He垫内置标记点法测量鼻咽癌适形放疗摆位误差的研究

适形放疗和调强放疗在头颈部肿瘤中的应用对靶区的精确界定提出了更加严格的要求。目前临床放疗医师一般按ICRU 50号报告定义将靶体积分为GTV、CTV和PTV。鼻咽部肿瘤因受颅底结构的限制，PTV外扩范围大小主要决定于摆位误差。笔者介绍自行设计的“He垫内置标记点法(He垫法)”，可较精确地测量鼻咽部肿瘤的摆位误差，为PTV的确定提供可靠的依据。     

鼻咽癌适形放疗中摆位误差的测定

背景与目的：鼻咽癌适形射治疗摆位误差是决定计划靶区（planning target volume,PTV）外扩范围（PTV margin,MPTV）的关键因素,本研究应用“[牙合]垫内置标记点法（[牙合]垫法）”测量鼻咽癌适形放射治疗中的摆位误差,并计算出PTV外扩范围。方法：22例行适形放射治疗的鼻咽癌患者制作[牙合]垫并在其中镶上金属球作为内标记。通过比较射野影像片和定位CT上内标记点的坐标来计算摆位误差。由公式MPTV=2．5∑＋0．7σ分别计算出考虑和不考虑器官运动的MPTV大小。结果：22例患者在X、Y、Z轴上的摆位系统误差标准差（∑）分别为1．13mm、1．47mm、1．31mm;摆位随机误差标准差（σ）分别为0．81mm、0．45mm、0．80mm。不考虑器官运动时在X、Y、Z轴上的MPTV大小分别为3．40mm、3．98mm、3．83mm。考虑器官运动时在X、Y、Z轴上的MPTV大小分别为3．75mm、4．35mm、4．16mm。结论：应用[牙合]垫法能够比较精确地测量出符合实际情况的摆位误差值,并确定了MPTV的大小,从而使制定的适形放疗计划更具有科学性。     

鼻咽癌常规放疗摆位误差的研究

[目的]探讨鼻咽常规放疗患者改野前后的摆位误差，[方法]30例鼻咽癌常规放疗病人采用U型塑料面网固定,在缩野前后各拍摄野验证片2次,酒过模拟定位片与验证片上照射野边框及骨性标志进行比较，分别测量改野前后的摆位误差。[结果]30例部前后旋转方向）各方向的系统误差分别为-1.0mm、0.8mm、-0.5度；随机误差分别为-1.6mm、1.5mm、1.0度;缩野后各方向的系统误差分别为～0.8mm、1.1mm、-0.7度；随机举差分别为-1.8mm、1.7mm、1.5度。[结论]鼻咽癌常规放疗时采用U型塑料面网面定技术所发生的误差在允许范围内，缩野前后的误差没有明显差异。     

鼻咽癌适形放射治疗中的摆位误差分析

背景与目的：目前适形和调强放射治疗已逐渐用于鼻咽癌，与传统放疗相比，适形及调强放疗对摆位精确度要求更高。随着放射治疗向高精度方向发展，研究放射治疗中的摆位误差具有重要意义，由于采用的设备及技术员的素质不同，各个治疗中心需要有自己的摆位误差数据。为此，本研究采用射野验证片测量本院鼻咽癌适行放射治疗中的摆位误差，并计算出PTV的外扩范围。方法：20例行三维适行放射治疗的鼻咽癌患者，所有患者都用面罩固定，放射治疗过程中每周拍射野验证片，通过比较DRR和验证片上骨性标志与射野的相对位置来计算摆位误差。根据所测得的摆位误差数据计算CTV到PTV应该预留边界的大小。结果：20例患者，共摄取验证片240张射野片，有22张射野片因为无法辨认出两个或两个以上解剖结构而被剔除。将各方向的随机和系统误差分开研究。左右，头脚，前后各向总误差为2．8、2．7、2．8min，系统误差分别为2．4、2．3、2．4mm，随机误差分别为：1．4、1．5、1．5mm，移动均值分别为-1．1，-0．1，-0．25mm。缩野前后左右方向上的系统误差分别为：2．3、2．5mm，随机误差分别为1．2、1．5mm；头脚方向的系统误差分别为2．2、2．4mm，随机误差分别为1．4、1．6mm；前后方向上的系统误差分别为：2．4、2．5mm，随机误差分别为1．3、1．4mm。三维方向上摆位偏移大于3mm的百分数26．3％，大于4mm的百分数15．1％，大于5mm的百分数6．5％。单一方向上平均摆位偏移大于3mm的百分数，左右17．5％，头脚20％，前后22．5％。比较每位患者缩野前后各个方向上系统误差和随机误差，仅左右方向上缩野后随机误差有增大，其他各方向上缩野前后系统和随机误差均无显著性差异。据Stroom等推荐的公式CTV到PTV边界至少应为2∑＋0．7σ来计算各个方向上CTV到PTV应该预留的边界大小，3个方向上CTV与PTV间预留间隙6mm是可行的。结论：在鼻咽癌的三维放射治疗中，用我科的同定及摆位技术，CTV与PTV间预留间隙6mm是可行的。缩野前后除左右方向上随机误差有显著差异外，其他各方向系统误差和随机误差没有显著差别。缩野时重新制作面罩，特别是体重下降比较明显的患者是否能降低放射治疗中的摆位误差值得近一步研究。     

