基于复形法模拟与优化硫代磷酰氯的连续化生产反应器

针对O,O-二甲基硫代磷酰氯传统的分批法生产过程,生产能力小、产品质量与收率不稳定等缺点,提出了多级循环管式反应器串联的连续化生产新工艺.以最大总收率为优化目标,利用MATLAB编程,采用复形法优化各级循环管式反应器内的加碱量.结果表明:各级反应器内加碱分布逐级减少,增加串联级数与降低反应温度,可以提高O,O-二甲基硫代磷酰氯的收率及产物质量.建立的单级循环管式反应器连续化生产的中试装置表明:实验与模拟计算结果较吻合.为建立大规模连续化生产装置与优化,提供理论依据.     

遗传算法用于估值O,O-二甲基硫代磷酰氯合成反应动力学模型的参数

适当简化之下,建立了O-甲基硫代磷酰二氯与甲醇在碱作用下合成O,O-二甲基硫代磷酰氯的复杂反应动力学模型,采用遗传算法处理等温恒定加碱速度的间歇反应实验数据,得相应的动力学模型参数.模拟计算了加碱速度、温度、甲醇与O-甲基硫代磷酰二氯的摩尔配比对产品质量与收率的影响.结果表明:缩短加碱时间、降低反应温度、合适的甲醇与O-甲基硫代磷酰二氯的摩尔配比,有利于提高产品质量与收率.     

基于神经网络-遗传算法的CT-191合成工艺优化

本文用锌粉还原N-亚硝基二苯胺的产物直接与2-甲基-4（N,N-二苄基）氨基苯甲醛缩合合成了空穴传输材料2-甲基-4（N,N-二苄基）氨基苯甲醛-1,1-二苯腙（CT-191）,采用均匀设计制定试验方案获取原始数据,应用BP人工神经网络对合成过程中工艺参数和一次产品收率的关系建立了模型,并用遗传算法进行优化得到最佳工艺条件：原料2-甲基-4-（N,N-二苄基）氨基苯甲醛：N-亚硝基二苯胺约为1：2．5,还原时间为1h,缩合时间为2h,预测收率为96．28％。验证实验的结果为95．98％．和预测值基本吻合。为化学生产工艺的优化探索了一条新途径。     

IBM SPSS Statistics优化3,5-二氯对氨基苯磺酰胺的合成

目的:使用IBM SPSS Statistics软件设计合成3,5-二氯对氨基苯磺酰胺,优化实验条件。方法:选择原料配比、H_2O_2用量、H_2O_2滴加时间三因素设计正交实验,将实验结果输入IBM SPSS Statistics软件,分析得到正交实验方差表和单因素统计表,并对实验数据进行统计分析,得到实验的优化条件。结果:3,5-二氯对氨基苯磺酰胺制备的最佳条件是:原料配比n(C_6H_6N_2O_2S):n(30%HCI质量分数)=1:17,H_2O_2用量1mol,H_2O_2滴加时间60min。收率达80.8%,熔点为204℃～205.5℃。结论:IBM SPSS Statistics软件具有强大的试验设计和数据统计分析功能,而且使用方便、计算精确、结论可靠,避免了大量人工计算,可以迅速分析出3,5-二氯对氨基苯磺酰胺有机合成工艺中的优化条件,值得在有机合成工艺优化中推广。     

模式识别技术在常压蒸馏汽油收率调优中的应用

炼油厂常压蒸馏馏出汽油的质量由汽油干点确定。为了保证质量,各炼油厂都根据各自情况规定了一个干点上限值,以使出厂汽油辛烷值符合国家标准。同时,由于汽油干点越高,收率越高,因此生产中又要求汽油干点不低于某一下限值,即干点应控制在一定范围内,以便在保证质量的前提下获得较大收率。由于汽油干点是与多个有关温度、压力等变量具有线性关系的响应值,故常压蒸馏是一个限值响应过程。在蒸馏过程中,为防止干点超限,必需经常调节有关变量,加之馏出汽油是经碱洗后再抽样化验测出干点,故而难     

