燃用神华煤的600MW超临界锅炉NOx排放特性的试验研究

阐述了神华煤的煤质特性和NOx的生成机理,详细分析了600 MW超临界机组的总体结构和燃烧系统特点.并以某台运行的600 MW超临界锅炉为对象进行试验研究,分析了锅炉在改变省煤器出口氧量、炉膛和大风箱压差、SOFA风门挡板开度、CCOFA挡板开度、偏转风挡板开度等不同工况下的NOx排放特性.通过试验得出:采用LNCFS型燃烧系统后,其NOx的排放量均小于国家环保标准的450 mg/Nm3的要求;在合理的燃烧组织下,NOx的排放能够控制在250 mg/Nm3以内.最后指出,600 MW超临界锅炉的燃烧系统在充分考虑神华煤特性的情况下,既能够使机组达到很好的经济性和安全性,又能达到清洁环保的低NOx排放的目的.     

LNCFS燃烧系统NOx排放特性——1000MW超超临界锅炉的试验研究

阐述神木煤的煤质特性和NOx的生成机理,介绍了LNCFS燃烧系统的设计特点.并以1 000MW超超临界锅炉为对象进行试验研究,分析了改变炉膛出口氧量、SOFA风门挡板开度、CCOFA风门挡板开度等不同工况下的NOx排放特性.     

1000MW超超临界塔式锅炉NO_x排放特性试验研究

对某电厂1 000MW超超临界塔式锅炉进行了燃烧优化调整试验,分析了省煤器出口O2体积分数、机组负荷、二次风配风方式、紧凑燃尽风(CCOFA)风量、分离燃尽风(SOFA)风量及磨煤机组合方式等因素对锅炉燃烧及NOx排放特性的影响.结果表明:省煤器出口O2体积分数和机组负荷对锅炉热效率和NOx排放质量浓度有较大的影响;随着省煤器出口O2体积分数的增加,NOx排放质量浓度显著上升;随着机组负荷的降低,NOx排放质量浓度先降低后升高,锅炉热效率则先升高后降低;通过设置合理的二次风配风方式、CCOFA和SOFA风量比例以及磨煤机组合方式,既可以提高锅炉热效率又可以降低NOx排放质量浓度.     

超临界压力W火焰锅炉运行方式对炉内热负荷影响的试验研究

对某600 MW超临界压力W火焰锅炉炉膛水冷壁壁温进行了测量,获得了炉膛水冷壁热负荷分布,调整锅炉运行方式(如磨煤机投运方式、前后墙的总风门挡板开度、煤粉细度和三次风风门挡板开度等),测量并计算炉内热负荷.结果表明:煤粉细度对炉内热负荷几乎没有影响;前后墙总风门挡板开度会影响炉内火焰行程,应该采用"前墙压后墙"的运行方式;三次风风门挡板开度变化会改变上、下炉膛热负荷的分布;不投运的磨煤机所对应区域的热负荷明显下降.     

不同燃烧条件下煤粉锅炉NOx排放特性的试验研究

以1台670 t/h煤粉锅炉为对象进行了热态试验,研究了煤粉锅炉在不同燃烧条件下NOx 的排放特性.采用在线烟气分析仪对烟气成分进行分析,并通过化学分析获得了飞灰中的可燃物含量.改变二次风配风方式、炉膛出口氧量、周界风风门开度以及磨煤机组合方式等影响因素,对锅炉热效率、飞灰可燃物以及NOx排放浓度进行测量和分析,获得了可减少NOx排放并保持较高燃烧效率的合理燃烧方式:采用均等配风,炉膛出口氧量为2.25%左右,周界风风门开度为15%,采用ABC层的磨煤机组合方式.     

600MW锅炉燃烧优化调整试验研究

600 MW机组是目前我国电厂的主力机组。对某电厂600 MW锅炉进行了燃烧优化调整试验,研究了煤粉细度、氧量、一次风压、二次风旋流强度、磨煤机组合方式等对锅炉效率的影响,得到了合理的运行控制方案:锅炉的经济煤粉细度R90控制在12.5%～14%,省煤器出口氧量控制在3.2%,一次风压在2.6～3.0 kPa,二次风旋流器的位置推进到30 mm,建议投运BCDEF磨煤机运行组合模式。     

660MW机组四角切圆锅炉减少烟温偏差试验研究

针对某电厂660MW四角切圆燃煤锅炉左右两侧烟温偏差过大以及烟温偏差引起的过热器两侧吸热量偏差较大的问题,在实炉上进行了现场试验,研究单层分离燃尽风(SOFA)两侧角风门开度偏置和多层SOFA两侧角风门开度偏置对过热器两侧吸热量偏差和炉膛出口两侧烟温偏差的影响。结果表明:单独调整E层、D层和C层单层的SOFA两侧角风门开度偏置时,过热器两侧吸热量偏差变化很小,各层炉膛出口两侧烟温偏差的变化规律不一致;同时调整上三层SOFA两侧角风门开度偏置时,过热器两侧吸热量朝着A侧增大、B侧减小的方向变化,炉膛出口两侧烟温偏差随着SOFA两侧角风门开度偏置的增大而增大。     

印度雅慕那电厂1号锅炉的燃烧优化调整试验

为了既提高锅炉热效率,又确保NOx排放浓度低于650 mg/m3,采用正交试验的方法进行了锅炉的燃烧优化调整.结果表明:上层磨煤机分离器折向门开度、省煤器出口氧量、炉膛与大风箱差压以及OFA风门开度是影响锅炉热效率和NOx排放的4个关键因素.为此确定了一套最优组合方案:上层磨煤机分离器折向门开度为"6",省煤器出口氧量为3.7%,炉膛与大风箱差压为800 Pa,OFA风门开度为25%.按照这一最优组合方案进行了验证试验,结果锅炉热效率达到87.12%,NOx排放浓度为640 mg/m3.     