鼻咽癌调强放疗中的摆位误差

[目的]用电子射野图像器件(EPID)拍摄的射野片研究调强放疗治疗鼻咽癌过程中的摆位误差。[方法]比较8例接受调强放疗的初治鼻咽癌患者的数字重建影像(DRR)和EPID图像,得到各个骨性标志间各个方向的偏差,分别以左右、前后和头脚方向上的最大偏差代表该方向的摆位误差。[结果]3个方向的摆位误差范围是-5mm到5.5mm,平均值是(-0.87±1.3)mm,(-0.28±1.5)mm和(-0.55±1.6)mm,大于2mm的误差分别占17.3%、14.3%和17.3%,且各次治疗的摆位误差之间无显著性差异。[结论]鼻咽癌调强放疗的误差在可以接受的范围,而且各次治疗间也没有显著差异,首次治疗时拍摄射野片验证是非常重要的。     

鼻咽癌放疗摆位误差及准确摆位的探讨

鼻咽癌放疗摆位误差及准确摆位的探讨上海第二医科大学附属第九人民医院（２０００１１）王中和，魏春宝，李逊，张雅红放疗位移误差是鼻咽癌放疗后局部失败的重要原因之一［１］。为了了解鼻咽癌患者普通摆位方法的位移情况，并探讨准确摆位方法的效果，我们进行了重复性...     

鼻咽癌调强放疗的摆位误差分析

 目的　研究鼻咽癌调强放射治疗的摆位误差,为鼻咽癌调强放疗计划设计临床靶区（CTV）外放计划靶区（PTV）时提供参考数据。方法　选取行调强放射治疗的鼻咽癌患者11例,热塑成型固定面罩固定。连续5 d治疗时用电子射野影像装置（EPID）拍摄正侧位验证片各一张,共110张验证片,通过配准数字化重建图像（DRR）和EPID拍摄的验证片的骨性解剖结构,计算平移和旋转误差。结果　平移误差X（左右方向）：1.47±1.05 mm,Y（腹背方向）：（1.08±1.07）mm,Z（头脚方向）：（1.57±1.12）mm;旋转误差冠状面为（0.66±0.35）°,矢状面为（0.65±0.34）°。结论　对于鼻咽癌调强放射治疗,临床靶体积CTV到计划靶体积PTV的外放应为5 mm。定期对治疗设备进行质量保证（QA）有助于减少摆位误差,提高治疗精度。     

