SPG膜曝气-基因工程菌生物膜反应器处理阿特拉津废水研究

膜曝气-生物膜反应器(MABR)是一种新型的膜-生物废水处理工艺,在MABR中采用基因工程菌生物膜可以强化难降解污染物的生物去除.本研究在SPG膜表面形成基因工程菌生物膜,运行SPG膜曝气-生物膜反应器(SPG-MABR)处理阿特拉津废水,考察了气压、挂膜生物量和液体流速对SPG-MABR运行性能的影响,以及基因工程菌生物膜的变化.结果表明,提高气压可以增大透氧系数,从而提高阿特拉津和COD的去除速率以及复氧速率.提高挂膜生物量能够加快阿特拉津和COD的生物去除,但生物膜厚度增加使得氧传质阻力增大,复氧速率降低.层流状态下减小SPG-MABR中的液体流速,有利于污染物向生物膜扩散传质,从而提高污染物去除速率.气压为300 kPa、生物量为25 g·m-2、液体流速为0.05 m·s-1时,SPGMABR反应器对阿特拉津5 d的去除率可以达到98.6%.在SPG-MABR运行过程中,基因工程菌生物膜呈现微生物多态化趋势.生物膜表面逐渐被其他微生物细胞覆盖,基因工程菌分布减少,生物膜内部仍以基因工程菌细胞为主.     

SPG膜微气泡曝气生物膜反应器运行性能影响因素研究

SPG膜微气泡曝气生物膜反应器是微气泡曝气与废水好氧生物处理结合的可行方式.本研究采用SPG膜微气泡曝气生物膜反应器处理模拟生活废水,探讨运行条件、SPG膜污染及膜孔结构变化等因素对系统运行性能的影响.结果表明,空气通量、进水有机负荷、填料类型及床层孔隙率对COD去除性能影响较小,各运行条件下COD平均去除率保持在80%～90%.随着空气通量降低或进水有机负荷提高,溶解氧(DO)浓度显著下降,造成氨氮去除性能恶化,其平均去除率可由80%～90%降至20%～30%;同步硝化反硝化过程受此影响,总氮(TN)平均去除率也由30%～40%降至20%左右.此外,采用环形填料并提高床层孔隙率,有助于改善污染物去除性能.低空气通量或高进水负荷条件下,微气泡曝气的氧利用率接近100%.长期运行中,SPG膜表面生物膜生长及有机物累积会造成SPG膜污染,而在线清洗中碱性NaClO溶液侵蚀SPG膜孔结构,使SPG膜的平均孔径及孔隙率显著增大,从而影响SPG膜空气通透性.     

基于微气泡曝气的生物膜反应器处理废水研究

微气泡曝气有助于强化氧传质过程,在废水好氧生物处理中具有潜在的应用优势;生物膜反应器是应用微气泡曝气的可行工艺形式.本研究在生物膜反应器中采用SPG膜微气泡曝气处理模拟生活废水,探讨反应器连续运行过程中,SPG膜空气通透性、溶解氧变化、污染物去除效果及氧利用情况.结果表明,基于SPG膜微气泡曝气的生物膜反应器能够实现长期连续稳定运行,是微气泡曝气与废水好氧生物处理结合的可行方式.SPG膜表面性质及膜孔径影响其空气通透性,疏水性膜的空气通透性优于亲水性膜;膜孔径越大,空气通透性越好.一定的SPG膜空气通量下,反应器内的溶解氧浓度主要受有机负荷影响.SPG膜微气泡曝气生物膜反应器较优的COD处理负荷(以SPG膜面积计算)为6.88 kg·(m2.d)-1.氨氮的去除主要受溶解氧浓度及生物膜内氧扩散传质的影响,在高有机负荷下生物膜内出现同步硝化反硝化.微气泡曝气的氧利用率显著高于传统曝气方式,在优化的运行条件下,氧利用率可以接近100%.     

不同生物反应器中基因工程菌生物强化处理阿特拉津研究

在膜-生物反应器(MBR)和复合生物反应器中,考察基因工程菌生物强化处理阿特拉津去除效果,并对基因工程菌浓度和降解基因atzA基因丰度变化进行检测.结果表明,阿特拉津对COD和氨氮的生物去除活性具有一定的抑制作用;基因工程菌生物强化后,COD及氨氮的去除效率得到恢复.MBR对COD和氨氮的去除效果优于复合生物反应器.基...     

基因工程菌生物强化MBR工艺处理阿特拉津试验研究

以生活污水为共基质,考察了基因工程菌在MBR和活性污泥反应器中对阿特拉津的生物强化处理效果,以及生物强化处理对污泥性状的影响.结果表明,基因工程菌在MBR中对阿特拉津具有很好的生物强化处理效果,阿特拉津平均出水浓度为0.84 mg/L,平均去除率为95%,最大去除负荷可以达到70 mg/(L·d).生物强化的MBR对生活污水中COD的平均去除率为71%,COD平均出水浓度65 mg/L,COD容积负荷增加对COD去除效果有一定影响;对生活污水中的氨氮具有很好的去除效果,氨氮平均出水浓度为1.1 mg/L,平均去除率为97%,最大氨氮去除负荷为143 mg/(L·d).与普通MBR污泥相比,生物强化MBR污泥的硝化活性和亚硝化活性略高,碳氧化活性略低,因此表现出氨氮处理效果很好,COD处理效果略差.阿特拉津的存在会对污泥性状产生影响,可能是造成污泥碳氧化活性低的原因.     

