近期市场出现的铬碧玺宝石学性质及谱学特征

近期,市场上出现一种翠绿色碧玺,商家称之为铬碧玺,常切割成戒面出售,价格高于其它绿色碧玺。为了探究铬碧玺与普通绿色碧玺的差别,对从市场上收集到的铬碧玺以及普通绿色碧玺样品进行了折射率、密度等测试并观察其在查尔斯滤色镜下反应。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)、紫外-可见分光光度计(UV-Vis)以及X射线荧光光谱仪对样品进行测试。结果表明,铬碧玺的折射率为1.618~1.638,双折率为0.018~0.020,相对密度为3.05,查尔斯滤色镜下不变红,其宝石学性质与普通绿色碧玺相近。红外光谱测试结果表明,铬碧玺与普通碧玺在分子结构上并无明显差别,而紫外-可见吸收光谱以及X射线荧光光谱测试结果表明,铬碧玺中存在一定量的Cr元素,且在可见光波段中表现典型的Cr元素的吸收光谱,该特征与普通绿色碧玺明显不同,可以作为鉴别铬碧玺与普通绿色碧玺的诊断性特征。     

台湾碧玉的X射线粉末衍射和红外吸收光谱特征

在综合利用前人研究成果的基础上,通过对产自台湾花莲的碧玉进行扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)和傅里叶变换红外光谱分析(FTIR)等测试分析,并与加拿大碧玉的相关研究成果进行比较分析。研究结果表明,台湾碧玉的主要矿物组成为透闪石,并且存在少量阳起石、绿泥石等杂质矿物。透闪石呈显微纤维状结构,纤维沿长轴方向密集排列,相互穿插;通过XRD计算其晶胞参数,透闪石的结晶度较高,达到94.62%;与加拿大碧玉相比,台湾碧玉中的Fe2+质量分数较高;在红外光谱中,3 674cm-1附近的吸收谱带属于透闪石中OH伸缩振动,900～1 150cm-1范围内吸收谱带属于Si4O11的伸缩振动,600～800cm-1范围内吸收谱带归属于γs(Si-O-Si)振动,400～600cm-1范围内吸收谱带属于Si-O弯曲振动、M-O伸缩振动和OH平动的耦合。     

中低档宝石的充填处理

以珠宝市场上充填处理海蓝宝石、碧玺等中低档宝石样品为研究对象,采用宝石显微镜与红外光谱测试技术对其充填物的宝石学特征进行了检测与分析。结果表明,蓝色闪光效应、残余扁平状气泡、充填物的流动构造及其碎渣状等宝石学特征有助于鉴别充填处理海蓝宝石和碧玉样品。位于2962,2931,2879cm^-1处、由饱和碳氢化合物v（-CH3-）与v（-CH2-）的反对称和对称伸缩振动以及位于3046cm^-1处、中等强度芳香环v（C-H）的伸缩振动致吸收谱带可有效判断充填处理海蓝宝石;位于2962,2927,2865cm^-1处、由饱和碳氢化合物v（-CH3-）与v（-CH2-）的伸缩振动致吸收带可辅助鉴别充填处理碧玺。依据充填物的颜色、形态、相对粘稠状态以及流动迹象等特征推测,不同的充填处理中低档宝石其充填物种类可能有差别。     

孔雀石的常规宝石学特征分析

本文选取6件不同花纹不同结构的孔雀石样品,通过常规宝石学测试、显微观察、紫外—可见光光谱、红外光谱、拉曼光谱及X荧光光谱进行研究分析,可得出其在折射率、相对密度、紫外荧光等方面的特征基本相同.经红外光谱和拉曼光谱测试可见[CO3]基团引起的晶格振动及[OH]振动,具有典型的孔雀石特征峰谱图.经X荧光光谱无损测试可见明显...     

铅玻璃充填碧玺初探

利用常规宝石学测试、X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)、激光诱导离解光谱仪(LIBS)、电子探针(EPMA)对近来在珠宝市场上的铅玻璃充填碧玺样品进行测试与分析,旨在探讨其鉴定特征。结果表明,该铅玻璃充填样品的充填特征不明显,与传统的有机物充填处理方法不同;X射线荧光光谱和激光诱导离解光谱的测试结果显示,该铅玻璃充填碧玺样品具有明显的Pb峰。铅玻璃充填碧玺样品中充填物的电子探针二次电子像及背散射电子像特征,可作为碧玺样品是否经过了铅玻璃充填的诊断性依据,其充填物的化学成分主要为Si和Pb,呈不规则斑块状分布于裂隙中。     