胸段食管癌三维适形放疗摆位误差研究

Objective To study the setup errors in three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) for thoracic esophageal carcinoma using electronic portal imaging device(EPID) and calculate the margins from CTV to PTV. Methods Forty-one patients with thoracic esophageal carcinoma who received 3DCRT were continuously enrolled into this study. The anterior and lateral electronic portal images (EPI) were aquired by EPID once a week. The setup errors were obtained through comparing the difference between EPI and digitally reconstructed radiographs(DRR). Then the setup margins from CTV to PTV were calculat-ed. By using self paired design,22 patients received definitive radiotherapy with different margins. Group A: the margins were 10 mm in all the three axes;Group B: the margins were aquired in this study. The differ-ence were compared by Paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results The margins from CTV to PTV in x,y and z axes were 8.72 mm, 10.50 mm and 5.62 mm, respectively. Between the group A and group B, the difference of the maximum dose of the spinal cord was significant(4638.7 cGy±1449.6 cGy vs. 4310.2 cGy±1528.7 cGy; t=5.48, P=0.000), and the difference of NTCP for the spinal cord was also significant (4.82%±5.99% vs. 3.64%±4.70%;Z=-2.70,P=0.007). Conclusions For patients with tho-racic esophageal carcinoma who receive 3DCRT in author's department,the margins from CTV to PTV in x, y and z axes were 8.72 mm, 10.50 mm and 5.62 mm, respectively. The spinal cord could be better protected by using these setup margins than using 10 mm in each axis.     

胸段食管癌三维适形放疗摆位误差研究

Objective To study the setup errors in three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) for thoracic esophageal carcinoma using electronic portal imaging device(EPID) and calculate the margins from CTV to PTV. Methods Forty-one patients with thoracic esophageal carcinoma who received 3DCRT were continuously enrolled into this study. The anterior and lateral electronic portal images (EPI) were aquired by EPID once a week. The setup errors were obtained through comparing the difference between EPI and digitally reconstructed radiographs(DRR). Then the setup margins from CTV to PTV were calculat-ed. By using self paired design,22 patients received definitive radiotherapy with different margins. Group A: the margins were 10 mm in all the three axes;Group B: the margins were aquired in this study. The differ-ence were compared by Paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results The margins from CTV to PTV in x,y and z axes were 8.72 mm, 10.50 mm and 5.62 mm, respectively. Between the group A and group B, the difference of the maximum dose of the spinal cord was significant(4638.7 cGy±1449.6 cGy vs. 4310.2 cGy±1528.7 cGy; t=5.48, P=0.000), and the difference of NTCP for the spinal cord was also significant (4.82%±5.99% vs. 3.64%±4.70%;Z=-2.70,P=0.007). Conclusions For patients with tho-racic esophageal carcinoma who receive 3DCRT in author's department,the margins from CTV to PTV in x, y and z axes were 8.72 mm, 10.50 mm and 5.62 mm, respectively. The spinal cord could be better protected by using these setup margins than using 10 mm in each axis.     

胸段食管癌三维适形放疗摆位误差研究

Objective To study the setup errors in three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) for thoracic esophageal carcinoma using electronic portal imaging device(EPID) and calculate the margins from CTV to PTV. Methods Forty-one patients with thoracic esophageal carcinoma who received 3DCRT were continuously enrolled into this study. The anterior and lateral electronic portal images (EPI) were aquired by EPID once a week. The setup errors were obtained through comparing the difference between EPI and digitally reconstructed radiographs(DRR). Then the setup margins from CTV to PTV were calculat-ed. By using self paired design,22 patients received definitive radiotherapy with different margins. Group A: the margins were 10 mm in all the three axes;Group B: the margins were aquired in this study. The differ-ence were compared by Paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results The margins from CTV to PTV in x,y and z axes were 8.72 mm, 10.50 mm and 5.62 mm, respectively. Between the group A and group B, the difference of the maximum dose of the spinal cord was significant(4638.7 cGy±1449.6 cGy vs. 4310.2 cGy±1528.7 cGy; t=5.48, P=0.000), and the difference of NTCP for the spinal cord was also significant (4.82%±5.99% vs. 3.64%±4.70%;Z=-2.70,P=0.007). Conclusions For patients with tho-racic esophageal carcinoma who receive 3DCRT in author's department,the margins from CTV to PTV in x, y and z axes were 8.72 mm, 10.50 mm and 5.62 mm, respectively. The spinal cord could be better protected by using these setup margins than using 10 mm in each axis.     

