大学有机化学中的重排反应及其归纳教学实践

重排反应是大学有机化学课程中的重点内容,普遍具有较为重要的合成价值。重排反应在各个章节均有涉及,分布零散,学生在学习过程中容易遗忘,因此对其进行归纳化教学显得尤为重要。本文从独特角度对大学有机化学中涉及的重排反应进行了总结归纳,从机理层面出发的深入剖析将有利于对重排反应的理解和记忆。另外,还通过一些案例介绍了重排反应的归纳分析在教学实践中的应用。结果证明这类针对性讲解对学生掌握相关知识点起到了明显的促进作用,类似的方式也可以应用到其他系统性知识点的教学当中。     

苯环氯化反应机理的研究

本文应用CNDO/2方法研究了苯环氯化反应,通过计算得到反应过程中所涉及的八个分子稳定构型和轨道相关图。应用EHMO法得到了反应过程中构型转变,相应能量变化曲线,反应制约步骤和活化能。计算表明各步反应都是在一定“点群”控制下进行的,在整个反应中尽量保持分子轨道不可约表示对称性。     

导电MOFs在能源转化中的应用

可再生能源供应方案包括析氢反应(HER)、析氧反应(OER)、氧还原反应(ORR)和二氧化碳还原反应(CO2RR)等多种反应,电催化剂对这些反应至关重要。到目前为止,已有一系列导电MOFs作为与能源相关电催化电极材料的报道。本文从提高MOFs导电能力和对产物的选择性、增强MOFs的化学稳定性及增加MOFs的反应活性位点等方面介绍了导电MOFs作为电催化剂的设计策略,重点综述了其在能源转化涉及的HER、OER、ORR以及CO2RR方面的应用,并从材料制备和应用需求角度出发, 对高性能导电MOFs材料在电催化领域所面临的挑战和前景进行了展望。     

Na2O2和SO2反应原理的实验探索

高中化学(必修)第一册分别简单介绍了有关Na2O2和SO2的一些知识，但没有涉及Na2O2与SO2之间如何反应的问题。为此，已有一些同志作了实验研究，文章认为Na2O2和SO2反应生成Na2O2，但在实验设计过程中没有验证是否产生O2，没有检验生成物中是否存在SO3^2-。     

控制区域选择性的间接途径新进展（一）：Diels—Alder反应中控 …

本文综述了近年来有机合成中应用间接途径以达到区域选择性的目的。对涉及使用苯硫基，硝基，硼烷基等数种导向基或通过改变底物反应性如亲电性，变为分子内反应等进行具有区域选择性特性的Ｄｉｅｌｓ－Ａｌｄｅｒ反应作了总结。     

分子碘催化的有机化学反应

从有机合成化学的角度，按反应类型综述了分子碘作为催化剂在有机化学中的应用，碘催化的反应主要涉及保护基团的形成和裂解、氧化和还原反应、成环反应、加成反应、取代反应和重排反应等。     

脯氨酸催化的不对称有机反应

脯氨酸作为一种结构简单、商品化的、廉价小分子手性催化剂,在多种不对称催化反应中表现出非常好的催化性能,本文综述了近年来脯氨酸直接催化的不对称有机反应涉及Aldol反应,Mannich反应,Michael反应,Diels-Alder反应,直接α-胺化反应,α-氧胺化反应,Baylis-Hillman反应,还原反应和氧化反应的进展并展望了其应用前景。     

新冠肺炎相关抗病毒药物化学合成案例总结与分析

以我国卫生健康委员会和美国国立卫生研究院发布的新冠肺炎诊疗方案为主要参考依据，从目前全球范围内推荐用来治疗新冠肺炎的小分子抗病毒药物中选取了10种“明星”药物作为代表，对其化学合成路线进行了介绍与分析。这些合成路线广泛涉及到了基础有机化学的各类重要反应，如自由基取代、亲电加成、亲电取代、亲核加成、亲核取代、重氮化反应等，为有机化学教学提供了丰富的应用案例，同时也有助于培养学生的社会责任感。     

无过渡金属存在下由邻卤苯酚合成邻卤二芳胺

报道了一种无过渡金属存在下(KOH/DMSO),以邻卤苯酚和2-溴-N-(芳基)丙酰胺为原料合成邻卤二芳胺的新方法,其关键步骤涉及到Smiles重排反应.该合成方法具有操作简便,原料易得,且在反应中无需使用任何过渡金属试剂的特点,具有一定的应用价值.我们使用该方法以23%~81%的产率合成了一系列邻卤二芳胺.     

