亚太季风各子系统的准两年变化特征及其比较

亚太季风各子系统（南亚季风、南海季风、西北太平洋季风和东亚副热带季风）都具有显著的准两年变化周期,利用4个季风指数研究它们准两年模态振幅的演变和相关的环流变化。结果表明,亚太季风各子系统的准两年模态有明显的年代际变化,并不是一直有效地影响季风区。与亚太季风各子系统准两年变化相关的海温异常,低层风场也有不同的分布特点和演变特征。     

ON THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ENSO AND THE ASIAN MONSOON ON THE SCALE OF QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATION

A diagnostic analysis is performed of the quasi-biennial oscillations during the ENSO cycle and the results are based to study the interactions between ENSO and the Asian monsoons. It shows that the Asian monsoons have significant influence on the ENSO cycle on the quasi-biennial scale. Materialized through the onset and southward progression of the winter monsoon, the influence appears in the tropical western Pacific to excite severe convection and to further affect the ENSO cycle. The phenomenon is not only reflected in the quasi-biennial mode but the annual variation of the Asian winter monsoon in reality.     

在准两年尺度上ENS0与亚洲季风相互作用的研究

对ENSO过程中的准两年振荡进行了诊断分析，并在此基础上分析了ENSO与亚洲季风的相互作用，结果表明：在准两年尺度上亚洲季风对ENSO循环有着十分明显的影响，这种影响主要通过亚洲季风爆发南下到热带西太平洋，激发出那里的强对流，进而影响到ENSO循环，这种现象不仅仅反映在准两年模态中，在实际亚洲冬季风的年限变化中也较突出。     

季风的季节、年际和年代际变化

区域季风和全球季风的分布依赖于季风的定义。基于“季风是热带大气水汽中心随越赤道气流向赤道外季节扩展”的定义总结并讨论了东亚季风的区域特征、亚洲季风的季节进程和全球季风的分布以及季风的年际和年代际变化。最后对季风研究的潜在方向作了适当的讨论。     

亚洲夏季风各子系统主要变率相互关系初析

使用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和CMAP月平均降水资料分析了亚洲夏季风各个子系统的相互关系。结果表明亚洲夏季风子系统之间存在显著相关。从同期强度变化可知,当东亚季风偏强时,大尺度亚洲季风、东南亚季风、南亚季风均偏弱,相关区域降水偏少;而同时大尺度亚洲季风偏强时,东南亚和南亚季风偏强,相关区域降水偏多;东南亚季风偏强时,南亚季风偏弱,南亚地区降水偏少;反之亦然。从不同周期强度变化可知各个子系统相关仍然显著。      

云南夏季风振荡与降水的关系

用功率谱方法分析了云南几个代表站１９８５－１９８７年共３年５－１０月低层夏季风活动和降水的振荡周期。然后用交叉谱分析了这两者在显著周期下的相关关系和位相关系。发现云南夏季风活动与雨季降水都有相近的振荡周期，且在显著的振荡周期中两者关系较好。当夏季风偏强时，降水就会偏多。反之，当冷空气偏少偏弱，而夏季风又偏弱时，这一年会发生严重干旱。     

THE ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SUBSYSTEMS OF THE ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON

In this study, the relationship between the subsystems of Asian summer monsoon is analyzed using U.S. National Centers for Environmental Protection/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis and Climate Prediction Center Merged Analysis of Precipitation monthly mean precipitation data. The results showed that there is significant correlation between the subsystems of Asian summer monsoon. The changes of intensity over the same period show that weak large-scale Asian monsoon, Southeast Asia monsoon and South Asian monsoon are associated with strong East Asian monsoon and decreasing rainfall in related areas. And when the large-scale Asian monsoon is strong, Southeast Asia and South Asia monsoons will be strong and precipitation will increase. While the Southeast Asia monsoon is strong, the South Asia monsoon is weak and the rainfall of South Asia is decreasing, and vice versa. The various subsystems are significantly correlated for all periods of intensity changes.     