胸段食管癌三维适形放疗摆位误差研究

Objective To study the setup errors in three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) for thoracic esophageal carcinoma using electronic portal imaging device(EPID) and calculate the margins from CTV to PTV. Methods Forty-one patients with thoracic esophageal carcinoma who received 3DCRT were continuously enrolled into this study. The anterior and lateral electronic portal images (EPI) were aquired by EPID once a week. The setup errors were obtained through comparing the difference between EPI and digitally reconstructed radiographs(DRR). Then the setup margins from CTV to PTV were calculat-ed. By using self paired design,22 patients received definitive radiotherapy with different margins. Group A: the margins were 10 mm in all the three axes;Group B: the margins were aquired in this study. The differ-ence were compared by Paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results The margins from CTV to PTV in x,y and z axes were 8.72 mm, 10.50 mm and 5.62 mm, respectively. Between the group A and group B, the difference of the maximum dose of the spinal cord was significant(4638.7 cGy±1449.6 cGy vs. 4310.2 cGy±1528.7 cGy; t=5.48, P=0.000), and the difference of NTCP for the spinal cord was also significant (4.82%±5.99% vs. 3.64%±4.70%;Z=-2.70,P=0.007). Conclusions For patients with tho-racic esophageal carcinoma who receive 3DCRT in author's department,the margins from CTV to PTV in x, y and z axes were 8.72 mm, 10.50 mm and 5.62 mm, respectively. The spinal cord could be better protected by using these setup margins than using 10 mm in each axis.     

胸段食管癌三维适形放疗摆位误差研究

Objective To study the setup errors in three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) for thoracic esophageal carcinoma using electronic portal imaging device(EPID) and calculate the margins from CTV to PTV. Methods Forty-one patients with thoracic esophageal carcinoma who received 3DCRT were continuously enrolled into this study. The anterior and lateral electronic portal images (EPI) were aquired by EPID once a week. The setup errors were obtained through comparing the difference between EPI and digitally reconstructed radiographs(DRR). Then the setup margins from CTV to PTV were calculat-ed. By using self paired design,22 patients received definitive radiotherapy with different margins. Group A: the margins were 10 mm in all the three axes;Group B: the margins were aquired in this study. The differ-ence were compared by Paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results The margins from CTV to PTV in x,y and z axes were 8.72 mm, 10.50 mm and 5.62 mm, respectively. Between the group A and group B, the difference of the maximum dose of the spinal cord was significant(4638.7 cGy±1449.6 cGy vs. 4310.2 cGy±1528.7 cGy; t=5.48, P=0.000), and the difference of NTCP for the spinal cord was also significant (4.82%±5.99% vs. 3.64%±4.70%;Z=-2.70,P=0.007). Conclusions For patients with tho-racic esophageal carcinoma who receive 3DCRT in author's department,the margins from CTV to PTV in x, y and z axes were 8.72 mm, 10.50 mm and 5.62 mm, respectively. The spinal cord could be better protected by using these setup margins than using 10 mm in each axis.     

胸段食管癌三维适形放疗摆位误差研究

Objective To study the setup errors in three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) for thoracic esophageal carcinoma using electronic portal imaging device(EPID) and calculate the margins from CTV to PTV. Methods Forty-one patients with thoracic esophageal carcinoma who received 3DCRT were continuously enrolled into this study. The anterior and lateral electronic portal images (EPI) were aquired by EPID once a week. The setup errors were obtained through comparing the difference between EPI and digitally reconstructed radiographs(DRR). Then the setup margins from CTV to PTV were calculat-ed. By using self paired design,22 patients received definitive radiotherapy with different margins. Group A: the margins were 10 mm in all the three axes;Group B: the margins were aquired in this study. The differ-ence were compared by Paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results The margins from CTV to PTV in x,y and z axes were 8.72 mm, 10.50 mm and 5.62 mm, respectively. Between the group A and group B, the difference of the maximum dose of the spinal cord was significant(4638.7 cGy±1449.6 cGy vs. 4310.2 cGy±1528.7 cGy; t=5.48, P=0.000), and the difference of NTCP for the spinal cord was also significant (4.82%±5.99% vs. 3.64%±4.70%;Z=-2.70,P=0.007). Conclusions For patients with tho-racic esophageal carcinoma who receive 3DCRT in author's department,the margins from CTV to PTV in x, y and z axes were 8.72 mm, 10.50 mm and 5.62 mm, respectively. The spinal cord could be better protected by using these setup margins than using 10 mm in each axis.     

