黔西南州冰雹与暴雨天气雷达回波特征分析

兴义新一代天气雷达运行两年来,观测到多次冰雹、暴雨天气过程,对其中几次典型个例作分析得出兴义地区冰雹与暴雨天气过程的雷达回波特征。冰雹的雷达回波移动速度快,而暴雨的雷达回波移动速度缓慢;冰雹回波强中心高度高,达8Km以上,暴雨回波强中心高度在7Km以下;通过对回波径向速度图的分析,可以得出冰雹与暴雨的动力结构有着明显的差异。     

梵净山一次局地特大暴雨雷达回波特征分析

利用铜仁市新一代天气雷达资料及贵阳和怀化探空站资料,对2015年5月14—15日发生在铜仁梵净山东侧的一次特大暴雨天气过程进行诊断分析。结果表明:高空向南加深的槽结合中低层低涡切变线、地面弱冷空气共同作用造成此次特大暴雨;近地层,暖湿气流北上受东北回流冷空气及梵净山地形的横向阻挡作用被迫抬升,使得对流回波维持,对特大暴雨的形成起到重要作用;对流有效位能(CAPE)值的突增是对流暴雨发生的一个重要指标;降水回波伸展高度较高、云层深厚是此次对流暴雨云团的主要特点;垂直液态水含量的突然跃增且高的VIL值长时间维持,可作为短时强降水发生的预报预警参考;较强回波伸展高度较高及强中气旋的发展及维持,为短时暴雨的发生提供了有利的动力条件。     

巢湖地区一次梅雨期强对流暴雨中尺度特征分析

利用地面气象观测资料、ERA5再分析资料、FY-2E卫星和多普勒雷达资料,对2011年7月17日发生在巢湖地区的一次强对流暴雨过程进行诊断分析。结果显示:500hPa深槽、850hPa切变线及地面低压是此次暴雨过程的天气尺度影响系统,强降水发生在湿层和暖云层深厚、较低的抬升凝结高度、中等强度对流不稳定及弱垂直风切变条件下;FY-2E卫星云图分析表明,此次强降水过程主要是多个中尺度对流系统在巢湖合并所致,短时强降水落区主要落在中尺度对流系统TBB等值线密集区附近,TBB中心强度越强,TBB等值线梯度越大,对应的1h降水量越强;多普勒雷达分析揭示,短时强降水发生在两个对流回波合并期间,对流风暴移动缓慢,大于45dBz强回波均在6km以下,呈低层强烈气旋式辐合、高层辐散特征;地面中尺度辐合线是此次风暴的触发因子;湿位涡诊断结果表明,600hPa以下对流不稳定,600hPa以上对称不稳定,有利于暴雨和中尺度系统的发生发展。     

山东省暴雨雷达回波的主要特征

通过对1981—1990年期间雷达回波资料的分析,总结了产生山东暴雨的主要影响天气系统下的雷达回波特征。指出当气旋,切变线或热带气旋影响时为涡旋带状回波;当受低槽冷锋或无明显低涡结合的切变线影响时为混合型回波;而在强烈的位势不稳定环境条件下易产生超单体及雷暴群回波。同时,也举例说明了暴雨雷达回波同环境场条件的关系。这种结合天气系统的雷达回波分析,对提高山东暴雨的短时预报能力有一定意义。     

暴雨多普勒天气雷达回波特征分析及临近预警

对近几年来武汉雷达所观测的典型低涡、梅雨锋暴雨天气过程进行了多普勒雷达观测分析,总结了β尺度暴雨回波系统的基本特征和强降水与诸多因素的关系.分析指出,在短时预报业务中,暴雨回波的识别和预警关键是从整体上要抓住β中尺度暴雨回波系统发生发展的特征,而不是孤立地研究一个对流单体的演变.     

四川盆地西部一次暖区暴雨成因分析

2018年8月1～2日四川盆地西部出现了一次区域性暖区暴雨,利用常规气象观测、区域自动站、卫星云图和雷达产品等资料,分析了其环流背景、中尺度条件以及触发机制。结果表明：东移的高原低涡触发了暴雨天气,通过诱发使低层涡度增加,形成气旋性低涡中心,高原低涡与西南低涡耦合,加强了盆地西部的垂直上升运动;低层水汽和不稳定能量在迎风坡被强迫抬升,触发对流性降水,使降水增幅,造成盆地西南部降水强度大于西北部;高湿环境、深厚暖云,以及中等偏强且呈狭长的CAPE特征,形成了高降水效率;强降水时段与云团发展强盛时段对应,辐合风场以及逆风区的形成有利于强回波的长时间维持。     