均相苯乙酮加氢反应研究

合成了一种新的钌膦配合物[RuCl2(Dmpp)2en](Dmpp=4-(2，6-二甲氧吡啶基)二苯基膦，en=乙二胺)，对其结构进行了表征．系统研究了反应温度，氢气压力，底物和催化剂的比例，碱和催化剂的比例等反应条件对[RuCl2(Dmpp)2en]催化的芳香酮加氢反应活性的影响，证明其在苯乙酮加氢反应中具有很好的催化活性．     

冲击波法合成的铁酸锌光催化活性的研究

冲击波法合成的铁酸锌光催化活性的研究刘建军，吕功煊，贺红亮，谭华，徐洮，徐康（中国科学院兰州化学物理研究所，兰州７３００００）（中国工程物理研究院流体物理研究所，冲击波物理和爆轰物理实验室，成都６１０００３）关键词铁酸锌，冲击波，光催化活性，硫化氢Ｓ...     

Working principle and application of photocatalytic optical fibers for the degradation and conversion of gaseous pollutants

Photocatalytic optical fibers are promising for the degradation of gaseous and volatile pollutants in air due to their high specific surface area, high light utilization efficiency, easy regeneration, and sustainability. In particular, photocatalytic optical fibers have proven highly useful for the removal and conversion of different kinds of air pollutants in air. However, these fibers suffer from low photocatalytic degradation efficiencies. In this review, we have focused on introducing photocatalytic quartz optical fibers and photocatalytic plastic optical fibers for the degradation and transformation of gas-phase air pollutants. The principle of photocatalytic optical fibers and main methods for improving their photocatalytic and light utilization efficiencies based on semiconductor photocatalytic coatings are summarized. Moreover, the Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic rate equation was summarized to analyze the photocatalytic reduction of gaseous pollutants. Finally, an outlook on the future of photocatalytic optical fibers toward the removal and conversion of gaseous air pollutants is discussed.     

Hydrophilic Conjugated Materials for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution

Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution is viewed as a promising green strategy to utilize the inexhaustible solar energy and provide clean hydrogen fuels with zero‐emission characteristic. The nature of semiconductor‐based photocatalysts is the key point to achieve efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Conjugated materials have been recently emerging as a novel class of photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution and photocatalytic reactions due to their electronic properties can be well controlled via tailor‐made chemical structures. Hydrophilic conjugated materials, a subgroup of conjugated materials, possess multiple advantages for photocatalytic applications, thus spurring remarkable progress on both material realm and photocatalytic applications. This minireview aims to provide a brief review of the recent developments of hydrophilic conjugated polymers/small molecules for photocatalytic applications, and special concern on the rational molecular design and their impact on photocatalytic performance will be reviewed. Perspectives on the hydrophilic conjugated materials and challenges to their applications in the photocatalytic field are also presented.     

ZnO纳米粒子的表面光电压谱和光催化性能

采用焙烧前驱物碱式碳酸锌的方法制备了不同粒径的ZnO纳米粒子，而用粒径 最小的作为光催化剂，通过光还原过程分别得了贵金属质量分数为0.5%和0.75%的 Pd/ZnO或Ag/ZnO复合纳米粒子。利用XRD，TEM，XPS，SPS和EFISPS等测试技术对样 品进行了表征，并通过光催化氧化气相正庚烷评估了样品的光催化活性，考察了微 晶尺寸和贵金属Pd或Ag的沉积对ZnO纳米粒子表面光电压信号以及光催化活性的影 响，探讨了样品表面光电压谱与其光催化活性的关系，说明了可以通过表面光电压 谱的测试来初步地评估纳米粒子的光催化活性。结果表明：随着ZnO纳米微晶尺寸 的减小，其SPS信号强度逐渐变弱，而光催化活性逐渐升高；沉积适量的贵金属Pd 或Ag后，ZnO纳米粒子的SPS信号强度明显下降，而其光催化活性却有所升高。此外 ，对ZnO纳米粒子光催化剂的失活机理进行了分析。     

Preparation and photocatalytic ability of highly defective carbon nanotubes

The highly defective carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were prepared using a heat-treatment technique and their photocatalytic ability was reported for the first time. The results showed that the highly defective CNTs had the photocatalytic ability in the range of visible light. The results also indicated that the electrical properties of CNTs were dependent not only on the diameter and helicity but also on the defect number of tubes. The defects of CNTs might be produced from vacancies, local lattice reordering and intertube reorientation during the course of the desorption of oxygen atoms, which could initiate defect states in the band gap. Absorption of visible light led to the formation of electron/hole pairs and hence caused photocatalytic oxidation. Consequently, the highly defective CNTs having the photocatalytic ability would be promising as a new photocatalytic material in the visible light.     

