尾巨桉树皮率及树皮纤维尺寸的变异研究

以广西贵港市平天山林场5年生、6年生和7年生的尾巨桉为对象,分析了不同树龄尾巨桉的树皮率和树皮纤维尺寸的株内变异特性。结果表明:尾巨桉的体积树皮率和重量树皮率均随着树干高度的增加而逐渐减小。树皮纤维长度随着树干高度的增加略有增加,但变化幅度不大;树皮纤维宽度、双壁厚度和壁腔比均随树干高度的增加而减小;树皮纤维长宽比则随树干高度的增加而增加。方差分析表明,不同树龄间尾巨桉树皮纤维长度和长宽比差异极显著,壁腔比差异不显著。     

栽植密度对小黑杨人工林木材解剖特性的影响

以山西朔州地区的小黑杨人工林为研究材料,研究不同栽植密度(1 000、500、250株·hm-2)对小黑杨木材解剖特性的影响.结果表明:栽植密度对纤维宽度、双壁厚、导管比量、胞壁率、导管个数、导管弦向直径的影响达极显著水平;对壁腔比的影响达显著水平;对纤维长度、长宽比、纤维比量、射线比量虽有一定的影响,但不显著.栽植密度与纤维宽度、导管直径呈负相关关系,与导管个数和比量呈正的相关关系.栽植密度对纤维形态的径向变异有不同程度的影响,但不改变纤维形态变异的一般规律.纤维长度的径向变异为从髓心至树皮向外逐渐增加,到第12 轮达到最大值后略有下降,纤维宽度、长宽比、双壁厚、腔径的径向变异类似于纤维长度;壁腔比的总体径向变异为沿髓心向外,呈先升后降的波动性变异趋势.     

尾巨桉S2层微纤丝角及组织比量的径向变异

对8个尾巨桉家系木材的S2层微纤丝角和组织比量进行了系统研究.结果表明：（1）S2层微纤丝角自髓心向外呈缓慢的减小趋势.（2）导管组织比量径向上呈递增趋势,随后在第5至第11生长轮间略有降低或基本保持平稳;纤维组织比量从髓心向外的数个生长轮内变异规律不明显,近树皮处有上升或下降的现象;木射线组织比量随树龄的增加而减小,以后又呈波动性的增加或基本保持稳定;轴向薄壁组织比量径向上变动幅度较大,无一定规律.（3）家系间及家系内个体间的组织比量在个体水平上分布范围较广,呈正态分布,开展个体选择的潜力大.（4）S2层微纤丝角和纤维长度间存在一定负相关,但关系密切程度比针叶材低.     

6种桉树人工林木材纤维特性及变异规律

【目的】通过揭示不同树种桉树的木材纤维特性及其变异规律,为桉树的定向培育和木材合理加工利用提供参考依据。【方法】以广西国有东门林场6种桉树(细叶桉、赤桉、巨桉、尾叶桉、粗皮桉、大花序桉)为研究对象,借助数码显微图像电脑分析系统,对6种桉树木材的纤维长度、宽度、腔径和双壁厚四大纤维特性指标进行了测试,并分析其在径向和纵向上的变异规律和差异显著性。【结果】1)6种桉树在1.3 m树高处的纤维长度平均值在916～1 129μm之间,纤维宽度平均值在14.86～19.06μm之间,纤维腔径平均值在4.22～8.03μm之间,纤维双壁厚平均值在8.40～12.74μm之间;2)6种桉树自髓心向外,各木材纤维长度和纤维双壁厚先随树龄的增加而增大,之后趋于稳定;木材纤维宽度随着树龄的增加而略有增加;木材纤维腔径均随着树龄的增加而逐渐减少。6种桉树纤维长度、纤维宽度和纤维双壁厚随着树干高度增加总体变化幅度都不大,基本在一中心线上下波动;6种桉树木材纤维腔径均随着树高的增加总体呈减小趋势;3)经方差分析表明,6种桉树多数纤维特性指标随树龄的变化表现出极显著的差异性,少数纤维特性指标随树高的变化表现出极显著的差异性。【结论】6种桉树树种的纤维长度、宽度、腔径和双壁厚尺寸有所差异,但在同一纤维特性指标中,6个树种在径向或纵向上的变异规律基本一致,大花序桉的纤维长度、宽度和双壁厚均明显大于其它5个树种,相对具有更大的开展实木加工利用的潜在价值。     