亚洲夏季风指数的重新评估与季风的长期变化

使用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料对Webster与Yang的季风指数(WYI)进行计算和修改。WYI定义为850与200 hPa的纬向风差,但通过分析150—100 hPa和200 hPa的环流场、散度场与垂直运动场,发现200 hPa层并不能真正反映亚洲季风系统上层环流的变化,尤其是其最主要的环流特征即热带东风急流的变化,其核心位于150—100 hPa。纬向风切变U850-U(150 100)的值比U850-U200的值远大得多,更能真实反映季风的强度,并且与低层辐合耦合在一起的高层辐散最大位于150 hPa,在对流层高层取150 hPa比200 hPa更能反映季风系统的耦合关系。因此,在对流层上层选择150—100 hPa重新定义季风指数(DHI)为IDH=U8*50-U(*150 100),不但可以更好地表征亚洲纬向风切变中心的强度变化,也可以代表对流层上下层季风系统的变率。分别用季风指数DHI和WYI对亚洲夏季风的长期变化进行研究,发现DHI比WYI更合适。DHI的变化表明亚洲夏季风存在明显的年代际变化及突变,20世纪70年代末之后显著减弱,这主要是由于150—100 hPa层东风的减弱,但这种东风的减弱现象在200 hPa不明显。突变后总的来说:亚洲地区高层东风减弱,表明夏季风减弱;海陆气压差和海陆温差的减小导致季风减弱;相应高空辐散和水汽输送在印度半岛、中南半岛中部、中国华北与东北地区都是减弱的,也表明夏季风减弱。最后比较NCEP/NCAR和ERA-40两种再分析资料研究亚洲夏季风的强度及其长期变化的差异,以作参考。     

南海夏季风的建立及强度变化

利用ＮＣＥＰ ８５０ｈＰａ风场和ＯＬＲ资料，分析了南海地区西南风和ＯＬＲ的气候变化规律以及它们之间的相互关系，提出了一个反映南海西南季风变化的季风指数，并初步分析了南海西南季风的强度变化和建立时间。     

1998年夏季中国南部低频降水特征与南海低频夏季风活动

1998年 5～ 8月 4 0°N以南的中国地区低频 (含准 4 5天、准 2 3天和准14天 )降水率及其方差占总降水率及其方差的比重很大 ,因此研究低频降水及与其相对应的低频环流对长江流域洪涝的影响是很重要的。研究表明 ,准 4 5天东西向低频槽脊由南海不断向北传播 ,以及低槽中的低频低涡向西传播是形成长江流域低频降水的重要原因 ,低频降水主要位于低频西风区 ,而低频槽南侧的低频西风实质是南海低频夏季风的表现 ,由此可见 ,南海低频夏季风的向北传播对长江流域降水具有重要贡献。     

亚洲夏季风建立格局和南海季风爆发特征及其成因初探

使用１９８０￣１９８６年欧洲中期预报中心（ＥＣＭＷＦ）格点资料和１９８０￣１９９２年日本地球静止气象卫星（ＧＭＳ）观测到的黑体辐射（ＴＢＢ）资料，分析了南海季风爆发和亚洲夏季风建立格局及其可能机制。发现亚洲夏季风建立征兆最早出现在中南半岛－南海地区，随后自该地区分别向西、向东扩展；中南半岛地区是东亚季风和印度季风的天然分界线，其两侧夏季风的建立特征和形成机制迥然不同。亚洲夏季风自东向西逐渐建立的格     

关于我国东部夏季风进退的定义

使用１９８３年至１９９６年美国国家环境预测中心１４年逐日平均２．５°＊２．５°再分析的网格点资料对我国东部夏季风进退进行了 细胞研究,并对夏季风进退作了新的定义。它既考虑了西南风的强度亦考虑了其暖湿程度。     