萃取抽提混合二乙苯中间二乙苯的研究

采用单级循环汽液平衡釜测定混合二乙苯不同组分与溶剂之间的汽液平衡数据,计算间二乙苯与主要组分之间的相对挥发度,并与模拟结果进行对比,确定萃取精馏分离的最佳溶剂。采用Aspen Plus软件进行模拟研究,考察了理论板数、塔顶采出比、溶剂比、回流比等因素对分离过程的影响。模拟结果表明,在理论板数为80块、进料位置为第40块、塔顶采出料比为0.7:1、溶剂比为5:1及回流比为5:1的优化条件下,间二乙苯质量含量由59.00%提高到79.00%,收率达到93.73%以上。本文研究为进一步萃取和结晶提取间二乙苯提供条件。     

三塔萃取分离叔丁醇-异丙醇-水混合液的模拟及优化研究

叔丁醇、异丙醇和水易形成二元和三元共沸,此共沸体系无法采用常规精馏等方法进行分离。本文分别以乙二醇、环丁砜和乙二醇为萃取剂,NRTL为平衡模型,采用Aspen Plus软件对叔丁醇-异丙醇-水分离的三塔萃取精馏过程进行模拟。分别考察了三塔的塔顶出料量、回流比、溶剂比、塔板数及原料进料位置等因素对分离效果的影响。并设计正交实验方案,对分离过程进行进一步优化,确定过程条件对叔丁醇和异丙醇的纯度及收率的影响,为叔丁醇-异丙醇-水体系分离提供基础数据。结果表明,在优化条件下,可得到纯度和收率为99.87%和94.29%的叔丁醇、纯度和收率为98.69%和89.38%的异丙醇。     

合成N-甲基-4-哌啶醇的新工艺

以甲胺溶液和丙烯酸乙酯为原料,经过加成、环合、成盐脱羧高效快捷地合成N-甲基4-哌啶酮盐酸盐粗品,粗品在Am-berlyst-15(H**还原得N-甲基-4-哌啶醇,总收率62%.对关键中间产物N,N-双(β-丙烯酸乙酯)甲胺的合成,本文研究了其主要的反应影响因素,如反应温度、通甲胺时间、原料配比,采用最小方差法关联.结果表明,最佳反应条件为:温度70℃,通甲胺时间3 h,原料配比3∶1.     

乙烯裂解炉模拟优化系统(EPSOS)在工业装置上的应用

EPSOS是由兰州化工研究中心、兰州石化公司和清华大学合作开发的乙烯裂解模拟优化系统.该系统采用Kumar分子反应动力学模型,具有界面友好、可视化强和炉型组态灵活等特点,能够对乙烯裂解炉进行伞周期模拟及操作优化.EPsOs已经在兰州石化公司运行1年多,优化戍用结果表明,乙烯总平均产率比优化前提高了0.72%、三烯总收率提高0.55%.利用EPSOS系统能够较好的指导生产,对于提高乙烯生产装置的操作水平及经济效益具有重要意义.     

基于PLC控制的铝粉分级系统自动化设计

在分析了铝粉分级过程的工艺特点和自动化控制要求的基础上,设计了基于PLC以及现场I/O模块的分布式控制系统,实现了分级过程的集成控制。提高了铝粉的细粉收率,保证了生产的安全稳定运行。     

用三聚氰胺生产中排放的固体废物制备三聚氰酸的模型

用三聚氰胺生产过程中排放出的固体废物在自生压力下酸解制备三聚氰酸进行资源化利用固体废物研究。结果表明，添加酸式硫酸盐在低硫酸浓度下水解几乎能达到高硫酸浓度下水解的效果。以反应温度、反应时间、NaHSO4用量为输入矢量，三聚氰酸的质量收率为输出矢量，建立具有两层隐层的BP神经网络能较好地体现酸解反应的规律，训练集和预测集总的平均相对误差为1．2％，对水解反应具有较高的预测能力。反应温度提高，NaHSO4用量增大可提高三聚氰酸的转化率，反应时间延长对提高三聚氰酸质量收率影响不大。     