人工林杉木和杨树木材物理力学性质的株内变异研究

按照中国国家标准研究杉木和I-214杨树木材的抗弯弹性模量、抗弯强度、顺纹抗压强度和密度,同时按照日本国家标准研究2个树种的顺纹抗剪强度.结果表明:杉木的抗弯强度、顺纹抗压强度和密度由胸高直径处向上呈波浪形增加,抗弯弹性模量则稳定降低,但不同高度间杉木的物理力学性质没有显著差异;近树皮处木材的物理力学性质高于近髓心处木材,并有极显著差异.对于I-214杨树,只有抗弯弹性模量从髓心到树皮逐渐增加,其他的物理力学性质,最小值在从髓心到树皮的过渡区,最大值在近树皮处,从髓心到树皮,杨树的物理力学性质有极显著的差异.杉木和杨树的径面顺纹抗剪强度从髓心到树皮有极显著差异,并且近树皮的高于近髓心的木材,而弦面顺纹抗剪强度从髓心到树皮没有显著差异.木材密度与力学性质有很好的线性相关关系,木材密度是一个很好的力学强度的预测手段.     

落羽杉种源木材微纤丝角和纤维形态的变异

对16个落羽杉种源的14年生人工林木材微纤丝角和木材纤维形态进行测定.结果表明:1)16个种源落羽杉木材微纤丝角存在显著差异,微纤丝角变化在29.9～35.8°之间.从径向变化看,落羽杉胸径处木材微纤丝角在髓心处最大,由髓心向外逐渐减小;从纵向变化看,微纤丝角在基干处最大,随树木高度的增加而逐渐减小.2)16个落羽杉种源木材的纤维长度和宽度均存在显著差异,纤维长度的变化在1 764.84～2 900.08 μm之间,纤维宽度的变化在28.48～51.21 μm之间,纤维长宽比的变化在42.79～82.12之间.落羽杉胸径处木材纤维形态的径向变化为纤维长度和纤维宽度从髓心到树皮逐渐增加,纵向变化规律为纤维长度和纤维宽度在树干基部较小,随树高的增加而逐渐增加.3)落羽杉木材微纤丝角与木材纤维长度呈极显著的负相关关系,与木材的纤维宽度和纤维长宽比呈一定的负相关,木材纤维长度与木材纤维宽度呈显著的正相关.4)16个落羽杉种源依据木材微纤丝角和木材纤维长度2个木材材性指标可以分为4类:第Ⅰ类,木材的微纤丝角较大,木材纤维长度中等;第Ⅱ类,微纤丝角和木材纤维长度均处于中等水平;第Ⅲ类,微纤丝角较小,木材纤维长度较长;第Ⅳ类,木材纤维长度较短,微纤丝角中等.综合考虑微纤丝角和木材纤维长度,2号和30号种源可作为纤维工业原料用材的优良种源.     

大花序桉种源木材纤维特性变异研究

通过对6年生大花序桉(Eucaplyptus cloeziana)种源试验林的纤维特性进行研究,从树干方向和径向上分析纤维特性的变异规律,为该树种林木改良,定向培育和木材的合理利用提供理论依据.结果表明:大花序桉种源纤维长度在沿树干高度上相差不大,规律不明显;1.3 m高度纤维长度与长宽比随生长轮呈递增趋势,而腔径比则...     

香梓楠树皮率、生材含水率及木材密度研究

采用体积法及质量法测定树皮率,排水法测定生材体积,分析研究香梓楠的树皮率、生材含水率、密度及心材率。研究结果表明:香梓楠树皮体积百分率及质量百分率总体随着树高的增加而增加,树皮体积百分率及质量百分率平均值分别为15.8%和19.8%;生材含水率,从髓心向外,北向和南向均呈减少的趋势,并随树高增加而增加,平均值为99.5%;香梓楠生材密度随树高增加而减小,平均值为0.804g·cm-3;基本密度的径向变化随树龄增加而增大,纵向变化随树高增加而减小,平均值为0.403g·cm-3;11年生香梓楠心材极少。该研究为保护、发展广西重点珍贵树种香梓楠提供了科学依据。     