ANOMALOUS VARIATIONS OF GUANGDONG PRECIPITATION IN SUMMER IN RELATION TO MONSOON

The relationship between the variation of precipitation in Guangdong Province is investigated using the correlation analysis and composite comparison methods in conjunction with precipitation data from 36 surface weather stations in the province and reanalyzed 850 hPa data from NCEP, U.S.A. A significant positive correlation is found between the variation of precipitation in summer there and the intensity of the southwesterly over the South China Sea though without being so inconclusive that a strong southwesterly over the sea is accompanied by more rain in Guangdong. For the front-associated flood season in April-June, the former is a carrier of rainwater for Guangdong but with insignificant linkage with the intensity of the southwest monsoon. There is even such a situation in which the precipitation gets stronger though with a weakened southwest monsoon from the tropics in May-June, which is mainly attributable to the increase of monsoon from the subtropics. For the typhoon-associated flood season in July-September, the Guangdong precipitation increases as the southwest monsoon strengthens over the central and northern South China Sea and the subtropical monsoon reduces its effects on the province.     

夏季广东降水异常变化与夏季风

利用广东省３６个地面站降水量资料和ＮＣＥＰ８５０ｈＰａ再分析资料，采用相关分析和合成对比分析方法，探讨了广东降水变化与夏季季风活动的关系。发现广东夏季降水量变化与南海北部西南风大小成显著正相关，但并不能由此得出南海北部西南季风强广东降水多的结论。前汛期（４－６月），西南季风可以给广东带来降水，但降水的变化与西南季风强度变化关系不显著，５－６月份甚至出现热带西南季风弱广东降水反而强的情况，其主要的影响来自于副热带季风的加强。后汛期（７－９月），当西南季风在南海中北部地区加强，副热带季风对广东影响减弱时，广东降水增大。     

亚洲夏季风爆发的基本气候特征分析

利用统一的亚洲热带夏季风爆发指标,重新制作了季风爆发日期的推进图,确证了亚洲热带夏季风最早在热带东印度洋与中印半岛中南部爆发的观点,这发生在26候(5月10日前后),28候(5月20日前后)在南海地区相继爆发,这两个地区的爆发是属同一季风系的不同爆发阶段.以后通过对海陆热力对比、季节内振荡等多方面的分析,对夏季风的爆发机制问题进行了深入的研究,提出了气候学意义下影响亚洲热带夏季风爆发的关键影响因子.在此基础上,给出了夏季风最早在热带东印度洋-中印半岛-南海地区爆发机理的一种概念模式图,即大气环流的季节进程是季风爆发的背景条件;而中印半岛及其邻近地区对流活动和感热与潜热加热的迅速增强与北推、印缅槽的强烈加深,以及高原东部地区的西风暖平流作用是夏季风爆发的主要驱动力,其结果是使经向温度梯度首先在这个地区反向并建立强的上升运动区,使热带季风和降水迅速发展和加强;来自不同源地的低频30-60 d和10-20 d季节内振荡的锁相则是夏季风爆发的一种触发因子,正是这些因子的共同作用导致了亚洲热带夏季风在这个地区的最早爆发.     

印度夏季风的年际变异与北半球大气环流的特征

印度夏季风的年际变异是大范围大气环流相互联系、相互影响的结果。本文应用１９５１—１９８５年印度夏季风资料，选取强季风年４年和弱季风年６年，分别对北半球５００ｈＰａ高度场进行距平合成分析和复自然正交函数（ＣＥＯＦ）分析。结果指出，大西洋和鄂霍次克海阻塞高压的稳定存在以及乌拉尔山低压槽的频繁活动与强印度季风年相联系，而大西洋和鄂霍次克海低压系统的频繁活动以及欧洲阻塞高压的稳定存在与弱印度季风年相联系。印度夏季风强弱不同年份，春季北半球大气环流已经出现了一些不同特征，这对于当年夏季风的强弱和北半球气候异常有预示作用。印度夏季风强弱的不同年份和不同季节，北半球存在极地和赤道低纬位相函数大而中高纬度位相函数小，且扰动由中高纬向极地和赤道方向传播的特征     