孔雀石的常规宝石学特征分析

本文选取6件不同花纹不同结构的孔雀石样品,通过常规宝石学测试、显微观察、紫外—可见光光谱、红外光谱、拉曼光谱及X荧光光谱进行研究分析,可得出其在折射率、相对密度、紫外荧光等方面的特征基本相同。经红外光谱和拉曼光谱测试可见[CO3]基团引起的晶格振动及[OH]振动,具有典型的孔雀石特征峰谱图。经X荧光光谱无损测试可见明显的Cu元素峰,结合紫外—可见光光谱推测孔雀石的致色元素为Cu。     

硅硼镁铝石的谱学特征及致色机理分析

硅硼镁铝石是一种硼硅酸盐矿物，品质优良者可作宝石，属于稀有品种。本文利用红外光谱仪、拉曼光谱仪、紫外―可见光吸收光谱仪、电子顺磁共振波谱仪对宝石级绿蓝色硅硼镁铝石进行测试，分析其谱学特征与致色机理。结果表明，硅硼镁铝石样品红外光谱和拉曼光谱均显示出硼硅酸盐特征谱峰，红外光谱中1500～1300 cm^-1范围内吸收峰由B-O伸缩振动引起，Si-O、Al-O伸缩振动与B-O弯曲振动导致1100～800 cm^-1区域内出现吸收峰，575、429 cm^-1与Fe-O伸缩振动有关；拉曼光谱中864、760 cm^-1处拉曼峰分别归属于B-O伸缩、弯曲振动。紫外―可见光吸收光谱显示，样品的绿蓝色是由紫外区(200～400 nm)较窄吸收带和蓝色区与绿色区(440～560 nm)透过窗所致。274、390、446、457 nm处吸收峰分别归属于Fe³⁺中6A1→⁴A₂ (F)跃迁、⁶A₁→⁴     

新疆宝石级锂云母岩的矿物学特征研究

为了探究新疆一种商业名为“丁香紫玉”材料的宝石学特征及谱学特征,针对5块产自新疆阿尔泰的样品进行了常规检测,采用X射线粉末衍射仪、激光拉曼光谱仪、傅里叶红外变换光谱仪和激光诱导离解光谱仪等仪器测试分析,从矿物组成、拉曼光谱和红外光谱以及化学元素组成进行了研究分析。测试结果表明“丁香紫玉”为宝石级锂云母岩。X射线粉末衍射分析结果表明样品的主要矿物组成为云母,占90%左右,次要矿物钠长石（10%左右）以及微量石英。激光拉曼光谱测试结果显示,其谱峰在高波数3 000～3 800cm＾-1区域有3 628,3 496cm＾-1羟基的伸缩振动所致谱峰。红外光谱测试结果,在高波数的羟基伸缩振动吸收带在3 625,3 454cm＾-1与拉曼测试的羟基伸缩振动带结果基本相同。激光诱导离解光谱显示样品主要组成元素为H、Li、Na、K、Cs、Ca、Mg、Al、Si,微量元素有Be、Ti、Fe、Mn、Cu、Cr、Hg、Pd等。     

充填绿松石及其对应充填原液研究

绿松石在目前我国珠宝市场中占据重要的地位,由于其品质参差,市场中存在大量的绿松石处理品。针对充填处理绿松石,通过肉眼观察、密度测定和红外光谱测试获取原液充填处理前、后绿松石的宝石学特征及红外光谱特征。结果显示,充填后绿松石样品的孔隙度、吸水性及密度发生一定的变化,红外光谱中出现了CH_2、CH_3、C=O、C-O-C等基团的振动频率;充填原液的红外光谱及PYGC-MS测试结果显示,其原液为聚硅酸乙酯、三甘醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、苯环取代的二甲基丙烯酸酯、环状烯烃类树脂与环状脂肪族酸酐固化剂的混合物、含Cr_2O_3或磷酸铬结合剂的磷酸二氢铝以及含铜盐的磷酸二氢铝。     

一颗钙柱石的宝石学特征测试分析

通过常规和大型宝玉石检测仪器对排查中出现的1颗无色样品的宝石学及谱学特征进行测试分析,结果表明:该粒样品的折射率值为1.550～1.588,双折射率为0.038,密度值是2.89±0.02 g/cm~3,放大观察可见大量定向排列针状包裹体及垂直方向排列的短柱状晶体;X射线能谱仪测试显示样品主要化学元素属于方柱石族系列,Ma平均值为10.14%;红外光谱和拉曼光谱分析显示,其特征谱峰主要是由CO_3~(-2)和Si-O、Al-O、O-H基团所致,其中拉曼光谱在448、1 090、1 327 cm~(-1)处具有谱峰,红外光谱在指纹区峰位1 404、1 516、1 007、853、609、544、459、413 cm~(-1)处具有谱峰;官能团区2 939,2 496、2 612、3 391 cm~(-1)处具有谱峰。紫外-可见吸收光谱显示,样品在可见光区基本无明显吸收峰,在312 nm处出现的吸收峰可能与Fe~(3+)离子和Fe~(3+)-Fe~(3+)离子对的d-d电子跃迁有关,光致发光光谱测试其主要发光光谱带位于608 nm中心,并伴随558、569、588、629、650、678、698 nm的肩峰,综合结果显示该粒样品为较为少见的钙柱石。     