胸段食管癌三维适形放疗摆位误差研究

目的 应用电子射野影像装置(EPID)测量胸段食管癌三维适形放疗(3DCRT)的摆位误差,推算PTV与CTV之间的间隙.方法 对41例胸段食管癌患者每周拍摄1次正侧位EPI,通过比较EPI和数字重建影像(DRR)的差异来测量摆位误差.根据公式计算出PTV与CTV之间的间隙.采用自身配对设计对22例接受根治性放疗患者应用不同PTV与CTV的间隙值分别设计两套模拟治疗计划,A组x、y和z轴均为10 mm,B组采用本研究结果 的间隙值.应用配对t检验或Wilcoxon符号秩检验来比较两套计划间的差异.结果 x、y、z轴的PTV与CTV的间隙值分别为8.72、10.50、5.62 mm.两套模拟计划间的脊髓最高照射剂量不同,A计划为(4638.7±1449.6)cGy,B计划为(4310.2±1528.7)cGy(t=5.48,P=0.000);脊髓并发症概率也不同,A计划为4.82%±5.99%,B计划为3.64%±4.70%(Z=-2.70,P=0.007).结论 笔者单位胸段食管癌接受3DCRT时在x,y和z轴上的PTV与CTV之间的间隙值分别为8.72、10.50、5.62 mm;与3个轴均为10 mm的间隙值相比应用本研究结果 制定治疗计划可更有效地保护脊髓.     

胸段食管癌三维适形放疗摆位误差研究

Objective To study the setup errors in three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) for thoracic esophageal carcinoma using electronic portal imaging device(EPID) and calculate the margins from CTV to PTV. Methods Forty-one patients with thoracic esophageal carcinoma who received 3DCRT were continuously enrolled into this study. The anterior and lateral electronic portal images (EPI) were aquired by EPID once a week. The setup errors were obtained through comparing the difference between EPI and digitally reconstructed radiographs(DRR). Then the setup margins from CTV to PTV were calculat-ed. By using self paired design,22 patients received definitive radiotherapy with different margins. Group A: the margins were 10 mm in all the three axes;Group B: the margins were aquired in this study. The differ-ence were compared by Paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results The margins from CTV to PTV in x,y and z axes were 8.72 mm, 10.50 mm and 5.62 mm, respectively. Between the group A and group B, the difference of the maximum dose of the spinal cord was significant(4638.7 cGy±1449.6 cGy vs. 4310.2 cGy±1528.7 cGy; t=5.48, P=0.000), and the difference of NTCP for the spinal cord was also significant (4.82%±5.99% vs. 3.64%±4.70%;Z=-2.70,P=0.007). Conclusions For patients with tho-racic esophageal carcinoma who receive 3DCRT in author's department,the margins from CTV to PTV in x, y and z axes were 8.72 mm, 10.50 mm and 5.62 mm, respectively. The spinal cord could be better protected by using these setup margins than using 10 mm in each axis.     

胸段食管癌三维适形放疗摆位误差研究

Objective To study the setup errors in three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) for thoracic esophageal carcinoma using electronic portal imaging device(EPID) and calculate the margins from CTV to PTV. Methods Forty-one patients with thoracic esophageal carcinoma who received 3DCRT were continuously enrolled into this study. The anterior and lateral electronic portal images (EPI) were aquired by EPID once a week. The setup errors were obtained through comparing the difference between EPI and digitally reconstructed radiographs(DRR). Then the setup margins from CTV to PTV were calculat-ed. By using self paired design,22 patients received definitive radiotherapy with different margins. Group A: the margins were 10 mm in all the three axes;Group B: the margins were aquired in this study. The differ-ence were compared by Paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results The margins from CTV to PTV in x,y and z axes were 8.72 mm, 10.50 mm and 5.62 mm, respectively. Between the group A and group B, the difference of the maximum dose of the spinal cord was significant(4638.7 cGy±1449.6 cGy vs. 4310.2 cGy±1528.7 cGy; t=5.48, P=0.000), and the difference of NTCP for the spinal cord was also significant (4.82%±5.99% vs. 3.64%±4.70%;Z=-2.70,P=0.007). Conclusions For patients with tho-racic esophageal carcinoma who receive 3DCRT in author's department,the margins from CTV to PTV in x, y and z axes were 8.72 mm, 10.50 mm and 5.62 mm, respectively. The spinal cord could be better protected by using these setup margins than using 10 mm in each axis.     

