食品中主要真菌毒素检测方法研究进展

文章重点介绍了黄曲霉毒素、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、链格孢霉毒素等毒性较强的真菌毒素污染食品状况和毒性,并就当前国内外常用的真菌毒素检测方法进行了概述,分析了各方法的优缺点,最后对今后真菌毒素检测方法的发展方向进行了展望。     

免疫传感器在粮油中真菌毒素快速检测的应用研究进展

真菌毒素污染是造成食品安全问题的主要因素之一。目前,常用的真菌毒素检测方法主要有薄层层析法、高效液相色谱法、超临界液相色谱法、气相色谱—质谱联用法、免疫传感器法、试剂盒法、速测卡法等,其中电化学免疫传感器法具有快速、灵敏、特异性强等优势,在真菌毒素快速、准确、现场化或在线检测方面具有广阔的发展前景。综述了电化学免疫传感器的原理、分类、抗原/抗体固定方法,简述了黄曲霉毒素免疫传感器、赭曲霉毒素免疫传感器、伏马毒素免疫传感器、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇免疫传感器和玉米赤霉烯酮免疫传感器在粮油食真菌毒素快速检测中的应用,分析了存在的问题并提出了有关建议。     

食品中赭曲霉毒素A检测方法研究进展

赭曲霉毒素A(ochratoxin A, OTA)是曲霉属和青霉属等有毒真菌产生的一类次级代谢产物,是常见污染食品的五大真菌毒素之一,具有较强的肾毒性、肝毒性、神经毒性和免疫毒性,以及致畸、致癌和致突变作用。OTA广泛存在于各种谷物及其制品、葡萄与葡萄酒、咖啡等多种食品原料及其成品中,严重威胁人体健康,因此有必要建立快速、准确、灵敏的OTA检测方法。针对食品中OTA的检测,目前已经拥有许多方法,如薄层色谱法,高效液相色谱法,液相-质谱联用法以及酶联免疫吸附法等。本研究对赭曲霉毒素A不同检测方法的原理、优缺点等进行归纳总结,旨在为食品中OTA的检测提供支持。     

粮油真菌毒素检测技术及应用分析

真菌毒素是在适宜条件下丝状真菌产生的毒性次级代谢物,多见于粮食中,对动物、人体健康危害巨大。文章以真菌毒素概述为切入点,简单分析了T-2毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮毒素、黄曲霉毒素、伏马毒素代表性毒素,提出了粮油真菌毒素传统检测技术与新型检测技术的应用措施,从而为相关工作者提供参考。     

链格孢霉毒素检测方法研究进展

链格孢霉菌属于丝状真菌,是一种普遍存在于环境中的病原体和腐生菌,是低温环境下导致水果、蔬菜等农产品腐烂变质的主要微生物。链格孢霉毒素中有70多种具有明显毒性,对人或牲畜具有诱变性、致癌性和致畸性等慢性或急性毒性作用,因此引起了科学家们的广泛关注。但到目前为止,国内外现行的食品中真菌毒素的限量标准中尚不包括链格孢霉毒素,并且通常采用液相、液相-质谱、气相、气相-质谱等相关的检测方法进行检测。本文首先对链格孢霉菌的3种主要的次级代谢产物——链格孢酚、链格孢酚单甲醚和细交链孢菌酮酸的分类及毒性性质进行介绍;其次,对其主要的传统检测方法和快速检测方法进行综述;最后,对链格孢霉毒素检测的新技术新方法进行了展望。     

北京市地区小包装食用油中真菌毒素污染状况调查

在北京市地区随机抽取120份小包装食用油,采用高效液相色谱法或液相色谱-质谱联用法检测AF、AFB1、ZEN、DON、OTA和FB 6种真菌毒素的含量,并进行危害性评估。结果表明:120份样品中,黄曲霉毒素和玉米赤霉烯酮的检出率分别为6. 67%和17. 50%,且检出黄曲霉毒素的食用油都为花生油,检出玉米赤霉烯酮的食用油都为玉米油,未检出其他真菌毒素;黄曲霉毒素虽然没有超出我国食用油真菌毒素的限量标准,但超出了欧盟的真菌毒素限量标准;玉米赤霉烯酮检出率虽然很高,但没有超出人体的每日最大耐受摄入量。     