ADVANCE AND RETREAT OF THE SUMMER MONSOON IN CHINA

By using the daily-14 year(1983—1996)NCEP/NCAR 2.5°×2.5° reanalysis data,wecarefully study in each pentad the advance and retreat of the summer monsoon in China and givento it a new definition.This definition considered the intensity of southwesterly winds at 850 hPatogether with its degree in temperature and moisture.The result revealed that:(1)The advance of the summer monsoon in China shows three abrupt northward shifts andfour relatively stationary stays.The four stable stages correspond to the peak of the pro-summerrainy period in South China,the“Meiyu”season in the Changjiang(Yangtze)-Huaihe RiverValleys.the rainy season in the downstream of the Huanghe(Yellow)Riyer Valleys and the rainyseason in northern China.The retreat of the summer monsoon is so fast that it totally retreatsfrom the mainland at about the mid-August.(2)The northward advance of summer monsoon in China is basically controlled by theseasonal variation latitudinally of the upper level planetary westerlies.It is in roughly accord withthe temporal variation in the position of 15 m s~(-1) isotaeh at 200 hPa.The fast retreat of thesummer monsoon is mainly due to the blocking effect of the Tibetan Plateau.(3)The advance of 500 hPa subtropical high of the western Pacific is also in aecordanee withthe advance of the summer monsoon in China.During the advancement of the summer monsoon,the eastward movement of the subtropical high shows great meaning that it creates the essentialcondition for the convergence of southward intrusion cold airs with the warm and humidsouthwesterly winds,which result in precipitation.There are three manifest eastward movementsof the subtropical high during its northward advancement.They coincide correspondingly to thebeginning of the peak of the pre-summer rainy period in South China,the“Meiyu”season in theChangjiang(Yangtze)-Huaihe River Valleys and finally the rainy season in northern China.Thewestern part of the subtropical high moves eastward to the region of Japan in late July and thebeginning of August.It then stays there for quite a long time which results in the straightmovement of cold airs intruding from the north to the east of Tibetan Plateau,i.e.the easternregion of China.This provides good condition for the fast southward retreat of the summermonsoon.(4)The intensifieation and development of the Tibetan high at 200 hPa are closely related to the eastward movement of the subtropical high,they often occur simultaneously.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF 10-DAY MEAN SURFACE LATENT HEAT FLUX VARIATIONS IN THE SCS MONSOON REGION AND POSSIBLE CONNECTIONS WITH THE SCS SUMMER MONSOON ONSET

The temporal and spatial variations of the ten-day mean surface latent heat flux (TMLH) havebeen analyzed in this paper based on the data of NCEP from January of 1979 to December of 1995in the South China Sea (SCS) monsoon region. It is found that there exist maximum centers ofTMLH standard deviation in the northwest Indochina and the Indian Peninsula as well as thewestern Pacific, SCS, the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal, and their locations and strengthschange significantly during the period of SCS monsoon onset. A positive zonal deviation of TMLHoccurs first in the Indochina Peninsula, apparently earlier than that in the Indian Peninsula. Theappearance of maximum positive zonal deviations of TMLH approximately coincides with thesummer monsoon onset. Over the Indochina and Indian Peninsulas, the TMLH increases graduallywith a small amplitude of variation before the onset of summer monsoon, and the rate of increase issignificantly enhanced after the onset of the monsoon; whereas over the ocean, TMLH decreasesbefore the monsoon onset, varies little during the period of monsoon and increases gradually afterthe ending of monsoon. Therefore, it seems that the surface latent heat flux plays an importantrole in the maintenance of the summer monsoon, and its variation is an phenomenon accompanyingthe onset of summer monsoon.     

亚洲夏季风结构和变动与大气运动的斜压和正压特征:斜压模分析

通过定义流场的斜压性度量参量，利用观测资料，对大气运动的斜压特征量与夏季风变动的联系进行了探讨。结果表明：夏季风流场具有较强的斜压性；纬向气流的斜压强弱的时间变动与夏季风进退相吻合；强斜压区的范围可反映夏季风活动的基本范围。经向斜压运动强弱的水平分布及时间－经度剖面上斜压运动动能的纬向传播都与亚洲季风体系中季风子系统有关