植条件离断肢体中的新鲜肌腱,经稀碘伏处理后于普通低温下(-20℃)保存.对21例肌腱缺损者,用异体肌腱修复指屈肌腱9例18根,指伸肌腱7例15根,拇长展肌腱2例2根,足部伸肌腱3例5根.同期选择手部肌腱缺损者13例23指做自体肌腱移植作为对照.结果术后随访6～24个月,平均16.3个月.除1例术后出现较轻微的排斥反应外,余20例未见排斥反应.按TAM评分标准评定,异体肌腱移植组(16例33指)的优良率为72.7%,对照组为78.3%;两者差异无显著性意义(χ2=0.22,P>0.05).拇长展肌缺损2例,术后拇指桡侧外展为5°～80°,0°～85°.足部3例术后踝关节功能恢复良好.结论普通低温冷冻保存异体肌腱的处理方便,疗效好,宜于在基层医院推广应用.     

带腱周组织掌长肌腱游离移植修复手部屈肌腱缺损

目的：探讨肌腱移植的肌腱粘连防治办法。方法：回顾性对10例15指带腱周组织的掌长肌腱游离移植修复手部屈肌腱缺损。结果：术后随访3－6个月，按照TAM法评价，优10指，良5指。结论：带腱周组织的肌腱游离移植防止肌腱粘连效果肯定，特别是术后不配合功能练习者，尤为首选的术式。     

Transfer of the pronator teres tendon to the tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus in tetraplegia

In eleven patients who had traumatic tetraplegia, the pronator teres tendon was transferred to the flexor digitorum profundus tendons to restore active flexion of the fingers. At the same time, in ten of these patients the tendon of the brachioradialis was transferred to the tendon of the flexor pollicis longus, and in the eleventh patient the brachioradialis tendon was transferred to the tendon of the flexor digitorum superficialis of the small finger, to restore pinch. The average time between injury and operation was thirty-four months. The average length of follow-up after operation was thirty-four months. Ten patients gained functional active flexion of the fingers, and they reported improved performance of activities of daily living. When the wrist was in 30 degrees of extension, the average active grasp strength was twenty-one millimeters of mercury and the average key-pinch strength was 2.2 kilograms. The average active flexion of the fingers from the resting position, measured from the tip of the finger to the distal palmar crease, was 1.5 centimeters. Only one patient did not gain active flexion of the fingers. Of the entire group, this patient had the least function of the hand on preoperative evaluation; retrospectively, he seemed to be a poor candidate for operation, since the strength of the pronator teres muscle and the sensibility of the hand were insufficient for useful function. We concluded that, in selected tetraplegic patients, transfer of the pronator teres tendon to the flexor digitorum profundus tendons provides useful active flexion of the fingers.     

第二掌背动脉肌腱皮瓣的临床应用

目的　介绍第二掌背动脉肌腱皮瓣修复手指皮肤伴肌腱缺损的应用价值。方法　在解剖学研究的基础上 ,采用第二掌背动脉肌腱皮瓣修复手指皮肤伴肌腱缺损 11例。其中 ,伴屈肌腱缺损 3例 ,伸肌腱缺损 8例。皮瓣顺行移位 3例 ,逆行移位 4例 ,游离移植 4例。结果　 10例肌腱皮瓣移植后完全成活 ,1例部分坏死 ,经换药后伤口愈合。 8例术后随访 12～ 5 7个月 ,3例失访。两点辨别觉 :手指背侧 8～11m m,指腹 5～ 7mm。手指伸屈功能均恢复至健侧的 60 %～ 70 %。结论　第二掌背动脉肌腱皮瓣是修复手指或手部小范围皮肤伴肌腱缺损的理想皮瓣。     

In vivo flexor tendon forces increase with finger and wrist flexion during active finger flexion and extension.