Optimizing sort order query execution in balanced and nested gridfiles

Disk input/output (I/O) efficient query execution is an important topic with respect to DBMS performance. In this context, we elaborate on the construction of disk access plans for sort order queries in balanced and nested grid files. The key idea is to use the order information contained in the directory of the multiattribute search structure. The presented algorithms are shown to yield a significant decrease in the number of disk I/O operations by appropriate use of the order information. Two algorithms for the construction of appropriate disk access plans are proposed, namely a greedy approach and a heuristic divide-and-conquer approach. Both approaches yield considerable I/O savings compared to straightforward query processing without consideration of any directory order information. The former performs well for small buffer page allocations, i.e., for a small number of buffer pages relative to the number of data buckets processed in the query. The latter is superior to the greedy algorithm with respect to the total number of I/O operations and with respect to the overall maximum of buffer pages needed to achieve the minimal number of disk I/O operations. Both approaches rely on a binary trie as a temporary data structure. This trie is used as an explicit representation of the order information. The storage consumption of the temporary data structure is shown to be negligible in realistic cases, Even for pathological cases with respect to degenerated balanced and nested grid files, reasonable upper bounds can be given     

二维最大相关准则阈值分割的快速算法

提出了一种快速二维最大相关准则阈值分割算法。该方法利用积分和迭代编程技术,避免了数据的重复运算,从而将计算的复杂性从一般二维最大相关准则方法的O(L~4)减少至O(L~2)。实验结果表明,该方法分割效果好,计算效率高,适合实时图像系统的应用。     

Maximum Power Extraction Control Algorithm for Hybrid Renewable Energy System

In this research, a modified fractional order proportional integral derivate (FOPID) control method is proposed for the photovoltaic (PV) and thermoelectric generator (TEG) combined hybrid renewable energy system. The faster tracking and steady-state output are aimed at the suggested maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control technique. The derivative order number (µ) value in the improved FOPID (also known as PI^λD^µ) control structure will be dynamically updated utilizing the value of change in PV array voltage output. During the transient, the value of µ is changeable; it’s one at the start and after reaching the maximum power point (MPP), allowing for strong tracking characteristics. TEG will use the freely available waste thermal energy created surrounding the PV array for additional power generation, increasing the system’s energy conversion efficiency. A high-gain DC-DC converter circuit is included in the system to maintain a high amplitude DC input voltage to the inverter circuit. The proposed approach’s performance was investigated using an extensive MATLAB software simulation and validated by comparing findings with the perturbation and observation (P&O) type MPPT control method. The study results demonstrate that the FOPID controller-based MPPT control outperforms the P&O method in harvesting the maximum power achievable from the PV-TEG hybrid source. There is also a better control action and a faster response.     

一种高速ZBTSRAM控制器设计

FPGA已经在雷达领域得到了广泛应用,然而其内部存储容量通常无法达到系统需求,因此必须为FPGA配置外部高速存储器。本设计采用两片高性能ZBTSRAM作为乒乓缓冲区交替工作,最高访问速率可达133MHz,使FPGA片外总存储容量达到32Mbit,满足设计要求。由于ZBTSRAM具有特殊的访问时序,必须使用FPGA的内部数字时钟管理模块DCM对时钟的相位进行精确控制,同时还要使用时序约束高级设计技术调整控制器的输入输出延时特性,使该控制器能够顺利地在FPGA内部信号处理系统和ZBT芯片之间完成高速数据交换。经过上述优化设计,采用VHDL代码编写可综合代码完成布线,目前该控制器已经成功地在某雷达导引头信号处理机中获得应用,验证了其有效性。     

Fuzzy parametric programming model for multi-objective integrated solid waste management under uncertainty