彩色电气石致色离子的化学状态研究

为探究不同颜色电气石中致色元素的化学状态及其化学环境,利用X射线光电子能谱方法对绿色调(墨绿色、蓝绿色、淡绿色)和粉红色调电气石样品进行分析。结果表明,绿色调和粉红色调电气石样品中均含有少量的过渡金属离子,如Fe,Mn,Ti,Cr,且不含Li和Be。不同颜色的电气石晶体中过渡金属阳离子的化学状态相同,且分别为Fe3+,Mn4+,Ti4+,Cr3+,但其与阴离子配位的环境有所差别。绿色调电气石样品中虽然Fe的质量分数有较大的差别,但均有部分Fe元素与F结合,即占据晶体结构中的Y位;粉红色电气石样品中,Fe离子没有与F形成配位,仅占据结构中的Z位。相反,在粉红色电气石样品中,Mn主要与F结合配位的方式存在,占据结构中的Y位,而绿色调电气石样品中大部分的Mn与O配位成键,只有少部分的Mn与F结合配位。由于Fe3+,Mn4+离子对之间电荷转移的可能性不大,故电气石的颜色可能主要由于d—d电子跃迁和氧与金属离子(O2--M)间电荷转移吸收引起,尤其是由于化学环境的差异(包括配位阴离子种类、杂质缺陷、结构畸变等)所引起。     

经编结构静电阻隔织物的设计与开发

为探究不同衬纬结构与不同托玛琳质量分数对经编结构静电阻隔织物的影响,采用涤纶纱线和聚偏氟乙烯纤维为原料,通过经编平纹和衬纬工艺相结合的织造方式形成静电阻隔织物样布,并使用托玛琳溶液对织物进行后整理处理,使其具有静电吸附功效。测试相同衬纬工艺下不同质量分数托玛琳溶液处理后样布的过滤效率,以及相同质量分数托玛琳溶液处理不同衬纬工艺样布的过滤效率,经比较得出最佳的衬纬工艺与托玛琳溶液质量分数。测试结果表明：使用质量分数为３０％的托玛琳溶液处理样布,样布的过滤效率最高;在相同质量分数托玛琳溶液处理下,过滤网采用１ 隔２ 衬的工艺组合进行织造时,样布的过滤性能最佳。     

云南麻栗坡祖母绿的可见、红外吸收光谱特征及呈色处理

以云南祖母绿为研究对象, 采用LRM, IR, UV-VIS等现代测试分析方法, 重点对云南麻栗坡祖母绿的可见、红外吸收光谱及呈色机理进行研究. 揭示该类型祖母绿中水分子的存在形式及振动类型, 并进一步探讨其呈色机理.     

Design and manufacturing of warp-knitted filterable fabric with PET/PVDF fiber

In this paper, the filtering effect on fine particle of warp-knitted mesh fabrics was investigated. Polyester yarn (PET) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) fiber were used as materials to knit the fabrics with five different structures on KS4 tricot warp-knitted machine. After knitting, the fabrics were treated with tourmaline liquid with five different concentrations of tourmaline. Then, the filtration efficiency of samples was tested by the comprehensive test machine. By comparing the filtration efficiency of samples with different concentrations of tourmaline and different structures, the optimal process parameters were obtained that the concentration of tourmaline liquid was 30% and the structure of fabric was one by two insertion. The experimental data of the comprehensive test also revealed that the application of the PVDF and tourmaline did have effects on the promotion of the filtration performance of the warp-knitted fabrics.     

云南深色电气石的热处理工艺实验研究

通过对云南深蓝黑色、蓝绿色电气石的热处理一系列实验研究,着重探索了工艺中的气氛、最高温度以及恒温时间等因素对改善其颜色及透明度的影响,并对热处理前后的谱学特征、外观、包裹体特征进行了对比。实验结果表明,温度在550℃～700℃,恒温3h或5h,在氧化气氛的条件下,可以不同程度的改善深色系列碧玺的颜色和透明度,其中,温度650℃,恒温3h,深蓝黑色碧玺变成鲜亮的绿色,透明度得到很大的提高,而且没有出现裂开等负面效应。     

辛硫磷的柱层析纯化及其结构表征

采用硅胶柱层析法对辛硫磷原药进行分离纯化,用红外光谱、核磁共振进行表征,高效液相色谱(HPLC)进行定量测定。结果表明,柱层析的最优洗脱剂为乙酸乙酯:石油醚=1:12。红外光谱、核磁共振都可以证明辛硫磷的提纯产品与其分子结构特征一致。高效液相色谱表明提纯的辛硫磷纯度可以达到98.60%。     