粮油真菌毒素检测技术与应用分析

真菌毒素是在适宜条件下由丝状真菌产生的有毒代谢产物,常见于粮食中,对人类和动物健康构成极大威胁。本文以真菌毒素综述为出发点,简要分析了T-2毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮毒素、黄曲霉毒素、伏马毒素等代表性毒素,探讨了粮油真菌毒素传统检测方法和新兴检测技术的应用,以期为相关研究提供参考。     

色谱法检测真菌毒素的研究进展

色谱法在物质分离和检测方面应用广泛。真菌毒素在低浓度下就有明显毒性,采用色谱法可实现对真菌毒素的分离和微量检测。依据真菌毒素的自身特性采用不同的色谱方法进行检测,但不同的色谱法有不同的应用范围。薄层色谱法用于对真菌毒素的快速定性,气相色谱法需要对真菌毒素衍生化汽化后才可检测,液相色谱法对本身具有或衍生化后具有紫外和荧光吸收的真菌毒素才可检测,对无紫外和荧光吸收的则需质谱检测器。简述了色谱法在真菌毒素进行定性定量的研究情况,为利用色谱法对真菌素含量测定的实际运用和方法学开发提供参考。     

高效液相色谱在粮食检测中的应用

随着生活水平的提高,粮食的食用安全也越来越受到关注。高效液相色谱法在检测过程中操作相对简单,灵敏度较好,在粮油检测中得到越来越多的应用。目前高效液相色谱法在粮食检测中主要用于黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素A、玉米赤霉烯酮、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇等真菌毒素的检测,以及粮食中氨基甲酸酯类、合成拟除虫菊酯类、有机磷类农药的检测。     

国内外主要粮油产品中真菌毒素限量、检测标准及风险评估现状分析

粮油食品以及动物源食品(奶、蛋、肉)在生产和储藏过程中易被真菌毒素污染,主要涉及毒素为黄曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、赭曲霉毒素A、伏马毒素和T2毒素等,这些毒素经食品流入食物链,会造成人体脏器损伤、生殖异常、免疫抑制、畸变和癌变等不良影响。因此,国内外针对性开展了风险评估工作,并建立了相关限量及检测技术标准。本文对主要粮油产品中常见真菌毒素的毒性进行了综述,比较分析了近年来国内外相关限量及检测标准的制定修订现状与进展,并对世界范围内相关风险评估工作进展进行了总结,以期为粮油产品的质量安全风险评估工作及有效应对国外贸易壁垒提供综合性的参考。     

动物源食品中硝基呋喃类物质及其代谢物残留的检测技术研究

呋喃类物质由于它的强毒性和致癌的副作用,已引起世界各国的高度重视。由于呋喃类物质在动物体内稳定性较差,而其代谢物与组织蛋白结合可以形成稳定的化合物,故对于呋喃类物质代谢物的研究和检测的意义就显得更为重要。本文介绍了硝基呋喃类物质的基本种类,分为呋喃唑酮(furazolidone),呋喃西林(nitrofurazone),呋喃妥因(furantoin)和呋喃它酮(furaltadone),及相应的理化特性和目前国内外的应用情况。着重介绍了硝基呋喃类物质代谢物的种类,分为呋喃唑酮(AOZ)、呋喃它酮(AMOZ)、呋喃西林(SEM)和呋喃妥因(AHD),及其毒性和危害;目前各国常用的检测方法有液相色谱-紫外法(HPLC-UV)、液相色谱-质谱法(LC-MS)、液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)和酶联免疫法(ELISA)。比较了各种方法的工作原理、适用范围以及各自的特点。重点介绍了酶联免疫法(ELISA)的基理、分析方法和注意事项。并就目前国内硝基呋喃类物质代谢物相关检测标准的不足,提出了建议。     