660MW四角切圆锅炉低氮改造后变磨煤机组合方式下燃烧特性数值模拟

利用Ansys Fluent 14.0软件对某电厂660 MW四角切圆锅炉低氮改造后变磨煤机组合方式下的燃烧特性进行了数值模拟,研究了炉内的速度场、温度场、组分场和污染物的分布,并将数值模拟结果与试验测量值进行了比较.结果表明:增加分离燃尽风(SOFA)后的温度分布较均匀,切圆形成较好,没有出现火焰贴墙现象;在燃烧器区域,不同磨煤机组合方式下,温度沿炉膛高度方向逐渐升高;在紧凑燃尽风(CCOFA)与SOFA喷嘴之间的区域,炉膛横截面平均温度沿炉膛高度方向先降低、再升高、最后降低;在SOFA喷嘴以上的区域,不同磨煤机组合方式下的炉膛横截面平均温度曲线基本重合,且沿炉膛高度方向逐渐降低;在CCOFA与SOFA喷嘴之间的区域,不同磨煤机组合方式下,NOx质量浓度沿炉膛高度方向逐渐降低,而在SOFA喷嘴以上的区域NOx质量浓度先升高后降低,但其变化幅度较缓慢;当磨煤机组合方式为ABCEF时,炉膛出口NOx平均质量浓度最高,为382.2mg/m3;当磨煤机组合方式为ABCDE时,炉膛出口NOx平均质量浓度最低,为307.4mg/m3.     

低NOx切向燃烧系统的改造及性能优化试验

针对某电厂将亚临界直流锅炉改为亚临界控制循环锅炉,对燃烧器进行了相关改造,研究分析了燃烧器改造前、后机组运行的变化,并根据改造前、后的机组运行结果进行了改变省煤器出口氧量、改变二次风配风方式和改变SOFA风风门开度等试验.结果表明:机组在300 MW负荷下,宜采用较高的运行氧量,二次风宜采用均布配风方式,SOFA风风门宜全开以及在燃烧器布置时,底层起转二次风的偏转角与位置需与一次风的假象切圆大小相配合等.同时,对机组运行存在的塌焦现象进行了初步分析,并提出了相关解决方案.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Wind power for pumping: The development of the ITP windpump

Water pumping has been one of the main applications for wind power in the past and despite the spread of mains-electric pumps, more than a million windpumps remain in regular use. This paper reviews the general technical and economic requirements for pumping water using wind energy and by way of example gives an overview of the development of the new ITP wind-pump. It then considers the future prospects for this kind of technology.     

Methods of creating solar-reflective nonwhite surfaces and their application to residential roofing materials

We describe methods for creating solar-reflective nonwhite surfaces and their application to a wide variety of residential roofing materials, including metal, clay tile, concrete tile, wood, and asphalt shingle. Reflectance in the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum (0.7–2.5 μm) is maximized by coloring a topcoat with pigments that weakly absorb and (optionally) strongly backscatter NIR radiation, and by adding an NIR-reflective basecoat (e.g., one colored with titanium dioxide rutile white) if both the topcoat and the substrate weakly reflect NIR radiation. Coated steel and glazed clay-tile roofing products achieved NIR reflectances of up to 0.50 and 0.75, respectively, using only cool topcoats. Gray-cement concrete tiles achieved NIR reflectances as high as 0.60 with coatings colored by NIR-scattering pigments. Such tiles could attain NIR reflectances of up to 0.85 by overlaying a white basecoat with a topcoat colored by NIR-transparent organic pigments. Granule-surfaced asphalt shingles achieved NIR reflectances as high as 0.45 when the granules were covered with a white basecoat and a cool color topcoat.     

Thermal decay of an initially hot isothermal water body with application to thermal energy storage

The thermal decay of an initially hot isothermal water body contained in a tank was studied. Analytical solutions (including a group-theoretic solution) were obtained for the one-dimensional heat conduction equation with heat loss from the sides of the tank. The convective heat transfer coefficient was assumed not to be constant over the surface of the tank but to vary with space and time. A very good agreement was obtained between the group-theoretic solution and a numerical solution using the Crank-Nicholson finite difference scheme. The analytical results are discussed in terms of the underlying physical mechanisms.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

秸秆燃烧中温度对钾转化与释放的影响

通过对稻秆原料进行常规特性分析和EDX元素含量分析,发现钾在稻秆无机元素中占有重要地位。参考原料化学分馏法和土壤中钾的分类与测试方法,给出了对生物质原料及其燃烧产物中钾的定性与定量简易方法。通过程序控温型固定床对稻秆先进行缓慢氧化,然后以100℃为间隔从400～900℃进行成灰,并分别测试其成灰率、有效钾和全钾的份额。结合稻秆原料及其灰中钾的份额分析,进行了稻秆灰中有效钾转化与释放的计算,发现有效钾在700～800℃之间有快速的释放和形态转变。稻秆灰的XRD分析结果表明秸秆灰中钾主要以KCl、K_2SO_4形式存在,得到了钾以盐的形式进行转化与释放的机理。该文中燃烧温度对钾转化与释放的影响规律对设计秸秆电厂时的炉型选择和燃烧参数确定有一定参考价值。