Morphology dependent photocatalytic activity of WO_3 nanostructures

The shape of nanostructure has important effects on their properties, therefore in this study, we have prepared and characterized three different morphologies of WO3 nanostructures i.e. nanorod, nanosphere and nanoplate for surveying shape effect on their photocatalytic properties toward degradation of Rhodamine B(Rh B) dye.Obtained results show that nanoplate WO3 in comparison with others has the best photocatalytic activity. According to SEM, and photocatalytic degradation results, the reason for this behavior is the sharp edges and corners of WO3 nanoplates. Because of their low coordination number, atoms located in the edges and corners of the WO3 nanoplates have more activity,adsorb more Rh B and therefore give more photocatalytic activity to the WO3 nanoplates. Using of different scavengers showed that hydroxyl radicals are mainly responsible for photocatalytic activity of WO3 nanoplates and nanospheres but for WO3 nanorods, superoxide radicals are the main photocatalytic degradation agents.     

Photocatalytic decolourization of a new water-insoluble organic dye based on phenothiazine by ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles

A new water-insoluble organic dye, namely, 2-((10-decyl-10H-phenothiazin-3-yl)methylene)malononitrile, was synthesized and fully characterized. It was envisioned that photocatalytic decolourization of a dye-containing long chain would pave the way for the photocatalytic remediation of wastewater containing toxic hydrophobic organic pollutants. Two commercially available nanoparticles, ZnO and TiO₂, were selected, and their photocatalytic decolourization of the dye from aqueous medium were compared. The black UV light irradiation of the colored samples in the presence of TiO₂ (P25) or ZnO resulted in their decolourization and the photocatalytic activity observed for TiO₂ (P25) was better than that of ZnO. The kinetic of decolourization indicated that the process was first-order from which the rate constant was calculated. Also, the effect of pHs on the kinetic of decolourization revealed a negligible effect, indicating that the pH, although it affects the catalysts but has no effect on the organic-based hydrophobic dye and thus no effect on the photocatalytic process.     

纳米TiO2薄膜耦合光催化氧化还原反应脱除水中无机氮

由溶胶-凝胶法制备了固定化二氧化钛薄膜,研究了薄膜催化剂光催化脱除含氨氮-亚硝酸氮混合液中无机氮的活性.考察了溶胶制备工艺、催化反应条件(尤其pH)对光催化活性的影响.实验证明:酸性条件有利于亚硝酸氮的还原,碱性条件有利于氨氮的氧化,通过调节pH可以获得光催化氧化氨氮和还原亚硝酸氮耦合效果.如果加入甲酸维持酸性务件,反应0.5 h后再将pH调回碱性,可以大大提高光催化脱氮的效果:经过2 h的光催化反应,二氧化钛膜催化总氮去除率可达50%以上.经多次试验证明附载二氧化钛薄膜不脱落,光催化活性未见减弱,可重复利用.提出了光催化脱氮的反应机理.     

Enhanced photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) by manganese-doped anatase titanium dioxide

Nano-TiO₂ is frequently used as an optimal photocatalyst, since it is nontoxic, low cost, and environmentally friendly, especially for its photocatalytic oxidation action. However, its photocatalytic reducing action has not been widely researched. In this study, TiO₂ doped with different concentrations of manganese was prepared by the sol–gel method and characterized using different techniques to analyze the surface structure, phase composition, and surface elements of the different materials. To investigate the photocatalytic activity, Mn–TiO₂ was used for photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI). Moreover, various organic pollutants were added to determine whether they enhanced the photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI). The experiments indicated that the presence of Mn in TiO₂ could enhance its photocatalytic reduction action, especially at 0.02 % molar ratio. Manganese ions doped in TiO₂ behaved as electron accumulation sites. In addition, pH value, and photocatalyst dosage were investigated to analyze their effects on the photocatalytic reduction action. The results show that lower pH value improved the efficiency of photocatalytic reduction; there were no significant changes in the photocatalytic reduction rate with dosage above 1.0 g/L. In the presence of different electron donors (organic pollutants as hole scavengers), the photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) was generally improved. In short, manganese-doped TiO₂ exhibited improved photocatalytic reduction activity, especially in cooperation with various organics.     

Pd/ZnO和Ag/ZnO复合纳米粒子的制备、表征及光催化活性

 用焙烧前驱物碱式碳酸锌的方法制备了ZnO纳米粒子，采用光还原沉积贵金属的方法制备了Pd／ZnO和Ag／ZnO复合纳米粒子，并利用ICP，XRD，TEM和XPS等测试技术对样品进行了表征，初步探讨了贵金属在ZnO纳米粒子表面形成原子簇的原因．以光催化氧化气相正庚烷为模型反应，考察了样品的光催化活性以及贵金属沉积量对催化剂活性的影响．结果表明：沉积适量的贵金属，ZnO纳米粒子光催化剂的活性大幅度提高．同时，深入探讨了表面沉积贵金属的ZnO纳米粒子光催化剂活性有所提高的内在原因．