Mycotoxin analysis: an update

Mycotoxin contamination of cereals and related products used for feed can cause intoxication, especially in farm animals. Therefore, efficient analytical tools for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of toxic fungal metabolites in feed are required. Current methods usually include an extraction step, a clean-up step to reduce or eliminate unwanted co-extracted matrix components and a separation step with suitably specific detection ability. Quantitative methods of analysis for most mycotoxins use immunoaffinity clean-up with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation in combination with UV and/or fluorescence detection. Screening of samples contaminated with mycotoxins is frequently performed by thin layer chromatography (TLC), which yields qualitative or semi-quantitative results. Nowadays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) are often used for rapid screening. A number of promising methods, such as fluorescence polarization immunoassays, dipsticks, and even newer methods such as biosensors and non-invasive techniques based on infrared spectroscopy, have shown great potential for mycotoxin analysis. Currently, there is a strong trend towards the use of multi-mycotoxin methods for the simultaneous analysis of several of the important Fusarium mycotoxins, which is best achieved by LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry). This review focuses on recent developments in the determination of mycotoxins with a special emphasis on LC-MS/MS and emerging rapid methods.     

Mycotoxin analysis: An update

Mycotoxin contamination of cereals and related products used for feed can cause intoxication, especially in farm animals. Therefore, efficient analytical tools for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of toxic fungal metabolites in feed are required. Current methods usually include an extraction step, a clean-up step to reduce or eliminate unwanted co-extracted matrix components and a separation step with suitably specific detection ability. Quantitative methods of analysis for most mycotoxins use immunoaffinity clean-up with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation in combination with UV and/or fluorescence detection. Screening of samples contaminated with mycotoxins is frequently performed by thin layer chromatography (TLC), which yields qualitative or semi-quantitative results. Nowadays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) are often used for rapid screening. A number of promising methods, such as fluorescence polarization immunoassays, dipsticks, and even newer methods such as biosensors and non-invasive techniques based on infrared spectroscopy, have shown great potential for mycotoxin analysis. Currently, there is a strong trend towards the use of multi-mycotoxin methods for the simultaneous analysis of several of the important Fusarium mycotoxins, which is best achieved by LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry). This review focuses on recent developments in the determination of mycotoxins with a special emphasis on LC-MS/MS and emerging rapid methods.     

Natural Occurrence,Analysis, and Prevention of Mycotoxins in Fruits and their Processed Products

Mycotoxins are small toxic chemical products formed as the secondary metabolites by fungi that readily contaminate foods with toxins in the field or after harvest. The presence of mycotoxins, such as aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, and patulin, in fruits and their processed products is of high concern for human health due to their properties to induce severe acute and chronic toxicity at low-dose levels. Currently, a broad range of detection techniques used for practical analysis and detection of a wide spectrum of mycotoxins are available. Many analytical methods have been developed for the determination of each group of these mycotoxins in different food matrices, but new methods are still required to achieve higher sensitivity and address other challenges that are posed by these mycotoxins. Effective technologies are needed to reduce or even eliminate the presence of the mycotoxins in fruits and their processed products. Preventive measures aimed at the inhibition of mycotoxin formation in fruits and their processed products are the most effective approach. Detoxification of mycotoxins by different physical, chemical, and biological methods are less effective and sometimes restricted because of concerns of safety, possible losses in nutritional quality of the treated commodities and cost implications. This article reviewed the available information on the major mycotoxins found in foods and feeds, with an emphasis of fruits and their processed products, and the analytical methods used for their determination. Based on the current knowledge, the major strategies to prevent or even eliminate the presence of the mycotoxins in fruits and their processed products were proposed.     