33年生格木人工林生材性质研究

采用体积法和质量法测定树皮率、排水法测定木材体积的方法,研究了33a生格木人工林生材性质,结果表明:树皮体积百分率和树皮质量百分率随着树高的增加而增加,其平均值分别为14.22%和13.29%。心材率随着树高的增加逐渐减小,平均值为16.15%。生材密度从髓心向外,南向和北向生材密度变化规律基本一致,均呈现逐渐减小的趋势,随着树高增加呈现先减小后增大的趋势,平均值为0.893g·cm~(-3)。基本密度从髓心向外,南向无变化,北向则缓慢增加,随着树高增加呈先减小后增大的趋势,平均值为0.559g·cm-3。生材含水率从髓心向外,南向跟北向均呈减少的趋势且南北向数值基本相等,随着树高的增加呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势,平均值为62.15%。     

3种不同树龄桉树无性系木材纤维特性研究

为了解不同树龄桉树无性系木材的纤维特性，以尾巨桉DH32-26(Eucalyptus urophylla×E. grandis DH32-26)、尾巨桉DH32-29(E. urophylla×E. grandis DH32-29)和巨尾桉广林9号（E. grandis×E. urophylla GLGU9）3种桉树无性系为材料，分别测试其4年生、6年生和8年生木材的纤维长度、纤维宽度、纤维长宽比和纤维壁厚，对其木材纤维特性进行研究。结果表明，3种桉树无性系木材的纤维长度和纤维壁厚均随树龄增加逐渐增加，径向上（自髓心向外）呈增加趋势；木材纤维宽度随树龄增加略有增加，变化不大，径向上（自髓心向外）逐渐增加。3种桉树无性系木材的纤维长宽比变化规律基本一致，均随树龄增加缓慢增大后小幅度波动，径向上（自髓心向外）增大。不同树龄间，尾巨桉DH32-26和DH32-29木材纤维长度、尾巨桉DH32-26木材纤维宽度及巨尾桉广林9号木材纤维壁厚均差异极显著；巨尾桉广林9号木材纤维长度、尾巨桉DH32-29木材纤维宽度及尾巨桉DH32-26和DH32-29木材纤维壁厚均差异显著；巨尾桉广林9号木材纤维...     

Measurement of the dynamic modulus of elasticity of wood panels

This study investigated the dynamic modulus of elasticity (DMOE) of wood panels of Fraxinus mandshurica, Pinus koraiensis, and Juglans mandshurica using the natural frequency measurement system of fast Fourier transform (FFT). The results were compared with the static modulus of elasticity (E _S) tested by a mechanical test machine. The results show a significant correlation between E _S, transverse vibration DMOE (E _F), and longitudinal vibration DMOE (E _L). For all of these species, the correlation between E _S, E _F and E _L is more significant than the individual species, which indicated that the FFT method is universal. The correlations between E _S and sample’s density (ρ) are significant, but the correlation coefficient of E _S and ρ is lower than those between E _F, E _L and E _S. The E _S of wood is more accurately tested by the analysis based on FFT measurement than by the estimation based on density. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2005, 41(6): 126–131 [译自: 林业科学, 2005, 41(6): 126–131]     

Effects of flooding on growth of seedlings of woody riparian species

The effects of flooding on growth of seedlings were compared over a 7-month period (April–November) among six different woody species: Aesculus turbinata, Cercidiphyllum japonicum, Fraxinus platypoda, Pterocarya rhoifolia, Pterostyrax hispida, and Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata. Flooding reduced the shoot length of F. platypoda, P. rhoifolia, C. japonicum, P. hispida, and Q. mongolica var. grosseserrata seedlings but did not affect that of A. turbinata seedlings. Among control seedlings, shoot elongation occurred once in A. turbinata and twice in F. platypoda and Q. mongolica var. grosseserrata; the other species continued to grow from April to August. Among the flooded plants of all species, shoot elongation occurred only once at the beginning of the growing season. On August 25, flooding significantly reduced the number of developed leaves as compared with control plants except for A. turbinata. In the flooded plants except for F. platypoda, leaf fall began on June 30; in controls, by contrast, the number of developed leaves increased until August 25. Flooding reduced the total dry weight increment in all species. The survival ratio of flooded plants after the experiment differed with species. All of the F. platypoda and A. turbinata seedlings survived the flooding treatment, while only 20% of P. hispida and 30% of Q. mongolica var. grosseserrata survived. Flooding seriously affected the growth of riparian pioneer species including P. rhoifolia, C. japonicum, P. hispida, and Q. mongolica var. grosseserrata. The effects of flooding on growth of the seedlings differed with the tree species because of differences in leaf-emergence pattern and physiological flood tolerance. The responses of tree seedlings to flooding reflected species habitats and growth patterns.     