Correlations of feed intake predicted with milk infrared spectra and breeding values in the Dutch Holstein population

Feed is a major cost in dairy production, and substantial genetic variation in feed efficiency exists between cows. Therefore, breeders aim to improve feed efficiency of dairy cattle. However, phenotypic data on individual feed intake on commercial farms is scarce, and accurate measurements are very costly. Several studies have shown that information from Fourier-transformed infrared spectra of milk samples (milk infrared, milk IR) can be used to predict phenotypes such as energy balance and energy intake, but this is usually based on small data sets obtained under experimental circumstances. The added value of information from milk IR spectra for estimation of breeding values is unknown. The objectives of this study were (1) to develop prediction equations for dry matter intake (DMI) and residual DMI (rDMI) from milk IR spectra; (2) to apply these for a data set of milk IR spectra from commercial Dutch dairy farms; (3) to estimate genetic parameters for these traits; and (4) to estimate correlations between these predictions and other traits in the breeding goal. We used data from feeding trials where individual feed intake was recorded daily and for which milk IR spectra were determined weekly to develop prediction equations for DMI and rDMI with partial least squares regression. This data set contained over 7,600 weekly averaged DMI records linked with milk IR spectra from 271 cows. The equations were applied for a data set with test day information from 676 Dutch dairy herds with 621,567 records of 78,488 cows. Both milk IR-predicted DMI and rDMI were analyzed with an animal model to obtain genetic parameters and sire effect estimates that could be correlated with breeding values. A partial least squares regression model with 10 components from the milk IR spectra explained around 25% of DMI variation and less than 10% of rDMI variation in the validation set. Nearly all variation in the milk IR spectra was captured by 7 components; additional components contributed marginally to the spectral variation but decreased prediction errors for both traits. Accuracies of predictions of DMI and rDMI from milk IR spectra for a large feeding experiment were 0.47 and 0.26 on average, respectively, with small differences between ration treatments (ranging from 0.43 to 0.55 and from 0.21 to 0.34, respectively) and among lactation stages (ranging from 0.24 to 0.59 and from 0.13 to 0.36, respectively), with the highest prediction accuracies in early lactation. The estimated heritabilities for predicted DMI and rDMI were 0.3 and 0.4, respectively, which suggests genetic potential for both predicted traits. The correlations of sire estimates for milk IR-predicted DMI with official Dutch breeding values were strongest with milk production (0.33), longevity (0.26), and fertility (?0.27), indicating that cows that eat more produce more, live longer, and have poorer fertility. The correlations of sire estimates for predicted DMI and rDMI with the official breeding values for DMI were low (0.14 and 0.03, respectively). This implies that the added value of including milk IR-predicted DMI information in the estimation procedure of breeding values for DMI would be considered insufficient for practical application.     

远红外熔喷保暖絮片的光蓄热性能

研制了一种含有纳米电气石的聚丙烯熔喷非织造布,并对不同产地和不同含量电气石的熔喷非织造布进行了分析,探讨了这种材料的光蓄热性能。实验证明,电气石含量的不同对聚丙烯熔喷非织造布的光蓄热性能有很大影响,当电气石含量在0~8%范围内时,随着电气石含量的增加,熔喷非织造布的远红外发射率随之增加,但是其光蓄热性能却不成正比关系。     

Analysis of wood surfaces and ground wood by diffuse reflectance (DRIFT) and photoacoustic (PAS) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic techniques

Infrared diffuse reflectance and photoacoustle spectra were measured from wood powder and solid wood blocks and compared with the corresponding transmission spectra measured from thin wood sections. Studies indicated that high quality spectra could be obtained from either solid wood blocks or powder by diffuse reflectance (DRIFT) and photoacoustic (PAS) techniques. Positions of IR bands measured from different hardwood species by DRIFT and PAS technique are approximately same. However, the relative intensities of IR bands vary among species. For obtaining reproducible DRIFT spectra from the solid wood surfaces, roughness and structure of the cut (tangential, radial or transverse) must be identical. Whereas, for wood powder, smallest particle size results in best resolved spectrum. Specular reflection causes distortions in the intensities of the bands in the range 1150-950 cm^?1, which can be minimised either by diluting sample powder in KBr (concentration <2%) or by increasing the surface roughness of the solid block. FTIR-PAS spectra measured from wood powder are quite similar to spectra obtained by transmission and/or DRIFT techniques. Relative intensity and position of various IR bands measured by photoacoustic technique are independent of size of the particle and its concentration. These results indicate the usefulness of PAS technique over other solid sampling techniques.