Solid waste management is increasingly becoming a challenging task for the municipal authorities due to increasing waste quantities, changing waste composition, decreasing land availability for waste disposal sites and increasing awareness about the environmental risk associated with the waste management facilities. The present study focuses on the optimum selection of the treatment and disposal facilities, their capacity planning and waste allocation under uncertainty associated with the long-term planning for solid waste management. The fuzzy parametric programming model is based on a multi-objective, multi-period system for integrated planning for solid waste management. The model dynamically locates the facilities and allocates the waste considering fuzzy waste quantity and capacity of waste management facility. The model addresses uncertainty in waste quantity as well as uncertainties in the operating capacities of waste management facilities simultaneously. It was observed that uncertainty in waste quantity is likely to affect the planning for waste treatment/disposal facilities more as compared with the uncertainty in the capacities of the waste management facilities. The relationship between increase in waste quantity and increase in the total cost/risk involved in waste management is found to be nonlinear. Therefore, it is possible that a marginal change in waste quantity could increase the total cost/risk substantially. The information obtained from the analysis of modeling results can be effectively used for understanding the effect of changing the priorities and objectives of planning decisions on facility selections and waste diversions.     

山西太原污灌区农田土壤汞污染状况及其生态效应

本文测定了山西太原污灌区农田土壤中汞污染状况 ,并采用盆栽模拟的方法 ,研究了汞污染对土壤酶活性、土壤有效磷含量、小麦产量以及地下水质的影响 ,结果表明污水灌区土壤中汞的累积量明显高于清水灌区 ,随着汞污染程度的加重 ,对土壤酶活性及小麦生长的抑制作用也增强 ,长期利用污水灌溉 ,土壤中汞会下移 ,从而对浅层地下水造成污染     

垃圾焚烧炉系统特性分析及仿真

垃圾焚烧炉废弃物的直接排放不仅会对环境造成严重污染,还会浪费其中所含的可利用资源物质。为实现垃圾的充分燃烧,需要对燃烧过程的系统特性进行深入分析,在此基础上进行计算机仿真。文章通过对焚烧炉进料成份作出简化假定,将其归一为仅由水份、单一特性灰份及单一特性可燃烧成份的混合物,考察炉膛内的焓平衡和质量平衡,考察焚烧炉中炉膛温度、含氧量、炉膛负压与进料流量、送引风机风量、排灰速度之间的动态关联行为,分析焚烧系统特性,并以某环保科技有限公司的垃圾焚烧炉为实例进行了计算分析。结果表明,采用简化假定计算所得的炉膛工作温度与实际吻合较好,能为系统的设计和优化操作提供有效技术指导。     

Optimal production decision for a risk‐averse manufacturer faced with random yield and stochastic demand

Consider a risk‐averse manufacturer who produces a single product with a random yield to satisfy uncertain market demand. The manufacturer maximizes its expected profit subject to a chance constraint that requires the probability of the total profit below a target be less than a predetermined level. We show that due to the profit target constraint in the presence of random yield and stochastic demand, the manufacturer can neither produce too much nor too little irrespective of the predetermined probability level, depending solely on the profit target level. Further, the special case of uniform yield and uniform demand is examined and we obtain the manufacturer's optimal production quantity. In addition, two special cases of random yield rate and deterministic demand or deterministic yield rate and stochastic demand are considered. The opposite impacts of random yield and stochastic demand are revealed: the random yield induces a minimum production quantity that may cause the manufacturer to increase its production quantity, while the stochastic demand induces a maximum production quantity that may cause the manufacturer to decrease its production quantity. By comparing the solutions of the above‐mentioned special cases with the case of both random yield and stochastic demand, it is demonstrated that the existence of both random yield and stochastic demand results in a more constrained production requirement for the manufacturer (a larger minimum production quantity and a smaller maximum production quantity). That is, the opposite impacts of random yield and stochastic demand will not offset, but enhance each other.