Susceptibility of species of Juglans to pathovars of Xanthomonas campestris

Bacterial blight is considered one of the most serious diseases affecting the genus Juglans. Artificial inoculations with Xanthomonas campestris pv. Juglandis were performed in the field by spraying seedlings of Juglans cinerea, Juglans hindsii, Juglans mandshurica, Juglans nigra, Juglans regia and Juglans sieboldiana. Juglans nigra, J. cinerea ana J. sieboldiana proved to be the most resistant. The multiplication ability of Xanthomonas campestris pv. corylina, X. c. pv. juglandis, and X. c. pv. campestris was evaluated by injecting 2-year-old seedling leaves of J. mandshurica, J. nigra and J. regia. The bacterial growth was monitored in the infected tissue over 12 days. Xanthomonas c. pv. juglandis exhibited a high growth rate and induced black greasy spots in J. mandshurica and J. regia; X. c. pv. campestris grew in leaf tissues without inducing symptoms, X. c. pv. corylina showed a very low growth rate. None of the tested bacterial strains multiplied in the leaves of J. nigra. This confirms the results obtained in the field tests. Juglans regia was the most susceptible among the walnut species tested.     

黄河小浪底库区山地栓皮栎人工林土壤呼吸的季节动态

[目的]分离并量化土壤自养呼吸和异养呼吸,探讨各自贡献率及其随季节变化的动态特征。[方法]采用壕沟法和气体红外分析法,研究黄河小浪底库区山地栓皮栎人工林土壤总呼吸、自养呼吸和异养呼吸速率的季节动态变化、贡献率和环境影响因子。[结果]表明:栓皮栎人工林总土壤呼吸、自养呼吸和异养呼吸均呈夏季速率高、冬季速率低。栓皮栎土壤总呼吸、自养呼吸及异养呼吸速率与5 cm土壤温度均呈极显著指数相关,温度敏感性系数Q_(10)值大小为自养呼吸(3.40)异养呼吸(2.90)土壤总呼吸(2.45);栓皮栎土壤总呼吸、自养呼吸、异养呼吸速率与0 10 cm土壤体积含水量均显著线性相关;土壤总呼吸、自养呼吸速率与0 10 cm土壤电导率显著相关。土壤总呼吸和异养呼吸的温度敏感系数Q_(10)值均在冬季最大,夏秋季最小;而自养呼吸的Q_(10)值则呈相反的变化趋势。栓皮栎人工林自养呼吸和异养呼吸对土壤总呼吸的月贡献率为13.23%37.33%和62.67%86.76%,且自养呼吸的贡献率与土壤温度的季节变化规律相似。土壤总呼吸、异养呼吸与自养呼吸的CO2年通量分别为1 616.41、1 199.39、417.02 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1)。[结论]经过区分与定量化土壤总呼吸及其组分,确定异养呼吸为本研究区栓皮栎人工林土壤总呼吸的主要组分,作用于异养呼吸的生物与非生物因子均能显著影响整个森林生态系统表层CO_2总排放通量的大小,进一步为该研究区森林生态系统碳循环与能量流动的进一步量化研究提供参考。     

Technologies of liquefaction of bamboo and preparation of adhesive

The technology of liquefying processed-waste bamboo with phenol is investigated by single factor trials and an orthogonal design. We studied the preparation technology and properties of adhesives from this phenol-liquefied bamboo with formaldehyde (BPF). The results show that temperature has a significant effect on liquefaction. The effect of the mass ratio of phenol to bamboo comes second and the catalyst dosage within the range of 2%–4% is the least effective. The optimum conditions of liquefaction are as follows: a mass ratio of phenol to bamboo 3.5, a catalyst dosage of 4%, liquefying temperature 145°C and liquefying time 60 min. The liquefaction rate of bamboo reached 99.1%. For the preparation of the adhesive, a mass ratio of liquefied bamboo products to formaldehyde (37%) is 100 to 164.8–199.5, while the ratio 100 to 108.2 is the best. This adhesive has a lower curing temperature than that of normal PF resin. At a hot-press temperature of 130 or 140°C, this new adhesive provides excellent bonding strength of plywood. The most favorable temperature for hot-pressing is 140°C. __________ Translated from Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products, 2007, 27(6): 65–70 [译自: 林产化学与工业]     