氨氮负荷对膜曝气生物膜反应器部分亚硝化性能的影响

对不同进水氨氮负荷下中试膜曝气生物膜反应器(MABR)部分亚硝化性能进行了考察,旨在确定在MABR中启动、优化和维持稳定亚硝化的控制策略.在进水氨氮表面负荷由(4.9±0.4)g·m-2·d-1(以N计,下同)升至(9.1±0.5)g·m-2·d-1的过程中,MABR氨氮去除负荷可以达到(5.7±0.5)g·m-2·d-1.当进水氨氮负荷为7.4 g·m-2·d-1时,本试验MABR部分亚硝化效果最佳,亚硝化率可达96.3%.部分亚硝化的维持需要控制合适的生物膜厚度,当生物膜厚度在110~170μm之间时,MABR亚硝化率在90%左右,能够有效实现对亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)的抑制和亚硝酸盐的积累.利用微生物比氧利用率(SOURAOB)来反映生物膜中氨氧化菌(AOB)的活性,发现MABR生物膜的SOURAOB可达(133.9±31.1)mg·g-1·h-1(以每g SS利用的O2量(mg)计).实时定量PCR结果也表明AOB为MABR生物膜中的优势菌群,其微生物丰度比接种污泥高出3个数量级.通过调控进水氨氮负荷和生物膜厚度,维持AOB的种群优势和高活性并同时抑制NOB的活性,可以实现MABR的稳定部分亚硝化.     

基因工程菌生物强化处理系统微生物群落分析

在膜-生物反应器(MBR)和传统活性污泥反应器(CAS)中,考察了基因程菌生物强化对阿特拉津的去除效果,并通过PCRDGGE分析了反应器不同运行阶段污泥微生物群落的变化.结果表明,基因工程菌生物强化实现了阿特拉津的高效生物去除,MBR和CAS阿特拉津平均去除率分别达到88.6％和85.3％.阿特拉津生物强化去除有助于反...     

膜曝气生物反应器处理模拟啤酒废水的研究

以聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维膜构建无泡曝气膜生物反应器(MABR)处理模拟啤酒废水,在保持进水COD∶TN∶TP=100∶5∶1条件下,通过正交实验确定反应器的最佳运行条件,并在此条件下考察了反应器对啤酒废水中COD、氨氮和总磷的去除能力。研究表明,反应器对啤酒废水中的COD、氨氮有着良好的去除效果,系统稳定时COD与氨氮的平均去除率分别为88.6%和92.4%,此外MABR工艺具有较强的抗有机负荷冲击能力。但反应器对总磷的去除效果不够理想,平均去除率在30%左右。     

螺旋对称流厌氧膜生物反应器的运行及优化

通过对螺旋对称流厌氧反应器(SSSAB)外置平板膜组件形成了螺旋对称流厌氧膜生物反应器(SSS-AnMBR).研究了SSS-AnMBR的启动阶段和有无沼气曝气时的运行性能,并建立了其设计与操作优化模型.在启动过程中,反应器内挥发性脂肪酸与碱度的比值为0.001~0.016,未发生酸化现象,后期反应器对化学需氧量(COD)的去除率稳定在90.27%~95.35%.有沼气曝气状态下SSS-An MBR的有机负荷和COD去除率分别为2.28 kg·m~(-3)·d~(-1)和98.24%,均高于无沼气曝气状态下的2.13 kg·m~(-3)·d~(-1)和97.58%,表明系统的污染物去除效能较好.有沼气曝气状态下膜组件的平均负荷、平均COD去除率和SSS-An MBR平均总COD去除率的CV值分别为21.98%、14.15%和0.78%,均低于无沼气曝气状态下的25.27%、21.98%和0.89%,表明该状态下系统稳定性较好.最后建立了厌氧反应器体积(V)、进水流量(Q)和进水COD(X)三者之间的数学模型:V/Q=HRT0/C_(inf)×η_(sss)(X-Cinf)+HRT_0,以及膜面积A与Q之间的数学模型:A=Q×C_(sss)×η_m/MLR,可指导同类型的厌氧膜生物反应器的设计和操作优化.     

固定化GEM/CAS串联工艺强化处理阿特拉津废水

考察了固定化基因工程菌强化处理(GEM)/传统活性污泥处理(CAS)串联工艺对阿特拉津废水的处理效果,水力停留时间(HRT)对处理效果的影响,基因工程菌的生长和流失情况.结果表明,当HRT为4～24h,阿特拉津初始浓度为20mg/L,以实际生活污水为碳源时,串联工艺均可以实现对高浓度高负荷的阿特拉津生物强化处理.水力停留时间为24h时,固定化细胞反应器(串联工艺A段)的处理效果最好,阿特拉津平均去除率为96.64%,出水浓度为0.56ms/L.水力停留时间为12、8和4h时,平均去除率分别为88.59%、89.79%、88.61%.反应器在以上4个HRT时, COD平均去除率分别为72.76%、64.59%、66.16%和65.84%. 在整个反应过程中,没有出现大量工程菌流失的现象,同时在固定化颗粒的表面以及浅层均观察到了大量工程菌菌体,固定化颗粒的表面还出现了生物膜和菌胶团,反应结束时,颗粒形态完好,强度满足本工艺条件下长期使用的需求.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.