谷物中DON、ZEA毒素的净化、检测、 毒性与生物脱毒技术的研究

禾谷镰刀菌在侵染谷物过程中所产生的次生代谢产物——单端孢霉烯族毒素[脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol, DON)、雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(nivalenol, NIV)]以及玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone, ZEA)是世界上粮食安全的一个重大问题。毒素经固液萃取技术提取后, 需要通过净化处理才能进行检测与分析。目前有多种净化技术用于毒素的净化, 如免疫亲和柱、多功能净化柱等固相萃取柱等, 以及广泛使用且简便经济的QuEChERS前处理技术。本文还介绍了禾谷镰刀菌毒素中DON、ZEA的检测方法、产毒条件、毒性以及生物脱毒技术等方面的研究进展, 旨在开发与应用更安全、高效、经济的生物脱毒技术进行毒素的防御与去除, 以提供安全、优质的粮食与食品。     

Advanced synchrotron-based and globar-sourced molecular (micro) spectroscopy contributions to advances in food and feed research on molecular structure,mycotoxin determination,and molecular nutrition

ABSTRACT

Mycotoxin contamination has been a worldwide problem for food and feeds production for a long time. There is an obviously increased focus of the food and feed industry toward the reduction of mycotoxin concentration in both the raw materials and finished products. Therefore, both effective qualitative and quantitative techniques for the determination of mycotoxins are required to minimize their harmful effects. Conventional wet chemical methods usually are time-consuming, expensive, and rely on complex extraction and cleanup pretreatments. Synchrotron-based and globar-based molecular spectroscopy have shown great potential to be developed as rapid and nondestructive tools for the determination of molecular structure, molecular nutrition and mycotoxins in feed and food. This article reviews the common types of mycotoxins in feed and food, their toxicity, as well as the conventional detection methods. The principle of advanced molecular spectroscopy techniques and their application prospects for mycotoxin detection are discussed. Recent progress in food and feed research with molecular spectroscopy techniques is highlighted. This review provides a potential and insight into how to determine the structure and mycotoxins of feed and food on a molecular basis with advanced Synchrotron-based and globar-based molecular (micro) spectroscopy.     

食品中修饰型真菌毒素及其同时检测方法研究进展

修饰型真菌毒素是重要的食品安全危害因子,具有毒害大、种类多、化学结构和理化性质差异大等特点。本文介绍了修饰型真菌毒素的形成及种类,分析了该类毒素的毒性特点和规律,探究了不同提取方法、净化方式和检测技术在多毒素同时检测过程中的优缺点和适用范围,并对食品中修饰型真菌毒素的污染情况、毒理学性质、代谢规律等方面进行了展望,以期为更好地评估其暴露水平及保障食品安全提供一定的理论参考。     

水产品中孔雀石绿和结晶紫残留检测技术的研究进展

三苯甲烷类染料孔雀石绿和结晶紫因具有抗菌等活性,常被违法用于水产养殖业。但孔雀石绿、结晶紫及其代谢产物隐性孔雀石绿、隐性结晶紫均具有致癌性,所以水产品中这4种碱性染料的残留检测是食品安全分析的重要问题之一。本文就孔雀石绿、结晶紫及其代谢物的化学性质、危害性、使用状况、现有的前处理方法和仪器分析方法等进行了综述。由于水产品基质复杂,样品前处理尤为重要。基于固相萃取技术、Qu ECh ERS技术的高效液相色谱法、高效液相色谱-串联质谱法等方法,适合于水产品中孔雀石绿和结晶紫及其代谢物的快速同时检测,在实际检测中得到广泛应用。同位素稀释质谱法和混合模式色谱法等新型检测技术与新型净化材料将是检测孔雀石绿和结晶紫的发展新方向。     

霉菌毒素检测与脱毒技术研究进展

霉菌毒素是某些霉菌在谷物或饲料上生长繁殖过程中产生的有毒代谢物,威胁动物乃至人类的健康。有关毒素的脱毒技术一直是国内外的一个研究热点,其中生物法脱毒是现在最有前景的一种脱毒方法,主要通过微生物的吸附和降解作用来达到脱毒的效果。本文结合最新的研究成果,详细介绍了霉菌毒素的毒性、污染现状及主要的检测方法,并对霉菌毒素物理、化学、生物脱毒技术进行了概述,并对未来的研究方向加以展望。