大花葵花色苷抑菌功能研究

本项研究通过采用固体培养和液体培养的试验方法,进行大花葵花(Malvasylvestris)色苷对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和黑曲霉的抑菌试验。结果表明:大花葵花色苷对金黄色葡萄球菌有很强的抑制作用,而对大肠杆菌和黑曲霉没有抑制现象发生。在固体培养试验中大花葵花色苷随着浓度的增加,对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制程度越大,当大花葵花色苷浓度为10g/L时抑菌圈平均直径为6mm,当浓度增加至30g/L时,抑菌圈平均直径为16mm。而且,高浓度的大花葵花色苷溶液对金黄色葡萄球菌有长时间的抑制作用。     

Nondestructive test and prediction of modulus of elasticity of veneer-overlaid particleboard composite

The effects of grain angle, thickness of face veneer, and shelling ratio on dynamic modulus of elasticity (E) of veneer-overlaid particleboard composite (VOP) were examined by using nondestructive test. In this study, the possibility that E of VOP can be predicted by means of some empirical formula was also discussed. This study has shown that grain angle, thickness of face veneer, and shelling ratio have substantial effects on E of VOP. The E at 0° of grain angle of face veneer was the largest, decreasing rapidly with increase in the grain angle. The lowest value of E occurred at 90° of grain angle of face veneer. The relationship between grain angle of face veneer and E of VOP can be expressed in the form of Jenkin’s and Hankinson’s equations. The orthotropic properties of wood and VOP defined as the ratio E ₀/ E ₉₀ were 25.7 for wood and 4.7 for VOP. When the grain direction of face veneer was parallel to the length of the specimens, the E of VOP increased with increasing shelling ratio. VOP increased E from 125 to 179% over that of the particleboard and veneer thickness from 2.1 upto 3.6 mm. However, when the grain direction of face veneer was perpendicular to the length of the specimens, the E of VOP decreased with increasing shelling ratio. VOP decreased E from 23 to 41% over that of the particleboard and veneer thickness from 2.1 upto 3.6 mm. The relationship between E of VOP and face veneer thickness can be expressed in the form of a second-order parabolic equation. Rule of Mixture (ROM) can be used to predict E of VOP from the E of wood element and particleboard element.     

CONTROL TECHNIQUE OF BACTERIAL CANKER OF POPLAR

The poplar bacterial canker caused by Erwinia sp is a serious disease spreading inmost parts of Northeast China,where poplars are cultivalted.The disease seriously infects thosepoplars belonging to section Aigeiros or the intersection hybrids of section Tacamahaca and section Aigeiros and their clones.Five fine poplar cultivars resistant to the bacterial canker have been ob-tained by screening tests.They are Lz_2(Populus simonii×nigra var.italica),A_(15)(P.×sp.)613(P.×sp.),A_(102)and A_(98)(P.simonii×sp.)T following chemicals are obviously effective,such as:50％DT germicide ,40％ XF-136 and 10％ C.C.M.A.or 12.5％ ramphencol and 50,000 ppm/mlvalidamycin,with which the stems or roots can be watered.     

Inhibition of Armillaria by bacteria isolated from soils of the Boreal Mixedwood Forest of Ontario

Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus spp., Enterobacter spp., Serratia spp. and Agrobacterium radiobacter were isolated from root-free soils of the Boreal Mixedwood Forest of Ontario a, nd found to be capable of inhibiting the linear growth of Armillaria ostoyae in vitro. Isolates of P. fluorescens, Bacillus spp. and A. radiobacter were the most effective inhibitors of mycelial growth. To test the ability of the bacteria to suppress rhizomorph formation, A. gallica, which produces rhizomorphs in culture more consistently than does A. ostoyae, was used; only a small fraction of P. fluorescens and Bacillus spp. isolates were capable of preventing in vitro rhizomorph formation by A. gallica.     

南北样带温带区栎属树种幼苗功能性状的变异研究

植物功能性状由生境条件和遗传因素共同决定,田间控制实验能够揭示植物功能性状在种内和种间的变异程度.采集南北样带温带区8个地点6种栎属树种的种子,通过田间栽培试验,以均一环境下1年生幼苗为对象,研究比较种内及种间比叶重、单位叶面积光合速率、单位叶重量光合速率、总干物质含量和根冠比5种功能性状的变化差异,并且分析幼苗功能性状与种子性状的关系.结果发现:栎属树种种间幼苗的功能性状变异系数高于种内,并且种内功能性状的差异较小,种间差异性较大,而比叶重和叶片光合速率无论在种间还是种内,其变异率都较小;总干物质量和根冠比与种子质量显著相关,随种子质量增加幼苗的总干物质量和根冠比呈现增加的趋势,比叶重和叶片光合速率与种子质量的相关性较小.