胸段食管癌三维适形放疗摆位误差研究

Objective To study the setup errors in three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) for thoracic esophageal carcinoma using electronic portal imaging device(EPID) and calculate the margins from CTV to PTV. Methods Forty-one patients with thoracic esophageal carcinoma who received 3DCRT were continuously enrolled into this study. The anterior and lateral electronic portal images (EPI) were aquired by EPID once a week. The setup errors were obtained through comparing the difference between EPI and digitally reconstructed radiographs(DRR). Then the setup margins from CTV to PTV were calculat-ed. By using self paired design,22 patients received definitive radiotherapy with different margins. Group A: the margins were 10 mm in all the three axes;Group B: the margins were aquired in this study. The differ-ence were compared by Paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results The margins from CTV to PTV in x,y and z axes were 8.72 mm, 10.50 mm and 5.62 mm, respectively. Between the group A and group B, the difference of the maximum dose of the spinal cord was significant(4638.7 cGy±1449.6 cGy vs. 4310.2 cGy±1528.7 cGy; t=5.48, P=0.000), and the difference of NTCP for the spinal cord was also significant (4.82%±5.99% vs. 3.64%±4.70%;Z=-2.70,P=0.007). Conclusions For patients with tho-racic esophageal carcinoma who receive 3DCRT in author's department,the margins from CTV to PTV in x, y and z axes were 8.72 mm, 10.50 mm and 5.62 mm, respectively. The spinal cord could be better protected by using these setup margins than using 10 mm in each axis.     

胸段食管癌三维适形放疗摆位误差研究

Objective To study the setup errors in three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) for thoracic esophageal carcinoma using electronic portal imaging device(EPID) and calculate the margins from CTV to PTV. Methods Forty-one patients with thoracic esophageal carcinoma who received 3DCRT were continuously enrolled into this study. The anterior and lateral electronic portal images (EPI) were aquired by EPID once a week. The setup errors were obtained through comparing the difference between EPI and digitally reconstructed radiographs(DRR). Then the setup margins from CTV to PTV were calculat-ed. By using self paired design,22 patients received definitive radiotherapy with different margins. Group A: the margins were 10 mm in all the three axes;Group B: the margins were aquired in this study. The differ-ence were compared by Paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results The margins from CTV to PTV in x,y and z axes were 8.72 mm, 10.50 mm and 5.62 mm, respectively. Between the group A and group B, the difference of the maximum dose of the spinal cord was significant(4638.7 cGy±1449.6 cGy vs. 4310.2 cGy±1528.7 cGy; t=5.48, P=0.000), and the difference of NTCP for the spinal cord was also significant (4.82%±5.99% vs. 3.64%±4.70%;Z=-2.70,P=0.007). Conclusions For patients with tho-racic esophageal carcinoma who receive 3DCRT in author's department,the margins from CTV to PTV in x, y and z axes were 8.72 mm, 10.50 mm and 5.62 mm, respectively. The spinal cord could be better protected by using these setup margins than using 10 mm in each axis.     

适形和调强放疗摆位误差的个体化分析

0引言随着医学影像和放射物理的飞速发展,目前基于三维计划系统的精确放疗已成为目前临床放疗的成熟技术,患者体位的控制,其分次摆位的准确性是其中关键的环节。本文利用电子射野影像系统(electronic portal imaging device,EPID)技术寻找适形调强患者摆位误差的规律,探讨开展放疗患者摆位误差个体化测量的可行性,并进一步个体化外放靶区(PTV)。