The effects of different hand motions and positions used during early protected motion rehabilitation on tendon forces are not well understood. The goal of this study was to determine in vivo forces in human flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) and flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) tendons of the index finger during active unresisted finger flexion and extension. During open carpal tunnel surgery (n = 12), flexor tendon forces were acquired with buckle force transducers, and finger positions were recorded on video while subjects actively flexed and extended the fingers at two different wrist angles. Mean in vivo FDP tendon forces varied between 1.3N +/- 0.9 N and 4.0 N +/- 2.9 N while mean FDS tendon forces ranged from 1.3N +/- 0.5 N to 8.5 N +/- 10.7 N. FDP force increased with active finger flexion at both wrist angles of 0 degrees or 30 degrees flexion. FDS force increased with finger flexion when the wrist was in 30 degrees flexion, but was unchanged when the wrist was in 0 degrees of flexion. Tendon forces were similar regardless of whether the fingers were moving in the flexion or extension direction. Active finger flexion and extension with the wrist at 0 degrees and 30 degrees flexion may be used during early rehabilitation protocols with limited risk of repair rupture. This risk can be further decreased for a FDS tendon repair by reducing wrist flexion angle.     

手指腱鞘内屈肌腹损伤的急诊显微外科修复

目的 回顾性研究手指腱鞘内屈肌腱损伤急诊显微外科修复的效果.方法应用显微外科技术急诊修复手指腱鞘内屈肌腱损伤151例382条肌腱.结果优98例、良37例、可9例、差7例,优良率89.4%.结论手指腱鞘内屈肌腱损伤采用显微肌腱缝合方法并修复腱鞘,一期修复可获得较好疗效.     

Volar Tenosynovectomy in the Rheumatoid Hand

Rheumatoid involvement on the flexor aspect of the hand is common, but is easily overlooked because of difficulty in clinical examination. It is our experience that this localization of the disease process is extremely important and that surgical treatment should be given high priority. In this study a series of 235 operations on the flexor aspect of the hand performed on 139 patients are presented. The results are very gratifying as far as teno-synovectomy in the carpal tunnel and the palm is concerned. When performed on the fingers, however, varying degrees of postoperative flexion contractures developed in no less than 44%. It was found that this problem arose when the synovectomy was extended beyond the level of the middle flexion crease of the finger being caused by excessive postoperative scar formation in the region volar to the proximal interphalangeal joint between the tails of the superficial tendon. It is concluded that less extensive surgery should be aimed at in this particular area.     

同种异体有滑膜肌腱手部鞘内移植的临床应用

目的:根据屈指肌腱的应用解剖和屈指肌腱鞘内移植的实验研究结果,本文介绍用异体有滑膜肌腱进行鞘内移植的临床应用报道。方法:用异体有滑膜肌腱修复指腱鞘内肌腱缺损18例,26条肌腱。随访7月～78年,平均58年,功能测定(TAM法),优良率72%,可11%,差17%。未见明显排斥反应。结论:经肌腱保存液处理后的同种异体有滑膜肌腱替代自体鞘内肌腱移植可以取得比较满意的临床效果。     

不同手术方式治疗糖尿病患者手指屈肌腱止点断裂的临床研究

目的分析传统术式（皮下隧道细钢丝加压缝合术）及微型带线锚钉修复术治疗外伤性手指屈肌腱止点断裂糖尿病患者的疗效，以评估微型带线锚钉修复糖尿病患者屈肌腱止点断裂的临床疗效及可行性。 方法前瞻性收集石家庄市第二医院和唐山市第二医院的外伤性手指屈肌腱止点断裂的糖尿病患者60例，随机分为试验组（微型带线锚钉修复）及对照组（皮下隧道细钢丝加压缝合术）。两组患者术后2、3、4个月行患指功能、伤口愈合评定，比较行两种术式后手指屈伸功能。 结果60例患者均获得随访，末次随访时试验组与对照组相比MP和PIP屈伸活动度，差异无统计学意义；试验组与对照组相比DIP屈伸活动度和TAM值差异有统计学意义，且试验组DIP屈伸活动度和TAM值大于对照组；手运动功能TAM分级：试验组优23例，良6例，可1例；对照组优22例，良6例，可2例。 结论微型带线锚钉修复糖尿病患者屈肌腱止点断裂能够有效地防止和减少肌腱粘连，显著提高患指术后的屈伸功能，是一种有效的、可行的术式，较传统术式具有较大优势。     