黄土高原一次γ中尺度致洪大暴雨环境场特征分析

为了提高对黄土高原γ中尺度致洪暴雨预报和预警能力,利用NCEP 1°×1°逐6 h再分析资料、常规观测资料、多普勒天气雷达资料等,对2015年7月18日黄土高原发生的一次γ中尺度致洪暴雨进行了诊断分析。结果表明:700~200 h Pa深厚低涡和低层切变是这次暴雨的主要影响系统;暴雨发生前暴雨区大气层结对流不稳定增强和对流有效位能的增长为强天气的发生提供了有利条件;暴雨发生前地面图上生成的湿焓高能中心、850 h Pa和700 h Pa等压面上生成的对流涡度矢量垂直分量高值中心和暴雨落区形成很好的对应关系;线状中尺度对流系统中β中尺度对流云团的发展加强对强降水有直接影响;线状中尺度对流系统在雷达回波图上体现为多个对流单体组成的带状回波,影响暴雨区的对流单体回波中心强度50 d BZ,径向速度场分析表明γ中尺度气旋性辐合的生成和维持为暴雨的持续提供了动力条件。     

牡丹江一次局部对流天气雷达回波特征分析

本文利用新一代天气雷达观测到的回波强度、回波速度等产品来判断分析,得出牡丹江地区此次局部对流天气的雷达回波,具有移动速度缓慢、高度高、中心强度强、速度场上有明显的逆风区结构、垂直风切变明显等特征,利用这些回波特征是判断此次局地短时暴雨的重要指标。     

2005年一次东北低涡暴雨天气过程分析

对2005年7月27～29日黑龙江省低涡暴雨天气的影响系统、物理量场、云图和雷达回波进行了诊断分析。结果表明低涡暴雨对高、中、低纬度系统的配合要求很高;低涡暴雨有比较固定的降水落区;物理量、云图、雷达回波在暴雨开始前都能有效地用于预报暴雨降水时段。     

从化一次短时暴雨过程的雷达回波演变特征

将多普勒雷达回波的演变特征,应用于广州从化市2007年6月9日的短时强降水分析,同时利用天气图、卫星云图等资料,分析此次暴雨过程的天气特征及变化。分析表明,此次短时暴雨产生于低涡、切变线和不断东传的高空槽以及低空急流、低层辐合、高层辐散的强抽吸作用的有利环流背景下,由多个单体合并成群的块状回波在移动过程中逐渐连成带状回波造成的。“辐合区”内出现回波使多个单体合并成群的块状强回波范围明显扩大,强度增强起到了十分重要的作用。     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

前寒武纪气候演化中的三个重要科学问题

自地球形成至寒武纪将近40亿年（距今46亿～5.4亿年,通常称为前寒武纪）的气候演变是一个具有特殊难度和挑战性的研究领域,同时也是基础和前沿的研究领域。文章选择了前寒武纪气候演化中的三个重要科学问题进行综述：大气演化、两次全球性的冰川期以及暗弱太阳问题。关于大气演化,本文首先描述了大气成分的演化历史,然后简述了影响大气成分演化的三个基本过程：大气逃逸、两次大气氧含量突然增加、碳酸盐-硅酸盐循环及其对气候系统的负反馈作用。两次全球性的冰川期分别发生在古元古代（距今24亿～21亿年）和新元古代（距今8亿～5.8亿年）,文章简述了其成因以及相关的气候模拟结果。暗弱太阳问题是地球历史气候演化的一个经典问题,论文简要地综述了一些最新的研究成果和观点。     

淮河流域水文极值预测模型研究

为探索气候变化影响下水文极值的非平稳性和预测方法,建立了水文极值非平稳广义极值（GEV）分布的统计预测模型。利用1952-2010年淮河上游流域累计面雨量和流量年最大值资料、同期500 hPa环流特征量资料以及17个CMIP5模式对环流特征量的模拟结果,筛选出对水文极值影响显著的年平均北半球极涡强度指数作为GEV分布参数的预测因子。分析了在RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下2006-2050年淮河上游流域水文极值对气候变化的响应。结果表明,10年以下与10年以上重现期的水文极值在非平稳过程中呈现前者下降而后者上升的相反变化趋势;多模型预测的集合平均在未来情景中均呈现上升趋势,情景排放量越大增幅越大,重现期越长增幅也越大。与极值的常态相比,极值的极端态更易受气候变化影响。     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.