手Ⅱ区屈肌腱损伤修复及早期康复治疗体会

目的探讨手Ⅱ区屈肌腱损伤修复及早期康复方法及疗效。方法对95例（163指）新鲜的Ⅱ区指屈肌腱损伤采用早期显微修复术,术后早期带支具康复功能锻炼。结果 95例均获随访,时间3-12个月。按TAM法评定疗效：优107指,良40指,中12指,差4指,优良率为90.2%。结论早期显微修复Ⅱ区指屈肌腱损伤,联合应用透明质酸钠,配合术后早期带支具功能锻炼,是减少术后肌腱粘连的有效措施。     

Flexor tendon repair in zone II with 6-strand techniques and early active mobilization

PURPOSE: There are many biomechanic studies of 6-strand suture techniques for active mobilization, but few reports have described the clinical outcome in zone II flexor tendon lacerations. We discuss the clinical results of zone II flexor tendon repair using 2 of these techniques followed by controlled early active mobilization. METHODS: Six-strand sutures using the number 1 technique by Yoshizu or a triple-looped suture technique were used to repair flexor tendons in 27 fingers from 21 consecutive patients. Fingers were mobilized by combining active extension and passive or active flexion in a protective splint for the first 3 weeks after surgery. The follow-up period averaged 13 months. RESULTS: Based on the original Strickland criteria, the results were excellent in 17 fingers, good in 9, and fair in 1. The average flexion was 62 degrees for distal interphalangeal joints and 91 degrees for proximal interphalangeal joints. None of the repaired tendons ruptured. CONCLUSIONS: The 6-strand flexor tendon suture technique followed by controlled active mobilization protected with a dorsal splint is safe, produces no ruptures, and achieves very good results in zone II flexor tendon laceration repair. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, Level II.     

Operative Behandlung der Krallenhand mittels Lassoplastik

Objectives

The aim is correction of claw deformity of the fingers by intrinsic paralysis.

Indications

Indications are claw deformity of fingers caused by palsy or functional loss of the interosseus or lumbrical muscles as far as the function of the superficial and deep flexors of the finger is intact.

Contraindications

Contraindications are loss or paralysis of finger flexors supplied by the median nerve, fixed extension or flexion contracture of the finger joints, osteoarthritis and other malfunctions of the finger joints, no active flexion and extension of the interphalangeal joints due to compromised tendon gliding. Relative: Upper ulnar nerve palsy with functional loss of the deep flexor of the small and ring finger and possibly of the middle finger.

Surgical technique

The operation technique involves detachment of the flexor digitorum superficialis IV tendon (FDS IV) distal to Camper’s chiasm, division of the tendon into separate strips, interweaving of each tendon strip into the proximal part of the A2 pulley of the affected fingers. In cases of claw deformity of all fingers it may be advantageous to apply the superficial flexor tendon of the long finger in addition to the FDS IV tendon as otherwise the FDS IV tendon has to be divided into four strips resulting in relatively thin tendon strips. If the FDS III and IV tendons are applied, the two strips of the FDS IV tendon are used for lassoplasty of the small and ring fingers and the FDS III tendon for lassoplasty of the middle and index fingers.

Postoperative management

Postoperative management includes immobilization of the operated fingers by a dorsoulnar forearm plaster cast including the metacarpophalangeal joints which are flexed to 70°. After 2 weeks replacement of the cast by a thermoplastic splint for another 4 weeks. During the whole period exercises for the finger and thumb should be carried out.

Results

From April 2003 to June 2012 a total of 17 patients, 8 female and 9 male were surgically treated for claw deformity. The dominant hand was affected in seven patients. The average age was 46?±?15 (22–80) years, the average interval from onset of ulnar palsy to lassoplasty was 61?±?91 (3–288) months. The final follow-up was performed after an average of 42?±?32 (2–112) months. Claw deformity was resolved in 14 out of the 17 patients. The grip strength was on average 58?±?28?% (11–96 %) of the unaffected hand, the mean disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) score was 32?±?18 (5–68) points and the degree of patient satisfaction 7?±?2 (0–10). According to own results and those in the literature lassoplasty can be recommended for the treatment of claw deformity.